It has been suggested that Chattel slavery be merged into this article or section. (Discuss)

Slavery is a condition in which one person, known as a slave, is under the control of another person, group, organization, or state. Slavery almost always occurs for the purpose of securing the labour of the slave. A specific form, known as chattel slavery, is defined by the absolute legal ownership of a person or persons by another person or state, including the legal right to buy and sell them just as one would any common object, or the legal right to send the slave to war and force him to fight for the rights of his master. Critics have called it a crime against humanity, something which has been officially recognized by a French 2001 law ^[1]. Image File history File links Please see the file description page for further information. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into slavery. ... Manual labor is a term used for physical work done with the hands, especially in an unskilled manual job such as fruit and vegetable picking, road building, or any other field where the work may be considered hard or arduous, which has as its objective the production of goods. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into slavery. ... // Use of the term The concept of property or ownership has no single or universally accepted definition. ... A crime against humanity is a term in international law that refers to acts of murderous persecution against a body of people, as being the criminal offence above all others. ...

Definitions

The 1926 Slavery Convention described slavery as "...the status or/and condition of a person over whom any or all of the powers attaching to the right of ownership are exercised..." Therefore, slaves cannot leave an owner, an employer or a territory without explicit permission (they must have a passport to leave), and they will be returned if they escape. Therefore a system of slavery; as opposed to the isolated instances found in any society — requires official, legal recognition of ownership, or widespread tacit arrangements with local authorities, by masters who have some influence because of their social and/or economic status. 1926 Slavery Convention - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... The title page of European Union member state passports bears the name European Union, then the name of the issuing country, in the official languages of all EU countries. ...

The word slave comes from the Latin term sclavus. The current usage of the word serfdom is not usually synonymous with slavery, because serfs are considered to have had some rights. In the strictest sense of the word, "slaves" are people who are not only owned, but who have no rights and are also not paid. Latin is an ancient Indo-European language originally spoken in the region around Rome called Latium. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... For the direction right, see left and right or starboard. ...

The International Labour Organization defines "forced labour" as "all work or service which is extracted from any person under the menace of any penalty and for which the said person has not offered himself voluntarily", albeit with certain exceptions: military service, convicts, emergencies and minor community services. [1]. The ILO asserts that child labour amounts to forced labour in which the child's work is exacted from the family as a whole. The International Labour Organization (ILO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations to deal with labour issues. ...

In some historical contexts, compulsory labour to repay debts by adults has been regarded as slavery, depending upon the rights held by such individuals. Debt bondage or bonded labor is a means of paying off a familys loans via the labour of family members or heirs. ...

Mandatory military service in liberal democracies is a controversial subject: one view is that conscripts are not "slaves", as they have substantial legal rights, and any government which took it upon itself to implement conscription, outside a time of extreme national emergency, would eventually face a backlash at an election. Another view interprets acceptance of conscription as a sign of chauvinist, ultra-nationalist and/or fascist ideologies, justified by philosophies such as the Hegelian notion of nations having rights which supersede those of individuals. Conscription is a general term for forced labor demanded by some established authority, e. ... This article or section is missing references or citation of sources. ... Look up Emergency in Wiktionary, the free dictionary An emergency is a situation that poses an immediate threat to human life or serious damage to property. ... An election is a decision making process whereby people vote for preferred political candidates or parties to act as representatives in government. ... Chauvinism is extreme and unreasoning partisanship on behalf of a group to which one belongs, especially when the partisanship includes malice and hatred towards a rival group. ... Ultra-nationalists are extreme nationalists or patriots. ... Fascism (in Italian, fascismo), capitalized, was the authoritarian political movement which ruled Italy from 1922 to 1943 under the leadership of Benito Mussolini. ... An ideology is an organized collection of ideas. ... Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (August 27, 1770 - November 14, 1831) was a German philosopher born in Stuttgart, Württemberg, in present-day southwest Germany. ...

In United States legal usage, the term involuntary servitude means a condition of labouring for another without one's willful consent. It does not necessarily mean the complete lack of freedom found in chattel slavery. This article or section is missing references or citation of sources. ... Involuntary servitude is the condition of a person laboring to benefit another against his will due to coercive influence directed toward him. ...

Many progressive thinkers have discussed the idea of "wage slavery", although it is generally accepted that payment of a wage signifies "free labour", with the quite different disadvantages experienced by such workers. Wage slavery is a term used by anti-capitalists (including socialists, anarchists, and communists) to refer to a condition in which a person is legally (de jure) voluntarily employed but practically (de facto) a slave. ... A wage is the amount of money paid for some specified quantity of labour. ...

In some political philosophies such as anarcho-capitalism ^{[citation needed]}, government taxation of citizens is considered a form of slavery. Anarcho-capitalism refers to an anti-statist philosophy that embraces capitalism as one of its foundational principles. ...

How do people become slaves?

