A path through a slag heap in Clarkdale, Arizona, showing the striations from the now rusting corrugated sheets used to hold it back.

Slags are the by-product of smelting ore to purify metals. They can be considered to be a mixture of metal oxides; however, they can contain metal sulphides and metal atoms in the elemental form. While slags are generally used as a waste removal mechanism in metal smelting, they can also serve other purposes, such as assisting in smelt temperature control and minimizing re-oxidation of the final liquid metal product before casting. Sir David Hare (born June 5, 1947) is an English dramatist and director. ... Various Transformers toys. ... Slag is the triceratops Dinobot. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2040x3072, 2915 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Slag Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used to create... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2040x3072, 2915 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Slag Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used to create... Clarkdale is a town located in Yavapai County, Arizona. ... A by-product is a secondary or incidental product deriving from a manufacturing process or chemical reaction, and is not the primary product or service being produced. ... Electric phosphate smelting furnace in a TVA chemical plant (1942) Chemical reduction, or smelting, is a form of extractive metallurgy. ... Iron ore (Banded iron formation) Manganese ore Lead ore Gold ore An ore is a volume of rock containing components or minerals in a mode of occurrence which renders it valuable for mining. ... Hot metal work from a blacksmith In chemistry, a metal (Greek: Metallon) is an element that readily loses electrons to form positive ions (cations) and has metallic bonds between metal atoms. ... An oxide is a chemical compound containing an oxygen atom and other elements. ... In chemistry, a sulfide (sulphide in British and Canadian English) is a combination of sulfur with an oxidation number of -2, with another chemical element or a radical thereof. ... Properties In chemistry and physics, an atom (Greek ἄτομος or átomos meaning indivisible) is the smallest particle still characterizing a chemical element. ... Temperature control is a process in which the temperature of an object is measured and the passage of heat energy into or out of the object is adjusted to achieve a desired temperature. ... Casting may be used to create artistic sculptures Casting is a manufacturing process by which a molten material such as metal or plastic is introduced into a mold, allowed to solidify within the mold, and then ejected or broken out to make a fabricated part. ...

In nature, the ores of metals such as iron, copper, lead, aluminium, and other metals are found in impure states, often oxidized and mixed in with silicates of other metals. General Name, Symbol, Number iron, Fe, 26 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 8, 4, d Appearance lustrous metallic with a grayish tinge Standard atomic weight 55. ... General Name, Symbol, Number copper, Cu, 29 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 11, 4, d Appearance metallic pinkish red Standard atomic weight 63. ... For Pb as an abbreviation, see PB. General Name, Symbol, Number lead, Pb, 82 Chemical series poor metals Group, Period, Block 14, 6, p Appearance bluish gray Standard atomic weight 207. ... General Name, Symbol, Number aluminium, Al, 13 Chemical series poor metals Group, Period, Block 13, 3, p Appearance silvery Standard atomic weight 26. ... Illustration of a redox reaction Redox (shorthand for oxidation/reduction reaction) describes all chemical reactions in which atoms have their oxidation number (oxidation state) changed. ... In chemistry, a silicate is a compound containing an anion in which one or more central silicon atoms are surrounded by electronegative ligands. ...

During smelting, when the ore is exposed to high temperatures, these impurities are separated from the molten metal and can be removed. The collection of compounds that is removed is the slag.

Ferrous and non-ferrous smelting processes produce different slags. The smelting of copper and lead in non-ferrous smelting, for instance, is designed to remove the iron and silica that often occurs with those ores and separates it as an iron silicate based slag. Slag from steel mills in ferrous smelting, on the other hand, is designed to minimize iron loss and so mainly contains oxides of calcium, magnesium, and aluminium. Ferrous in chemistry is a term used for the iron with an oxidation number +2. ... A steel mill at the turn of the century in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania A steel mill (British English and Australian English steelworks) is an industrial plant for the manufacture of steel. ... General Name, Symbol, Number calcium, Ca, 20 Chemical series alkaline earth metals Group, Period, Block 2, 4, s Appearance silvery white Standard atomic weight 40. ... General Name, Symbol, Number magnesium, Mg, 12 Chemical series alkaline earth metals Group, Period, Block 2, 3, s Appearance silvery white solid at room temp Standard atomic weight 24. ... General Name, Symbol, Number aluminium, Al, 13 Chemical series poor metals Group, Period, Block 13, 3, p Appearance silvery Standard atomic weight 26. ...

