NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Skool

A School (from Greek σχολεῖον - scholeion) is an institution designed to allow and encourage students (or "pupils") to learn, under the supervision of teachers. Most countries have systems of formal education, which is commonly compulsory. In these systems, students progress through a series of schools. The names for these schools vary by country (discussed in the Regional section below), but generally include primary school for young children and secondary school for teenagers who have completed primary education. Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Raphael, The school of Athens (detail) This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... Image File history File links Nuvola_apps_bookcase. ... School can mean: School - an educational institution School (discipline) - The term school can be used in circumstances that describe people with common characteristics in what they do, a school of painting, or a school of thought School (biology) - The term school is used in biology (see swarm) School (song) - Song... Educational institution may refer to: Higher education College Career college Community college Junior college Liberal arts college Residential college Sixth form college Technical college University college Institutes of technology (and Polytechnics) University Corporate universities International university Medieval university Private university Public university University of the Third Age Urban university Vocational... Wiktionary (a portmanteau of wiki and dictionary) is a multilingual, Web-based project to create a free content dictionary, available in over 151 languages. ... This article is about institutions as social mechanisms. ... For other uses, see Student (disambiguation). ... For university teachers, see professor. ... Compulsory education is education which children are required by law to receive and governments to provide. ... A primary school in ÄŒeskÃ½ TÄ›Å¡Ãn, Czech Republic. ... Secondary school is a term used to describe an institution where the final stage of compulsory schooling, known as secondary education, takes place. ...

In addition to these core schools, students in a given country may also have access to and attend schools both before and after primary and secondary education. Kindergarten or pre-school provide some schooling to very young children (typically ages 3-5). University, vocational school, college or seminary may be available after (or in lieu of) secondary school. A school may also be dedicated to one particular field, such as a school of economics or a school of dance. Alternative schools may provide nontraditional curriculum and methods. For other uses, see Kindergarten (disambiguation). ... This article is about institutional education. ... For the community in Florida, see University, Florida. ... A vocational school, providing vocational education and also as referred to as a trade school or career college, and school is operated for the express purpose of giving its students the skills needed to perform a certain job or jobs. ... For other uses, see College (disambiguation). ... For the Ecuadorian artist, see Manuel RendÃ³n Seminario. ... In education, the phrase alternative school, sometimes referred to as a minischool, or special school, is any public or private school having a special curriculum, especially an elementary or secondary school offering a more flexible program of study than a traditional school. ...

There are also non-government schools, called private schools. Private schools may be for children with special needs when the government does not supply for them; religious, such as Christian Schools, Khalsa Schools, Torah Schools and others; or schools that have a higher standard of education or seek to foster other personal achievements. A Christian school is a school run on Christian principles or by a Christian organisation. ...

In homeschooling and online schools, teaching and learning take place outside of a traditional school building. Homeschooling[1] ( also called home education), home learning or homeschool[1] â€“ is the education of children at home, typically by parents or guardians, rather than in a public or private school. ... This article or section is not written in the formal tone expected of an encyclopedia article. ...

Regional Terms

The use of the term school varies by country, as do the names of the various levels of education within the country. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1600x1200, 379 KB) Summary Madrassa in Serrekunda, Gambia. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1600x1200, 379 KB) Summary Madrassa in Serrekunda, Gambia. ... Ulugh Beg Madrasa, Samarkand, ca. ...

United Kingdom and Commonwealth of Nations

In the United Kingdom, the term school refers primarily to pre-university institutions, and these can, for the most part, be divided into pre-schools or nursery schools, primary schools (sometimes further divided into infant school and junior school), and secondary schools. There are various types of secondary schools which include grammar schools, comprehensives, secondary moderns and city academies. In Scotland school performance is monitored by Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Education. Ofsted reports on performance in England and Wales. For the community in Florida, see University, Florida. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Day care. ... Child picking up book. ... A primary school in ÄŒeskÃ½ TÄ›Å¡Ãn, Czech Republic. ... Primary or elementary education is the first years of formal, structured education that occurs during childhood. ... A Junior School is most commonly a school for pupils aged 7-11 in the United Kingdom. ... Secondary school is a term used to describe an institution where the final stage of compulsory schooling, known as secondary education, takes place. ... A grammar school is a school that may, depending on regional usage as exemplified below, provide either secondary education or, a much less common usage, primary education (also known as elementary). Grammar schools trace their origins back to medieval Europe, as schools in which university preparatory subjects, such as Latin... A comprehensive school is a secondary school that does not select children on the basis of academic attainment or aptitude. ... Secondary modern schools are a type of school in British educational systems, part of the Tripartite System. ... Mossbourne Community Academy, the controversial successor to Hackney Downs School. ... Her Majestys Inspectorate of Education is a body with responsibility for overseeing standards in education in Scotland. ... The Office for Standards in Education (OFSTED) is a non-ministerial United Kingdom government department, established on 1st September 1992. ...