Captive Andromache by Frederic Leighton, 1st Baron Leighton — a Trojan princess enslaved after the Trojan war

Historically, slaves were captured. Warfare often resulted in slavery for prisoners if one paid no ransom. It originally may have been more humane than executing those who would return to fight if they were freed, but the effect led to widespread enslavement of those of other groups, differing in ethnicity, nationality, religion, or race. The dominant group in an area might take slaves with little fear of suffering the like fate, but the possibility might be present from reversals of fortune, as when Seneca warns, at the height of the Roman Empire, Image File history File links Leighton_Captive_Andromache. ... Image File history File links Leighton_Captive_Andromache. ... Andromache grieves the loss of Hector In Greek mythology, Andromache was the wife of Hector and daughter of Eetion, sister to Podes. ... Flaming June The mermaid, 1858 Frederic Leighton, 1st Baron Leighton (3 December 1830–25 January 1896) was an English painter and sculptor. ... The term ransom refers to the practice of holding a prisoner to extort money or property extorted to secure their release, or to the sum of money involved. ... This article or section should be merged with ethnic group Ethnicity is the cultural characteristics that connect a particular group or groups of people to each other. ... In English usage, nationality is the legal relationship between a person and a country. ... For other senses of this word, see race (disambiguation). ... The word dominant has several possible meanings: In music theory, the dominant or dominant note (second most important) of a key is that which is a perfect fifth above the tonic; in just intonation the note whose pitch is 1. ... Seneca has several significant meanings: Seneca the Elder Seneca the Younger Seneca tribe Seneca crater Seneca (plant) Seneca College, Toronto, Ontario Places in the United States of America: Seneca, Pennsylvania Seneca, South Carolina Seneca, Wisconsin Seneca County, New York Seneca, New York Seneca Lake Seneca Falls (village), New York Senecaville...

And as often as you reflect how much power you have over a slave, remember that your master has just as much power over you. "But I have no master," you say. You are still young; perhaps you will have one. Do you not know at what age Hecuba entered captivity, or Croesus, or the mother of Darius, or Plato, or Diogenes? Hecuba (also Hekuba or Hekabe) was a Trojan queen in Greek mythology, daughter of Dymas. ... Croesus Croesus (pronounced CREE-sus, IPA , the Latin transliteration of the Greek Κροίσος, in Arabic and Persian قارون Qârun), who was legendary for his enormous wealth, was king of Lydia from 560/561 BC until his defeat by the Persians in about 547 BC. Born in 626 BC, he was the... Darius III (near middle) battling Alexander the Great (far left) Darius III or Codomannus (c. ... Plato (Greek: Πλάτων, Plátōn, wide, broad-shouldered) (c. ... Please wikify (format) this article as suggested in the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style. ...

and when various powerful nations fought among themselves, as for the Atlantic slave trade, anyone might find himself enslaved. The Atlantic slave trade (Atlantic slave trading) was the purchase and transport of black Africans into bondage and servitude in the New World. ...

The actual amount of force needed to kidnap individual people for slaves could lead to enslavement of those secure from warfare, as brief raids or kidnapping sufficed. St. Patrick recounts in his Confession having been kidnapped by pirates, and Joseph was sold into slavery by his brothers. Saint Patrick Saint Patrick (386–March 17, 493, see below) was a missionary and is regarded as the patron saint of Ireland (along with Saint Brigid and Saint Columba). ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

Societies characterized by poverty, population pressures, and cultural and technological lag are frequently exporters of slaves to more developed nations. Today most slaves are rural people forced to move to cities, or those purchased in rural areas and sold into slavery in cities. These moves take place due to loss of subsistence agriculture, thefts of land, and population increases. World map showing percentage of people living under national poverty lines. ... Subsistence agriculture is agriculture carried out for survival — with few or no crops available for sale. ... The factual accuracy of this article is disputed. ...

In ancient Greco-Roman times, slavery was related to the practice of infanticide. Unwanted infants were exposed to nature to die; these were then often rescued by slavetraders, who raised them as slaves. Justin Martyr, in his Apology, defended the Christian practice of not exposing infant only secondarily because the child might die; first of all, In sociology and biology, infanticide is the practice of intentionally causing the death of an infant of a given species, by members of the same species. ... Child abandonment is the practice of abandoning offspring outside of legal adoption. ... Saint Justin Martyr (Justin the Martyr a. ...

But as for us, we have been taught that to expose newly-born children is the part of wicked men; and this we have been taught lest we should do any one an injury, and lest we should sin against God, first, because we see that almost all so exposed (not only the girls, but also the males) are brought up to prostitution.

In many cultures, persons convicted of serious crimes could be sold into slavery. The proceeds from this sale were often used to compensate the victims, and as a consequence, the criminal might be sold only if he lacked the property to make the compensation. Other laws and other crimes might enslave the criminal regardless of his property; some called for the criminal and all his property to be handed over to his victim.

Also, persons have been sold into slavery so that the money could be used to pay off debts. This could range from a king ordering a debtor sold with all his family, to the poor selling off their own children. In times of dire need such as famine, people have offered themselves into slavery not for a purchase price, but merely so that their new master would feed them.

In most institutions of slavery, the children of slaves are themselves the property of the master. Laws varied as to whether the status of the mother or of the father determined the fate of the child.

Development of Slavery

The beginning of Slavery probably followed the development of farming about 10,000 years ago. Farming gave people an opportunity to put their prisoners of war to work for them. People captured in war continued to be the chief source of slaves in the earliest civilizations. Other slaves were criminals or people who could not pay their debts.