Slag has many commercial uses, and is rarely thrown away. It is often reprocessed to separate any other metals that it may contain. The remnants of this recovery can be used in railroad track ballast, and as fertilizer. It has been used as a road metal and as a cheap and durable means of roughening sloping faces of seawalls in order to progressively arrest the movement of waves. French 1912 drawing of typical elements of railways Railway tracks running through a railway station in North East England, UK A railway yard in Portland, Oregon. ... Concrete sleepers laid on Ballast Track ballast, consisting of gravel, cinders or other aggregate, forms the trackbed upon which railway sleepers are laid. ... Spreading manure, an organic fertilizer Fertilizers (British English fertilisers) are compounds given to plants to promote growth; they are usually applied either via the soil, for uptake by plant roots, or by foliar feeding, for uptake through leaves. ... This article needs additional references or sources to facilitate its verification. ... Seawall protecting homes from storm waves and beach erosion. ... This article is about waves in the most general scientific sense. ...

Ground granulated slag is often used in concrete in combination with Portland cement as part of a blended cement. Ground granulated slag reacts with water to produce cementitious properties. Concrete containing ground granulated slag develops strength over a longer period, leading to reduced permeability and better durability properties. Since the unit volume of Portland cement will also be reduced, concrete is less vulnerable to alkali-silica and sulfate attack. Sampling fast set Portland cement Portland cement is the most common type of cement in general usage, as it is a basic ingredient of concrete, mortar and plaster. ... In the most general sense of the word, cement is a binder, a substance which sets and hardens independently, and can bind other materials together. ...

Foaming slag

More recently, much attention has been focused on the foaming of slags. Slag foaming is caused primarily by the generation of bubbles of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, water vapour, sulphur dioxide, oxygen, and hydrogen gases within the slag, which foams much like soapy water. In a basic oxygen furnace (BOF), slag foaming is caused by the combustion of carbon in the metal itself and is a drawback to the process; the foaming slag may be violently ejected (slopping), removing metal in the slag from the furnace and creating dense, brown fumes that can cause problems in the fume removal system or cause a health and safety problem. Foaming can be controlled through the injection of stirring gas through the base of the furnace, or by introducing fine particles of metallurgical coke into the slag. Sea foam on the beach. ... Carbon monoxide, with the chemical formula CO, is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas. ... The basic oxygen furnace is the place within a foundry where molten iron from the blast furnace is changed into liquid steel. ... Coke Coke is a solid carbonaceous material derived from destructive distillation of low-ash, low-sulfur bituminous coal. ...

However, in an electric arc furnace (EAF), slag foaming is caused by the combustion of large coke particles deliberately introduced into the slag. Foaming is vital to modern EAF operations, as the foaming slag buries the arcs, shielding the walls and roof of the furnace from the radiant heat of the arcs and transferring more of the arc's heat to the bath, making the furnace more efficient. Foaming slag is also used in the smelting of copper, nickel, chromium and (experimentally) iron. Much research is currently underway to both further understand slag foaming, and to apply that understanding to metallurgical plants around the world. An electric arc furnace is a system that heats the charged material by means of an electric arc. ... Electric phosphate smelting furnace in a TVA chemical plant (1942) Chemical reduction, or smelting, is a form of extractive metallurgy. ... General Name, Symbol, Number nickel, Ni, 28 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 10, 4, d Appearance lustrous, metallic and silvery with a gold tinge Standard atomic weight 58. ... General Name, Symbol, Number chromium, Cr, 24 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 6, 4, d Appearance silvery metallic Standard atomic weight 51. ...

See also

• Dross

Dross is a mass of solid impurities floating on a molten metal bath. ...