In the United Kingdom, most schools are publicly funded and known as state schools or maintained schools in which tuition is provided free. There are also private schools or independent schools that charge fees. Some of the most selective and expensive private schools are known as public schools, a usage that can be confusing to speakers of North American English. In North American usage, a public school is one that is publicly funded or run. State school is an expression used in the United Kingdom and other countries apart from the United States to distinguish schools provided by the government from public schools which are in fact private institutions. ... An independent school in the United Kingdom is a school relying, for all of its funding, upon private sources, so almost invariably charging school fees. ... The term public school has two contrary meanings: In England, one of a small number of prestigious historic schools open to the public which normally charge fees and are financed by bodies other than the state, commonly as private charitable trusts; here the word public is used much as in... North American English is a collective term used for the varieties of the English language that are spoken in the United States and Canada. ... The term public school has three distinct meanings: In the USA and Canada, elementary or secondary school supported and administered by state and local officials. ...

Europe

In much of continental Europe, the term school usually applies to primary education, with primary schools that last between six and nine years, depending on the country. It also applies to secondary education, with secondary schools often divided between Gymnasiums and vocational schools, which again depending on country and type of school take between three and six years. The term school is rarely used for tertiary education, except for some upper or high schools (German: Hochschule) which are used to describe colleges and universities. For other uses, see Europe (disambiguation). ... A primary school in ÄŒeskÃ½ TÄ›Å¡Ãn, Poland Primary education is the first stage of compulsory education. ... Secondary education - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... A gymnasium (pronounced with or, in Swedish, as opposed to ) is a type of school providing secondary education in some parts of Europe, comparable to English Grammar Schools and U.S. High Schools. ... A vocational school, providing vocational education and also as referred to as a trade school or career college, and school is operated for the express purpose of giving its students the skills needed to perform a certain job or jobs. ... Students attend a lecture at a tertiary institution. ... For other uses, see College (disambiguation). ...

North America and the United States

In North America, the term school can refer to any educational institution at any level, and covers all of the following: preschool (for toddlers), kindergarten, elementary school, middle school (also called intermediate school or junior high school, depending on specific age groups and geographic region), senior high school, college, university, and graduate school. North American redirects here. ... A nursery school is a school for the education of very young children (generally five years of age and younger). ... Boy toddler Toddler is a common term for a a young child who is learning to walk or toddle,[1] generally considered to be the second stage of development after infancy and occurring predominantly during the ages of 12 to 36 months old. ... For other uses, see Kindergarten (disambiguation). ... Primary or elementary education is the first years of formal, structured education that occurs during childhood. ... Middle school (also known as intermediate school or junior high school) covers a period of education that straddles primary/elementary education and secondary education, serving as a bridge between the two. ... High school - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... For other uses, see College (disambiguation). ... For the community in Florida, see University, Florida. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ...

In the US, school performance through high school is monitored by each state's Department of Education. Charter schools are publicly funded elementary or secondary schools that have been freed from some of the rules, regulations, and statutes that apply to other public schools. The terms grammar school and grade school are sometimes used to refer to a primary school. For other uses of terms redirecting here, see US (disambiguation), USA (disambiguation), and United States (disambiguation) Motto In God We Trust(since 1956) (From Many, One; Latin, traditional) Anthem The Star-Spangled Banner Capital Washington, D.C. Largest city New York City National language English (de facto)1 Demonym American... A state education agency (SEA), or state department of education, is a formal governmental label for the state-level government agencies within each U.S. state responsible for providing information, resources, and technical assistance on educational matters to schools and residents. ... In the United States, a charter school is a school that is created via a legal charter. ... A grammar school is a school that may, depending on regional usage as exemplified below, provide either secondary education or, a much less common usage, primary education (also known as elementary). Grammar schools trace their origins back to medieval Europe, as schools in which university preparatory subjects, such as Latin...