History

Europe and the Mediterranean

The ancient Mediterranean civilizations

Main article: Slavery in antiquity

See also: Slavery in Abrahamic religions. Slavery in the ancient Mediterranean cultures comprised a mixture of debt-slavery, slavery as a punishment for crime, and the enslavement of prisoners of war. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ...

Slavery in the ancient Mediterranean cultures, including Greece and Rome (and parts of the Roman Empire), and the Islamic Caliphate was a mixture of debt-slavery, marriage, slavery as a punishment for crime, the enslavement of prisoners of war, and the birth of slave children to slaves. Islam(Arabic: ; ) is a monotheistic religion based on the Quran. ... An Anglicized/Latinized version of the Arabic word خليفة or Khalīfah, Caliph (  listen?) is the term or title for the Islamic leader of the Ummah, or community of Islam. ... Debt bondage or bonded labor is a means of paying off a familys loans via the labour of family members or heirs. ... Geneva Convention definition A prisoner of war (POW) is a soldier, sailor, airman, or marine who is imprisoned by an enemy power during or immediately after an armed conflict. ...

If a slave from Rome ran away, they were crucified.

Medieval Europe

Main article: Slavery in medieval Europe

For Christian views on slavery, see Religion and slavery. Slavery in medieval Europe was the keeping of people in slavery in Europe during the Middle Ages. ... A Christian is a follower of Jesus Christ. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

Slavery was carried into the Middle Ages by both the Roman Empire and the barbarian invaders. It slowly transformed itself into serfdom. To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

Traditional slavery reappeared during the Middle Ages in Continental Europe and in the 12th century in Scandinavia. On the other hand, an unconverted non-Christian could be kept legally and sold as a slave, and during the High Middle Ages, Muslims and Pagans were often captured and sold as slaves. They were traded openly in many cities, including Marseille, Dublin and Prague, and many were sold to buyers in the Islamic Middle East. This practice continued until the end of the 14th century, when the last non-Christian country in Europe, Lithuania, converted to Catholicism. City motto: Actibus immensis urbs fulget Massiliensis. ... WGS-84 (GPS) Coordinates: 53. ... Prague (Czech: Praha (IPA: ), see also other names) is the capital and largest city of the Czech Republic. ... A map showing countries commonly considered to be part of the Middle East The Middle East is a region comprising the lands around the southern and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Sea, a territory that extends from the eastern Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Roman Catholic Church. ...

Norman England

In 1102 a national ecclesiastical council, held at Westminster, under Archbishop of Canterbury, Saint Anselm, prohibited the slave trade. They decreed: 'Let no one hereafter presume to engage in that nefarious trade in which hitherto in England men were usually sold like brute animals.' (Butler's Lives-Anselm)[2]

Early Modern Europe

In the 17th century, slavery was used as punishment by conquering English Parliament armies against native Catholics in Ireland. Between the years 1659 and 1663, during the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland by the New Model Army, under the command of Oliver Cromwell, thousands of Irish Catholics were forced into slavery. Cromwell had a deep religious dislike of the Catholic religion, and many Irish Catholics who had participated in Confederate Ireland had all their land confiscated and were transported to the British West Indies as slaves. (16th century - 17th century - 18th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 17th century was that century which lasted from 1601-1700. ... Oliver Cromwell landed in Ireland with his New Model Army on behalf of the English Parliament in 1649. ... The New Model Army became the best known of the various Parliamentarian armies in the English Civil War. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Irish Catholics is a term used to describe Irish people or people of Irish descent who adhere to the Roman Catholic faith. ... Kilkenny Castle, where the Confederate General Assembly met. ... The Caribbean or the West Indies is a group of islands in the Caribbean Sea. ...

Item 20 of The Grand Remonstrance[3], a list of grievances committed by King Charles I and presented to him in 1641, contains the following: Charles I King of England, Scotland and Ireland Charles I (19 November 1600–30 January 1649) was King of England, Scotland and Ireland from 27 March 1625, until his death. ... Events The Long Parliament passes a series of legislation designed to contain Charles Is absolutist tendencies. ...

"20. And although all this was taken upon pretence of guarding the seas, yet a new unheard-of tax of ship-money was devised, and upon the same pretence, by both which there was charged upon the subject near £700,000 some years, and yet the merchants have been left so naked to the violence of the Turkish pirates, that many great ships of value and thousands of His Majesty's subjects have been taken by them, and do still remain in miserable slavery."

The Church was fully implicated. Slaves owned by the Anglican Church's Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts on its sugar plantations in the West Indies had the word "society" branded on their chests with red-hot irons. This article is about sea pirates. ... The Church of England is the officially established Christian church[1] in England, and acts as the mother and senior branch of the worldwide Anglican Communion, as well as a founding member of the Porvoo Communion. ... The Anglican Communion is a world-wide organisation of Anglican Churches. ... Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts was a missionary organization of the Church of England. ... A sugarcane plantation at Ribeirão Preto, Brazil, 2005 A plantation is a large tract of monoculture, as a tree plantation, a cotton plantation, a tea plantation or a tobacco plantation. ... The Caribbean or the West Indies is a group of islands in the Caribbean Sea. ...