Metalworking: v • d • e
Casting:	Casting Technologies | Sand | Lost Foam | Investment (Lost Wax) | Die | Shaw Process | Centrifugal | Tilt | Vacuum | Continuous | Billet Image File history File links Blacksmith-hammer-anvil-50x50. ... Turned chess pieces Metalworking is the craft and practice of working with metals to create structures or machine parts. ... Casting may be used to create artistic sculptures Casting is a manufacturing process by which a molten material such as metal or plastic is introduced into a mold, allowed to solidify within the mold, and then ejected or broken out to make a fabricated part. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article may require cleanup. ... Lost foam casting (LFC) is a type of investment casting process that uses foam patterns as the investment. ... The lost wax process is a method that requires the metallurgist to build a wax replica of the item that is desired to be replicated, followed by the coating of the wax sculpted article in a heat resistant yet durable exterior, typically a ceramic, which is then fired to permit... This article is about the manufacturing process. ... Centrifugal casting or rotocasting is a casting technique which has application across a wide range of industrial and artistic applications: It is used as a means of casting small, detailed parts or jewelry. ... Vacuum casting is a means of casting small metal parts or jewelry that have fine detail or for casting various plastic materials. ... Continuous casting is a refinement of the casting process for the continuous, high-volume production of metal sections with a constant cross-section. ... Billet is a term used in manufacturing to refer to a cast product. ... Furnace Technologies | Cupola | Reverberatory | Puddling | Bessemer | Open Hearth | Electric Arc | Electric Induction | Rotary A furnace is a device for heating air or any other fluid. ... A reverbatory furnace is a metallurgical or process furnace which characteristically isolates the material being processed from contact with the fuel, but not from contact with the combustion gases. ... Schematic drawing of a puddling furnace The puddling furnace is a metalmaking technology to create wrought iron from the pig iron produced in a blast furnace. ... Bessemer Converter, Schematic Diagram The Bessemer process was the first inexpensive industrial process for the mass-production of steel from molten pig iron. ... Open hearth furnaces are one of a number of kinds of furnace where excess carbon and other impurities are burnt out of pig iron to produce steel. ... An electric arc furnace is a system that heats the charged material by means of an electric arc. ... An induction furnace, with fume hood closed, tapping a melt An induction furnace is an electrical furnace in which the heat is applied by induction heating of a conductive medium (usually a metal) in a crucible around which water-cooled magnetic coils are wound. ... Casting Terminology | Flask | Sprue | Riser | Cope and drag | Draft angle | Dross | Green sand | Molding sand | Chill | Ingot | Pattern | Slag A Casting Flask is a wooden or metal frame, used in a foundry to contain molding sand used to make a mold. ... Bronze casting showing sprue and risers In foundry work, a Sprue is the passage through which metal is poured into a mold. ... A riser is a reservoir built into a metal-casting mold to prevent cavities due to shrinkage. ... In foundry work, the terms Cope and Drag refer to the upper and lower parts of a two-part casting flask, used in sand casting. ... A draft angle describes the amount of taper for molded or cast parts perpendicular to the parting line. ... Dross is a mass of solid impurities floating on a molten metal bath. ... Description Green Sand is an aggregate of sand, bentonite clay, and water. ... Molding Sand, or Foundry sand, is sand that when moistened or oiled tends to pack well and hold its shape. ... A Chill is an object used in making metal castings. ... [[Image:[[Gold bars|Gold ingots. ... The top and bottom halves of a sand casting mould showing the cavity prepared by patterns. ...
Metalworking topics:   Turned chess pieces Metalworking is the craft and practice of working with metals to create structures or machine parts. ...	Casting | CNC | Cutting tools | Drilling and threading | Fabrication | Finishing | Grinding | Jewellery | Lathe (tool) | Machining | Machine tooling | Measuring | Metalworking | Hand tools | Metallurgy | Milling | Occupations | Press tools | Smithing | Terminology | Welding Casting may be used to create artistic sculptures Casting is a manufacturing process by which a molten material such as metal or plastic is introduced into a mold, allowed to solidify within the mold, and then ejected or broken out to make a fabricated part. ... A CNC Turning Center A CNC Milling Machine The abbreviation CNC stands for computer numerical control, and refers specifically to a computer controller that reads G-code instructions and drives the machine tool, a powered mechanical device typically used to fabricate metal components by the selective removal of metal. ... a Cutting Tool, in the context of Metalworking is any tool that is used to remove metal from the workpiece by means of shear deformation. ... Drilling is the process of using a drill bit in a drill to produce holes. ... A typical steel fabrication shop Fabrication is an industrial term generally applied to the building of metal machines and structures. ... Metalworking finishing is the activity of making things out of metal in a skillful manner. ... Rotating abrasive wheel on a bench grinder. ... Amber jewellery in the form of pendants. ... Conventional metalworking lathe In woodturning, metalworking, metal spinning, and glassworking, a lathe is a machine tool which spins a block of material so that when abrasive, cutting, or deformation tools are applied to the block, it can be shaped to produce an object which has rotational symmetry about an axis... A lathe is a common tool used in machining. ... A machine tool is a powered mechanical device, typically used to fabricate metal components of machines by the selective removal of metal. ... The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ... Turned chess pieces Metalworking is the craft and practice of working with metals to create structures or machine parts. ... Metalworking hand tools are hand tools that are used in the metalworking field. ... Metallurgy is a domain of materials science and of materials engineering that studies the physical and chemical behavior of metallic elements, their intermetallic compounds, and their mixtures, which are called alloys. ... Endmills for a milling machine. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Smith (metalwork). ... Power press with a fixed barrier guard A press, or a machine press is a tool used to work metal (typically steel) by changing its shape and internal structure. ... A smith, or metalsmith, is a person involved in the shaping of metal objects. ... This article needs to be wikified. ... Welding is a fabrication process that joins materials, usually metals or thermoplastics, by causing coalescence. ...