Old English Scylding (plural Scyldingas) and Old Norse Skjöldung (plural Skjöldungar), meaning in both languages Shielding, refers to members of a legendary royal family of Danes and sometimes to their people. The name is explained in many text by the descent of this family from an eponymous king Scyld/Skjöld. But the title is sometimes applied to rulers who purportedly reigned before Scyld/Skjöld and the supposed king Scyld/Skjöld may be an invention to explain the name. Note: This page contains phonetic information presented in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) using Unicode. ... Old Norse or Danish tongue is the Germanic language once spoken by the inhabitants of the Nordic countries (for instance during the Viking Age). ... The Daner were an ancient North Germanic tribe residing in Terra Scania and on the Danish islands. ... In Norse mythology, King Skjöld was the son of Sceaf and the husband of Gefyon. ...

From Skjöld to Halfdan

The number, names, and order of the Skjöldung kings vary greatly in different texts until one comes to Halfdan/Healfdene. Old Norse persons with the name Halfdan (half dane) (Old Norse sources) or Healfdene (Beowulf) or Haldan (Danish Latin sources) was probably kings. ...

All Old English texts call Scyld's son and successor Beaw or some similar name. (The name was expanded to Beowulf in the poem Beowulf, probably in error by a scribe who thought it was an abbreviation for the name of the poem's hero, who is quite a different person). Halfdan/Healfdene seems to be the direct son of Beaw in the poem. But all Scandinavian sources that mention both Skjöld and Halfdan put Halfdan some generations after Skjöld and make no mention of King Beaw (save for a genealogy in the Prologue to Snorri Sturluson's Edda which is taken from English traditions). The first page of Beowulf This article describes Beowulf, the epic poem. ... Snorri Sturlason (1178 – September 23, 1241) was an Icelandic historian, poet and politician. ... For Edda great-grandmother as the ancestress of serfs see Ríg. ...

According to Saxo Grammaticus' Gesta Danorum (Book 1), Skjöld was succeeded by a son named Gram. Since gram is also a simple adjective meaning "fierce" and a common kenning for "king", it might be that Saxo or a source has misunderstood some account referring to Beaw as being gram or a gram and wrongly taken it here as a personal name. Saxo has much to tell of this Gram who becomes the father of Hadding of whom he has even more to relate, Hadding in turn becomes the father of a king Fródi who is father of Halfdan. Saxo, etching by the Danish-Norwegian illustrator Louis Moe (1857—1945) Saxo Grammaticus (estimated. ... Bishop Asgar, etching by the Danish-Norwegian illustrator Louis Moe (1857—1945) Gesta Danorum (Deeds of the Danes) is a work of Danish history, by 12th century author Saxo Grammaticus (Saxo the Grammarian). It is the most ambitious literary undertaking of medieval Denmark. ...

Snorri Sturluson in his Edda, along with some other Old Norse texts, makes Skjöld to be father of Fridleif father of Fródi under whose reign the world was at peace. Snorri mentions this Fródi son of Fridleif in the Ynglinga saga also. But in this work Snorri also introduces a second, later Fródi, said to be son of certain Dan Mikilláti. The second Fródi is known both as Fródi Mikilláti and Fródi the Peace-lover and looks suspiciously like a duplicate of the other peaceful Fródi. Snorri makes this second Fródi the father of Halfdan and of another son named Fridleif. Fridleif (Ynglinga saga) was a son of Fródi of the Skjöldung (Scylding) lineage. ... The Ynglinga saga or Ynglingesaga, was originally written in Old Norse by the Icelandic poet Snorri Sturluson about 1225 CE. He based it on an earlier Ynglingatal which is attributed to the Norwegian 10th century skald Tjodolf of Hvin, and which also appears in Historia Norwegiae. ... Dan is the name of one or more legendary kings of the Danes in medieval Scandinavian texts. ...

Saxo in Books 4–5, long after the reign of Halfdan and the fall of the Skjöldung dynasty, also introduces a king named Dan, the third king with that name in his account, whose son is Fridleif whose son is Fródi under whose reign the world achieves peace. This Fródi is also the father of a son named Fridleif according to Saxo.

There are other differing accounts of Halfdan's ancestors. The names, number, and order of legendary Danish kings are very inconsistent in extant texts and it would appear that different writers and story tellers differently arranged what tales of legendary Danish kings they knew in whatever order seemed best to them.

Halfdan and his descendants

In all accounts Halfdan is father of Helgi (called Halga in Beowulf) and Hróar (called Hrothgar in Beowulf). Helgi is father of the famous Hrólf Kraki (called Hrothulf in Beowulf). In Beowulf, another son of Healfdene/Halfdan named Heorogar is father of Heoroweard who corresponds to Hjörvard in the Old Norse accounts where Hjörvard's parentage is not told. The Old Norse accounts make Hjörvard to be the husband of Hrólf's sister and tell how Hjörvard rebelled against King Hrólf and burned him in his hall. But Hjörvard was himself soon slain and with him the rule of the Skjöldung dynasty ended. See also Origins for Beowulf and Hrólf Kraki. Helgi means holy and is an old Nordic name still used in e. ... Hroðgar (Hrothgar, Hróar, Ro), legendary Danish king. ... Hrolf Kraki fleeing the Swedish king Adils on the Fýrisvellir Hrólf Kraki ( Old Norse), Rolf Kraki or Rolf Krake was a legendary king at Lejre on the isle of Zealand, Denmark, described in several old sagas and other documents such as the Leire chronicle and Gesta Danorum by Saxo Grammaticus. ... Heoroweard, Hjörvard, Hjorvard or Hiar(t(h))uar is a character who appears both in Beowulf and in Norse mythology, where he is named Hjörvard. ... Beowulf and Hrólf Kraki are two well-known characters in the myths and sagas of ancient Scandinavia. ...

Other Skjöldungar

A later lineage said to be of Skjöldung descent:

• Halfdan the Kind
• Ivar Vidfamne
• Harald Hildetand
• Östen Beli

Hervarar saga ok Heidhreks is a fornaldarsaga from the 13th century using material from an older saga. ... Ívarr inn víðfaðmi or Ivar Vidfamne was, according to legend, a king of Sweden 655-695, Norway, Denmark, and parts of England. ... Harald Hildetand at the Battle of Bråvalla Haraldr hilditönn, Harald Wartooth or Harald Hildetand was the king of Sweden, Denmark, Norway and Wendland. ... Eysteinn inn illráði, Östen Illråda (ill-ruler), Östen Beli or Eystein Bele was a son of Harald Hildetand according to Hervarar Saga. ...