When slaves were emancipated through the British Parliament in 1834 the British Government paid compensation to slave owners (slaves got nothing). In one case the Bishop of Exeter and three business colleagues got handsome compensation for the 665 slaves they had to set free. Look up emancipation in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the supreme legislative institution in the United Kingdom and British overseas territories (it alone has parliamentary sovereignty). ... 1834 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... The Bishop of Exeter is the Ordinary of the Church of England Diocese of Exeter in the Province of Canterbury. ...

Recently (2006), Southwark Bishop Thomas Butler, at the Anglican Church's General Synod stated "The profits from the slave trade were part of the bedrock of our country's industrial development". 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Anglican Diocese of Southwark was formed in 1905 out of the Diocese of Rochester. ... The General Synod is the title of the governing body of some church organizations. ...

Slavery existed in Eastern Europe during this period (particularly in Russia and Poland). Only in 1768 was a law passed in Poland that discontinued the nobility's control of the right to life or death of serfs. Some of the Roma people were enslaved over five centuries in Romania until abolition in 1864. Current division of Europe into five (or more) regions: one definition of Eastern Europe is marked in orange Eastern Europe as a region has several alternative definitions, whereby it can denote: the region lying between the variously and vaguely defined areas of Central Europe and Russia. ... 1768 was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... The Roma people (singular Rom; sometimes Rroma, Rrom), often referred to as Gipsies, are a heterogeneous ethnic group who live primarily in Southern and Eastern Europe, Western Asia, Latin America, southern states of North America and the Middle East. ... 1864 (MDCCCLXIV) was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a leap year starting on Sunday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar. ...

Slavery in the French Republic was abolished on February 4, 1794. February 4 is the 35th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1794 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ...

Elizabethan England

In 1569, during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I, a lawsuit was brought against a man for beating another man he had bought as a slave overseas. The record states, "That in the 11th [year] of Elizabeth [1569], one Cartwright brought a slave from Russia and would scourge him; for which he was questioned [charged with assault]; and it was resolved, that England was too pure an air for a slave to breathe in." In other words the court ruled that English Common Law made no provision for slavery. The state did not recognize one person as the property of another. [Matter of Cartwright, 11 Elizabeth; 2 Rushworth's Coll 468 (1569)][4]

Modern Europe

Main articles: Holocaust, Nazi concentration camps

Between 1933 and 1945, the Nazi regime created many Arbeitslager (labour camps) in Germany and Eastern Europe. Prisoners in Nazi labour camps were worked to death on short rations and in bad conditions, or killed if they became unable to work. Millions died as a direct result of forced labour under the Nazis. Concentration camp inmates during the Holocaust The Holocaust was Nazi Germanys systematic genocide (ethnic cleansing) of various ethnic, religious, national, and secular groups during World War II. Early elements include the Kristallnacht pogrom and the T-4 Euthanasia Program established by Hitler that killed some 200,000 people. ... It has been suggested that Internment be merged into this article or section. ... 1933 (MCMXXXIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1945 calendar). ... National Socialism redirects here. ... A labor camp is a simplified detention facility where inmates are engaged in forced labor. ... Current division of Europe into five (or more) regions: one definition of Eastern Europe is marked in orange Eastern Europe as a region has several alternative definitions, whereby it can denote: the region lying between the variously and vaguely defined areas of Central Europe and Russia. ...

Main article: Gulag

Between 1930 and 1960, the Soviet regime created many Lagerey (labour camps) in Siberia. Prisoners in Soviet labor camps were worked to death on extreme production quotas, brutality, hunger and harsh elements. Fatality rate was as high as 80% during the first months in many camps. Millions died as a direct result of forced labour under the Soviets. Today, North Korea sends its convicts to the Russian Far East to work in similar conditions as a way of repaying foreign debt. Gulag ( , Russian: ) is an acronym for Главное Управление Исправительно—Трудовых Лагерей и колоний, Glavnoye Upravleniye Ispravitelno-trudovykh Lagerey i kolonii, The Chief Directorate [or Administration] of Corrective Labour Camps and Colonies of the NKVD. Anne Applebaum, in her book Gulag: A History, explains: Literally, the word GULAG is an acronym, meaning Glavnoe Upravlenie Lagerei, or Main Camp... 1930 (MCMXXX) is a common year starting on Wednesday. ... 1960 (MCMLX) was a leap year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1960 calendar). ... Soviet redirects here. ... A labor camp is a simplified detention facility where inmates are engaged in forced labor. ... Siberia is also an album by Echo & The Bunnymen. ...