Universal Terms

In many countries, Business Schools are colleges providing instruction in business, business administration, and management. In the USA a business school is a graduate school which offers an Masters of Business Administration. ...

Boarding schools are schools where where students live full-time amongst their peers in dormitories. Some boarding schools are separated by gender. A boarding school is a self-contained educational total institution where students not only study but where some or all students may live. ... A full time job usually has benefits (such as health insurance) and are often considered careers. ... A typical American college dorm room A dormitory or dorm is a place to sleep. ...

School ownership and operation

Many schools are owned or funded by states. Private schools are those which are operated independently from the government. Private schools usually rely on fees from families whose children attend the school for funding; however, sometimes such schools also receive government support (for example, through School vouchers). Many private schools are affiliated with a particular religion; these are known as parochial schools. For other uses, see State (disambiguation). ... For the film of this title, see Private School (film). ... A school voucher, also called an education voucher, is a certificate by which parents are given the ability to pay for the education of their children at a school of their choice, rather than the public school (UK state school) to which they were assigned. ... A parochial school is a type of private school which engages in religious education in addition to conventional education. ...

Components of most schools

Schools are organized spaces purposed for teaching and learning. The classrooms, where teachers teach and students learn, are of central importance, but typical schools have many other areas which may include: A university classroom with permanently-installed desk-chairs and green chalkboards. ...

One of a number of cafeterias at Electronic City campus, Infosys Technologies Ltd. ... Canteen has several different meanings: Canteen (place), a private cafe, restaurant, or cafeteria at a school, office, or military base. ... Lunch is an abbreviation of luncheon, meaning a midday meal. ... Modern indoor gymnasium with pull-down basketball hoops. ... A sport consists of a physical activity or skill carried out with a recreational purpose: for competition, for self-enjoyment, to attain excellence, for the development of a skill, or some combination of these. ... Physical education (PE) is the interdisciplinary study of all area of science relating to the transmission of physical knowledge and skills to an individual or a group, the application of these skills, and their results. ... An auditorium is the area within a theatre, concert hall or other performance space where the audience is located in order to hear and watch the performance. ... This article includes a list of works cited or a list of external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks in-text citations. ... Julio PÃ©rez Ferrero Library - CÃºcuta, Colombia A modern-style library in ChambÃ©ry A library is a collection of information, sources, resources, and services: it is organized for use and maintained by a public body, an institution, or a private individual. ... This article is in need of attention. ... This Computer lab, called by Marling School for boys, is laid out in such a way as to reduce cabling clutter, and maximise space for workstations. ...

History and development of schools

The concept of grouping students together in a centralized location for learning has existed since Classical antiquity. Formal schools have existed at least since ancient Greece (see Academy). The Byzantine Empire had an established schooling system beginning at the primary level. According to Traditions and Encounters, the founding of the primary education system began in 425 A.D. and "… military personnel usually had at least a primary education …". The Byzantine education system continued until the empire's collapse in 1453 AD.^{[citation needed]} The history of education is both long and short. ... Classical antiquity is a broad term for a long period of cultural history centered on the Mediterranean Sea, which begins roughly with the earliest-recorded Greek poetry of Homer (7th century BC), and continues through the rise of Christianity and the fall of the Western Roman Empire (5th century AD... The term ancient Greece refers to the periods of Greek history in Classical Antiquity, lasting ca. ... For other uses, see Academy (disambiguation). ... Byzantine redirects here. ... This article is about a military rank. ...