Slavery in the Ottoman Empire and the Middle East

Main article: Islamic slave trade

For Muslim views on slavery, see Religion and slavery. The slave trade means a trade in human beings treated as objects of commerce. ... A Muslim (Arabic: مسلم, Turkish:Müslüman, Persian:مسلمان, Bosnian: Musliman) is an adherent of Islam. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

The Arab world has traded in slaves like many other cultures of the region. The Moors, starting in the 8th century, raided coastal areas of the Mediterranean and Northern European (including British and even as far north as Scandinavian) coastal areas and would carry away sometimes whole villages to the Moorish slave markets on the Barbary Coast. Nautical traders from the United States became targets, and frequent victims, of the Barbary pirates, as soon as that nation began trading with Europe and refused to pay the required tribute to the North African states. The slave trade from East Africa to Arabia was dominated by Arab and African traders in the coastal cities of Zanzibar, Dar Es Salaam and Mombasa. The Arabs (Arabic: عرب ) are a large and heterogeneous ethnic group found throughout the Middle East and North Africa. ... Copyrighted Image Photo courtesy of Wayne B. Chandler Moorish Ambassador to Queen Elizabeth I The Moors were the medieval Muslim inhabitants of al-Andalus (the Iberian Peninsula including the present day Spain and Portugal) and the Maghreb and western Africa, whose culture is often called Moorish. ... The Mediterranean Sea is an intercontinental sea positioned between Europe to the north, Africa to the south and Asia to the east, covering an approximate area of 2. ... The Barbary Coast, or Barbary, was the term used by Europeans till the 19th century to refer to the coastal regions of what is now Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and Libya. ... This article or section is missing references or citation of sources. ... Map of Zanzibars main island Zanzibar (IPA pronunciation: ), as used today, is the collective name for two East African islands off mainland Tanzania: Unguja (also called Zanzibar) and Pemba. ... Dar es Salaam (دار السلام), formerly Mzizima, is the largest city (pop. ... Mombasa is the second largest city in Kenya. ...

Many Slavic males from the Balkans, and Turkic and Circassian males from the Caucasus Mountains and the eastern Black Sea regions were taken away from their homes and families and enlisted into special soldier classes of the army of the Ottoman Empire. These soldier classes were named Janissaries in the Balkans and Asia Minor, and Mamelukes in Egypt. The Janissaries eventually became a decisive factor in the intrigues of the Istanbul court of the Ottoman sultans, while the Mamelukes were mainly responsible for the expulsion of the Crusaders from Palestine and preventing the Mongols from entering Egypt. The Slavic peoples are defined by their usage of the Slavic languages. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... This article is about the various peoples speaking one of the Turkic languages. ... Circassia, also known as Cherkessia in Russian, is a region in Caucasia. ... The Caucasus Mountains are a mountain system between the Black and Caspian seas in the Caucasus region, usually considered the southeastern limit of Europe. ... Map of the Black Sea. ... Imperial motto (Ottoman Turkish) دولت ابد مدت Devlet-i Ebed-müddet (The Eternal State) The Ottoman Empire at the height of its power (1683) Official language Ottoman Turkish Capital Söğüt (1299-1326), Bursa (1326-1365), Edirne (1365-1453), Ä°stanbul (1453-1922) Imperial anthem Ottoman imperial anthem Sovereigns Padishah of the Osmanl... Young Greeks at the Mosque (Jean Léon Gérôme, oil on canvas, 1865); this oil painting portrays Greek youths who were converted to Islam to become the elite of the army (Turkish yeniceri, recruit) The Janissaries (or janizaries; in Turkish: Yeniçeri (yeni çeri, meaning new soldier); in... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Anatolia (Greek: ανατολη anatole, rising of the sun or East; compare Orient and Levant, by popular etymology Turkish Anadolu to ana mother and dolu filled), also called by the Latin name of Asia Minor, is a region of Southwest Asia which corresponds today to the Asian portion of Turkey. ... An Ottoman Mamluk, from 1810 Mamluks (or Mameluks) (the Arabic word usually translates as owned, singular: مملوك plural: مماليك) comprised slave soldiers used by the Muslim Caliphs and the Ottoman Empire, and who on more than one occasion seized power for themselves. ... Satellite image of Istanbul and the Bosphorus Istanbul (Turkish: Ä°stanbul) is Turkeys largest city, and its cultural and economic center. ... An Ottoman Mamluk, from 1810 Mamluks (or Mameluks) (the Arabic word usually translates as owned, singular: مملوك plural: مماليك) comprised slave soldiers used by the Muslim Caliphs and the Ottoman Empire, and who on more than one occasion seized power for themselves. ... This article is about the medieval crusades. ... Map of the British Mandate of Palestine. ... The Mongols are an ethnic group that originated in what is now Mongolia, Russia, and China. ...

The Arab trade in slaves continued into the 20th century. T. E. Lawrence documented practices in which African Muslims performing the hajj would bring a son with them to Mecca and there sell him into slavery. [5] Slave owning and slave-like working conditions have been documented up to and including the present, in countries of the Middle East. Though the subject is considered taboo in the affected regions, a leading Saudi government cleric and author of the country's religious curriculum has called for the outright re-legalization of slavery. [6], [7] T.E. Lawrence. ... The Hajj (Arabic: ‎ translit: ), (Turkish: Hac) is the Pilgrimage to Mecca in Islam. ... This article is about the city in Saudi Arabia. ...