Islam was another culture to develop a schooling system in the modern sense of the word, largely brought about by conquests of Greek, Roman and Persian cultures, revealing a wealth of knowledge.^{[citation needed]} Emphasis was put on knowledge and therefore a systematic way of teaching and spreading knowledge was developed in purpose built structures. At first, mosques combined both religious performance and learning activities, but by the tenth century, the Seljuks introduced the Madrassa, a proper school built independently from the mosque. They were also the first to make the Madrassa system a public domain under the control of the caliph. The Nizamiyya madrasa is considered by consensus of scholars to be the earliest surviving school, built towards 1066 CE by Emir Nizam Al-Mulk.^{[citation needed]} A Madrasah complex in Gambia Ulugh Beg Madrasa, Samarkand, ca. ... For main article see: Caliphate The Caliph (pronounced khaleef in Arabic) is the head of state in a Caliphate, and the title for the leader of the Islamic Ummah, an Islamic community ruled by the Sharia. ... Abu Ali al-Hasan al-Tusi Nizam al-Mulk (نظام الملك، ابو علي الحسن الطوسي in Arabic; 1018 - 14 October 1092) was a celebrated Persian vizier of the Seljuk Turks. ...

Under the Ottomans, the towns of Bursa and Edirne became the main centers of learning. The Ottoman system of Kulliye, a building complex containing a mosque, a hospital, madrassa, and public kitchen and dining areas, revolutionized the education system, making learning accessible to a wider public through its free meals, health care and sometimes free accommodation. The Ottoman Empire at the height of its power Imperial motto El Muzaffer Daima The Ever Victorious (as written in tugra) Official language Ottoman Turkish Capital İstanbul ( Constantinople/Asitane/Konstantiniyye ) Sovereigns Sultans of the Osmanli Dynasty Population ca 40 million Area 12+ million km² Establishment 1299 Dissolution October 29, 1923... For other uses, see Bursa (disambiguation). ... Adrianople redirects here. ... 1208-built (extended 1511) KÃ¼lliye of Battal Gazi in Seyitgazi near EskiÅŸehir is a blend of Seljuk and Ottoman styles KÃ¼lliye, deriving from the Arabic word kÃ»l (meaning the whole, all) is a term which designates a complex of buildings, centered around a mosque and managed... A physician visiting the sick in a hospital. ...

The nineteenth century historian, Scott holds that a remarkable correspondence exists between the procedure established by those institutions and the methods of the present day. They had their collegiate courses, their prizes for proficiency in scholarship, their oratorical and poetical contests, their commencements and their degrees. In the department of medicine, a severe and prolonged examination, conducted by the most eminent physicians of the capital, was exacted of all candidates desirous of practicing their profession, and such as were unable to stand the test were formally pronounced incompetent.^{[citation needed]}

In Europe during the Middle Ages and much of the Early Modern period, the main purpose of schools (as opposed to universities) was to teach the Latin language. This led to the term grammar school which in the United States is used informally to refer to a primary school but in the United Kingdom means a school that selects entrants on their ability or aptitude. Following this, the school curriculum has gradually broadened to include literacy in the vernacular language as well as technical, artistic, scientific and practical subjects. For other uses, see Europe (disambiguation). ... The Middle Ages formed the middle period in a traditional schematic division of European history into three ages: the classical civilization of Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and modern times, beginning with the Renaissance. ... The early modern period is a term used by historians to refer to the period in Western Europe and its first colonies, between the Middle Ages and modern society. ... For other uses, see Latins and Latin (disambiguation). ... A grammar school is a school that may, depending on regional usage as exemplified below, provide either secondary education or, a much less common usage, primary education (also known as elementary). Grammar schools trace their origins back to medieval Europe, as schools in which university preparatory subjects, such as Latin...

Many of the earlier public schools in the United States were one-room schools where a single teacher taught seven grades of boys and girls in the same classroom. Beginning in the 1920s, one-room schools were consolidated into multiple classroom facilities with transportation increasingly provided by kid hacks and school buses. Williamson School was a one-room school in Blanch, Caswell County, North Carolina One-room schools were commonplace throughout rural portions of various countries including the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Scotland and Ireland in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. ... Horse-drawn kid hacks were an early form of school bus A kid hack was a horse-drawn vehicle used for transporting children to school in the late 19th and early 20th century in the United States. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ...

School security

The safety of staff and students is increasingly becoming an issue for school communities, an issue most schools are addressing through improved security. After mass shootings such as the Columbine High School massacre and the Virginia Tech incident, many school administrators in the United States have created plans to protect students and staff in the event of a school shooting. Some have also taken measures such as installing metal detectors). Others have even taken measures such as having the children swipe identification cards as they board the school bus. For some schools, these plans have included the use of door numbering to aid public safety response. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 324 pixel Image in higher resolution (1074 Ã— 435 pixel, file size: 125 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Front of Kent Street Senior High School Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 324 pixel Image in higher resolution (1074 Ã— 435 pixel, file size: 125 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Front of Kent Street Senior High School Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the... The Columbine High School massacre occurred on Tuesday, April 20, 1999, at Columbine High School in unincorporated Jefferson County, Colorado (the CDP of Columbine) near Denver and Littleton. ... The Virginia Tech massacre was a school shooting consisting of two separate attacks approximately two hours apart on April 16, 2007, which took place on the campus of Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech) in Blacksburg, Virginia. ... School shooting is a term popularized in American and Canadian media to describe gun violence at educational institutions, especially the mass murder or spree killing of people connected with an institution. ... A U.S. Army soldier uses a metal detector to search for weapons and ammunition in Iraq Metal detectors use electromagnetic induction to detect metal. ... Door Numbering is the systematic use of letters or numbers to identify individual entrances to a building. ...

Other security concerns faced by schools include bomb threats and the presence of gangs. Bullying is of major concern in many schools.^[1] Bomb threat hoax post on the 4chan imageboard by Jake Brahm, dated September 18, 2006. ... -1... A very common image in many schools around the world. ...

School health services

School Health Services are services from medical, teaching and other professionals applied in or out of school to improve the health and well-being of children and in some cases whole families. ...

Online schools/classes

Some schools offer remote access to their classes over the Internet. Online schools also can provide support to traditional schools, as in the case of the School Net Namibia. Some online classes provide experience in a class so that when you take it you have already been introduced to the subject and know what to expect, and even more classes provide High School/College credit allowing you to take the class at your own pace. Many online classes cost money to use but some are offered free. A cyberschool is an education program in which normal curriculum is taught over the internet. ... School Net Namibia is a nonprofit provider of internet service, hardware and training to the nations schools. ...

Schools in the Media

Schools and schoolchildren are frequently portrayed in fiction and the media, ranging from Harry Potter and Grange Hill to Battle Royale. See List of fictional schools For other uses, see Fiction (disambiguation). ... This article is about the Harry Potter series of novels. ... Grange Hill is a British childrens television drama series which is shown on BBC One. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... While real schools and universities are often prominently featured in works of fiction, this is a list of schools and universities which are entirely fictional, even though some of them are modeled after real world institutions. ...

Stress

As a profession, teaching has very high levels of Work-Related Stress (WRS)^[2] which are listed as amongst the highest of any profession in some countries, such as the United Kingdom. The degree of this problem is becoming increasingly recognised and support systems are being put into place.^[3]^[4] Teacher education is increasingly recognizing the need for new entrants to the profession to be aware of and trained to overcome the challenges that they will face on the 'mental health' front.^{[citation needed]} Image File history File links Unbalanced_scales. ... Teacher education refers to the policies and procedures designed to equip teachers with the knowledge, attitudes, behaviours and skills they require to perform their tasks effectively in the school and classroom. ...

Discipline

Schools and their teachers have always been under pressure — for instance, pressure to cover the curriculum, to perform well in comparison to other schools, and to avoid the stigma of being "soft" or "spoiling" toward students. Forms of discipline, such as control over when students will and will not speak, and normalized behaviour, such as raising one's hand to speak, are imposed in the name of greater efficiency. Practitoners of critical pedagogy point out that such disciplinary measures have no positive effect on student learning; indeed, some would argue that disciplinary practices actually detract from learning since they undermine students' individual dignity and sense of self-worth, the latter occupying a more primary role in students' hierarchy of needs. Critical pedagogy is a teaching approach which attempts to help students question and challenge domination, and the beliefs and practices that dominate. ... In psychology, self-esteem or self-worth is a persons self-image at an emotional level; circumventing reason and logic. ... Maslows hierarchy of needs is a theory in psychology that Abraham Maslow proposed in his 1943 paper A Theory of Human Motivation, which he subsequently extended. ...

References

Bibliography

Not to be confused with University of the State of New York. ... Boulder is a Home Rule Municipality that is the county seat and most populous city of Boulder County, Colorado, in the United States. ...