Slavery in Africa

Main article: African slave trade

French historian Fernand Braudel noted that slavery was endemic in Africa and part of the structure of everyday life. "Slavery came in different guises in different societies: there were court slaves, slaves incorporated into princely armies, domestic and household slaves, slaves working on the land, in industry, as couriers and intermediaries, even as traders" (Braudel 1984 p 435). During the 16th century, Europe began to outpace the Arab world in the export traffic, with its slave traffic from Africa to the Americas. The Dutch imported slaves from Asia into their colony in South Africa. Later, The United Kingdom, which held vast colonial territories on the African continent (including South Africa), made the practice of slavery illegal in these regions. Ironically, the end of the slave trade and the decline of slavery was imposed upon Africa by its European conquerors. This action is what today may be called an instance of cultural imperialism. This article discusses the history and effects of the slavery trade upon Africa. ... Fernand Braudel Fernand Braudel (August 24, 1902–November 27, 1985) was a French historian. ... Cultural imperialism is the practice of promoting the culture or language of one nation in another. ...

The nature of the slave societies differed greatly across the continent. There were large plantations worked by slaves in Egypt, the Sudan and Zanzibar, but this was not a typical use of slaves in Africa as a whole. In some slave societies, slaves were protected and incorporated into the slave-owning family. In others, slaves were brutally abused, and even used for human sacrifices. Map of Zanzibars main island Zanzibar (IPA pronunciation: ), as used today, is the collective name for two East African islands off mainland Tanzania: Unguja (also called Zanzibar) and Pemba. ...

Slavery in North Africa

As practiced in ancient Egypt, slavery was not in accord with the modern view of the term. Persons became "slaves" in ancient Egypt by virtue of being captives (or prisoners) of war, committing criminal or other indecent acts, or indebtedness. In many instances, some peasants in ancient Egypt led better livelihoods as slaves than as free persons: Some Egyptian peasants purposely sold themselves into slavery as a means of repaying their debts. Though slaves in ancient Egypt could be sold, inherited or offered as gifts, they were not prohibited from learning, achieving greater social rank, purchasing property or negotiating other contracts. One papyrus from the New Kingdom even records masters being testified against by slave witnesses. Slave children apparently enjoyed some authoritative protection, as a letter from the 18th dynasty records limits to their use for harsh labor, and Egyptian households further bore the responsibility of adequately raising children of slave parents. Khafres Pyramid (4th dynasty) and Great Sphinx of Giza (c. ... The New Kingdom is the period in ancient Egyptian history between the 16th century BCE and the 11th century BCE, covering the Eighteenth, Nineteenth, and Twentieth Dynasties of Egypt. ... Known rulers, in the History of Egypt, for the Eighteenth Dynasty. ...

In the 15th and 16th centuries slaves were imported from Europe to North Africa. Slave-taking persisted into the 19th century when Barbary pirates would capture ships and enslave the crew. In all, about 1.5 million Europeans were transported to the Barbary Coast. It was a period when Europe was preoccupied by sectarian wars and European navies were depleted. The trade was run by expelled Moors and the slaving expeditions were often captained by Europeans with North African crews. In the early 19th century, European powers started to take action to free Christian slaves. The first major action was the bombardment of Algiers in 1816. (14th century - 15th century - 16th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 15th century was that century which lasted from 1401 to 1500. ... (15th century - 16th century - 17th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 16th century was that century which lasted from 1501 to 1600. ... Europe is conventionally considered one of the seven continents of Earth which, in this case, is more a cultural and political distinction than a physiographic one, leading to various perspectives about Europes borders. ...  Northern Africa (UN subregion)  geographic, including above North Africa or Northern Africa is the northernmost region of the African continent. ... This article or section is missing references or citation of sources. ... The Barbary Coast, or Barbary, was the term used by Europeans till the 19th century to refer to the coastal regions of what is now Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and Libya. ... Copyrighted Image Photo courtesy of Wayne B. Chandler Moorish Ambassador to Queen Elizabeth I The Moors were the medieval Muslim inhabitants of al-Andalus (the Iberian Peninsula including the present day Spain and Portugal) and the Maghreb and western Africa, whose culture is often called Moorish. ... The Bombardment of Algiers took place on August 27, 1816. ... 1816 was a leap year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ...

Slavery in Sub-Saharan Africa

Prior to the 16th century, the bulk of slaves exported from Africa were shipped from East Africa to the Arabian peninsula. Zanzibar became a leading port on this trade. Arab slave traders differed from European traders in that they would often conduct raiding expeditions themselves, sometimes penetrating deep into the continent. They also differed in that their market greatly preferred the purchase of female slaves over male slaves.  Eastern Africa (UN subregion)  East African Community  Central African Federation (defunct)  geographic, including above East Africa or Eastern Africa is the easternmost region of the African continent, variably defined by geography or geopolitics. ... The Arabian Peninsula The Arabian Peninsula (in Arabic: شبه الجزيرة العربية) is a peninsula in Southwest Asia at the junction of Africa and Asia consisting mainly of desert. ...

The increased presence of European rivals along the East coast led Arab traders to concentrate on the overland slave caravan routes across the Sahara from the Sahel to North Africa. The German explorer Gustav Nachtigal reported seeing slave caravans departing from Kukawa in Bornu bound for Tripoli and Egypt in 1870. The slave trade represented the major source of revenue for the state of Bornu as late as 1898. Further south, the eastern regions of the Central African Republic have never recovered demographically from the impact of nineteenth-century raids from the Sudan and still have a population density of less than 1 person/km?. The location of Sahel in Africa The Sahel (from Arabic ساحل, sahil, shore, border or coast of the Sahara desert) is the boundary zone in Africa between the Sahara to the north and the more fertile region to the south, known as the Sudan (not to be confused with the country... Gustav Nachtigal (February 23, 1834 - April 20, 1885), German explorer in Central Africa, son of a Lutheran pastor, was born at Eichstedt in the Mark of Brandenburg. ... Kukawa (previously Kuka) is a town in northeastern Nigeria, close to Lake Chad. ... Borno may refer to: Borno, Italy Borno State, Nigeria The Kanem-Bornu Empire A Fundamentalist Christian This is a disambiguation page: a list of articles associated with the same title. ... Tripoli Tripoli (population 1. ...

The Middle Passage, the crossing of the Atlantic to the Americas, endured by slaves laid out in rows in the holds of ships, was only one element of the well-known triangular trade engaged in by Portuguese, Dutch, French and British. Ships having landed slaves in Caribbean ports would take on sugar, indigo, raw cotton, and later coffee, and make for Liverpool, Nantes, Lisbon or Amsterdam. Ships leaving European ports for West Africa would carry printed cotton textiles, some originally from India, copper utensils and bangles, pewter plates and pots, iron bars more valued than gold, hats, trinkets, gunpowder and firearms and alcohol. Tropical shipworms were eliminated in the cold Atlantic waters, and at each unloading, a profit was made. Middle Passage was the leg of the Atlantic slave trade that transported slaves from Africa to slave markets in North America, South America and the Caribbean. ... The Atlantic Ocean is Earths second-largest ocean, covering approximately one_fifth of its surface. ... The Americas (sometimes referred to as America) is the area including the land mass located between the Pacific Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean, generally divided into North America and South America. ...

The transatlantic slave trade peaked in the late 18th century, when the largest number of slaves were captured on raiding expeditions into the interior of West Africa. These expeditions were typically carried out by coastal African kingdoms through more formal trade agreements with European traders or by slave raiding parties through more informal bounty agreements with European traders. The people captured on these expeditions were shipped by European traders to the colonies of the New World. As a result of the Spanish War of Succession, the United Kingdom obtained the monopoly (asiento de negros) of transporting captive Africans to Spanish America. It is estimated that over the centuries, twelve to twenty million people were shipped as slaves from Africa by European traders, of whom some 15 percent died during the terrible voyage, many during the arduous journey through the Middle Passage. The great majority were shipped to the Americas, but also went to Europe and the south of Africa. The Atlantic slave trade (Atlantic slave trading) was the purchase and transport of black Africans into bondage and servitude in the New World. ... This article refers to a colony in politics and history. ... Carte dAmérique, Guillaume Delisle, c. ... Charles II was the last Habsburg King of Spain. ... An asiento was similar to a patent in early modern England. ... Spanish colonization of the Americas began with the arrival in the Americas of Christopher Columbus in 1492. ... Middle Passage was the leg of the Atlantic slave trade that transported slaves from Africa to slave markets in North America, South America and the Caribbean. ... World map showing the Americas The Americas are the lands of the Western hemisphere consisting of the continents of North America and South America with their associated islands and regions. ...

Some historians conclude that the total loss in persons removed, those who died on the arduous march to coastal slave marts and those killed in slave raids, far exceeded the 65-75 million inhabitants remaining in Sub-Saharan Africa at the trade's end. Others believe that slavers had a vested interest in capturing rather than killing, and in keeping their captives alive; and that this coupled with the disproportionate removal of males and the introduction of new crops from the Americas (cassava, maize) would have limited general population decline to particular regions of western Africa around 1760-1810, and in Mozambique and neighbouring areas half a century later. There has also been speculation that within Africa, females were most often captured as brides, with their male protectors being a "bycatch" who would have been killed if there had not been an export market for them. Binomial name Manihot esculenta Crantz The cassava or manioc (Manihot esculenta) is a woody shrub of the Euphorbiaceae (spurge family) that is extensively cultivated as an annual crop in tropical and subtropical regions for its edible starchy tuberous root, a major source of carbohydrate. ... Binomial name Zea mays L. Maize (Zea mays ssp. ...

Modern Africa

Slavery persists in Africa more than in all other continents. Slavery in Mauritania was legally abolished by laws passed in 1905, 1961, and 1981, but several human rights organizations are reporting that the practice continues there. The trading of children has been reported in modern Nigeria and Benin. In parts of Ghana, a family may be punished for an offense by having to turn over a virgin female to serve as a sex slave within the offended family. In this instance, the woman does not gain the title of "wife". In parts of Ghana, Togo, and Benin, shrine slavery persists, despite being illegal in Ghana since 1998. In this system of slavery, sometimes called trokosi (in Ghana) or voodoosi in Togo and Benin, or ritual servitude, young virgin girls are given as slaves in traditional shrines and are used sexually by the priests in addition to providing free labor for the shrine. In the Sudan, slavery continues as part of an ongoing civil war. Evidence emerged in the late 1990s of systematic slavery in cacao plantations in West Africa. See the chocolate and slavery article. Human rights are rights which some hold to be inalienable and belonging to all humans. ... In some parts of Togo and Ghana, sexual slavery occurs in the traditional practice known as trokosi, whereby young girls, usually under the age of 10, are given to village fetish shrine priests as sexual/domestic slaves in compensation for offenses allegedly committed, or debts incurred, by a member of... Trokosi is a traditional practice of sexual slavery in some parts of Ghana, Togo, and Benin. ... The Second Sudanese Civil War started in 1983, although it is most accurately a continuation of the First Sudanese Civil War of 1955 to 1972. ... Chocolate and slavery are alleged to be linked in contemporary chocolate plantations in west Africa. ...

Slavery in the Americas

Slavery among indigenous people of America

Main article: Slavery in the Spanish New World colonies

In Pre-Columbian Mesoamerica the most common forms of slavery were those of prisoners-of-war and debtors. People unable to pay back a debt could be sentenced to work as a slave to the person owed until the debt was worked off. Slavery was not usually hereditary; children of slaves were born free. In Tahuantinsuyu (or Inca Empire), workers were subject to a mita in lieu of taxes which they paid by working for the government. Each ayllu, or extended family, would decide which family member to send to do the work. Slavery in the Spanish colonies began with local Native Americans. ... Mesoamerica is the region extending from central Mexico south to the northwestern border of Costa Rica that gave rise to a group of stratified, culturally related agrarian civilizations spanning an approximately 3,000-year period before the European discovery of the New World by Columbus. ... For other meanings of Inca, see Inca (disambiguation). ... Insert non-formatted text hereInsert non-formatted text here This is a disambiguation page, a list of pages that otherwise might share the same title. ... -1... Ayllu were the basic political unit of pre-Inca and Inca life. ...

Slavery in Brazil

During the colonial epoch, slavery was a mainstay of the Brazilian economy, especially in mining and sugar cane production. The Economic history of Brazil covers various economic events and traces the changes in the Brazilian economy of the course of the history of Brazil From Portugals discovery of Brazil in 1500 until the late 1930s, the Brazilian economy relied on the production of primary products for exports. ... The El Chino Mine located near Silver City, New Mexico is an open-pit copper mine This article is about mineral extraction. ... Species Ref: ITIS 42058 as of 2004-05-05 Sugarcane is one of six species of a tall tropical southeast Asian grass (Family Poaceae) having stout fibrous jointed stalks whose sap at one time was the primary source of sugar. ...

Brazil obtained 37% of all African slaves traded, and more than 3 million slaves were sent to this one country. Starting around 1550, the Portuguese began to trade African slaves to work the sugar plantations once the native Tupi deteriorated. Although Portuguese Prime Minister Marquês do Pombal abolished slavery in mainland Portugal on the February 12th, 1761, slavery continued in her overseas colonies. The African slaves were useful for the sugar plantations in many ways. First, African slaves had immunities to tropical diseases. The white workers were less able to fend off deadly diseases of the Caribbean, such as malaria. Second, the benefits of the slaves far exceeded the costs. After 2-3 years, slaves worked off their worth, and plantation owners began to make profits from them. Plantation owners made lucrative profits even though there was approximately a 10% death rate per year, mainly due to harsh working conditions. Tupi is the name of one of the main ethnic groups of Brazilian indigenous people, together with the related Guarani. ...

The very harsh manual labour of the sugar cane fields saw slaves use hoes to dig large trenches. The slaves planted sugar cane in the trenches and then used their bare hands to spread manure. The average life span of a slave was eight years.

Escaped slaves formed Maroon communities which played an important role in the histories of Brazil and other countries such as Suriname, Puerto Rico, Cuba, and Jamaica. In Brazil the Maroon villages were called palenques or quilombos. Maroons survived by growing vegetables and hunting. They also raided plantations. At these attacks, the maroons would burn crops, steal livestock and tools, kill slavemasters, and invite other slaves to join their communities. The word Maroon can have the following meanings: Maroon is a color mixture composed of brown and purple. ... A palenque was a type of village hidden in the jungles of Spanish America. ... A quilombo (from a Kimbundu word) is a hinterland settlement originally created by runaway slaves in Brazil and sometimes included a minority of marginalised Portuguese, indigenous Native Americans and other non-black, non-slave Brazilians. ... A sugarcane plantation at Ribeirão Preto, Brazil, 2005 A plantation is a large tract of monoculture, as a tree plantation, a cotton plantation, a tea plantation or a tobacco plantation. ...

In the mid to late 19th century, many Amerindians were enslaved to work on rubber plantations. See I?? for more information. Native Americans (also Indians, Aboriginal Peoples, American Indians, First Nations, Alaskan Natives, or Indigenous Peoples of America) are the indigenous inhabitants of The Americas prior to the European colonization, and their modern descendants. ...

The Clapham Sect, a group of evangelical reformers, campaigned during much of the 19th century for the United Kingdom to use its influence and power to stop the traffic of slaves to Brazil. Besides moral qualms, the low cost of slave-produced Brazilian sugar meant that British colonies in the West Indies were unable to match the market prices of Brazilian sugar, and each Briton was consuming 16 pounds (7 kg) of sugar a year by the 19th century. This combination led to intensive pressure from the British government for Brazil to end this practice, which it did by steps over several decades. The Clapham Sect was an influential group of like-minded social reformers in England at the beginning of the nineteenth century (active c. ... The term evangelical has several distinct meanings: In its original sense, it means belonging or related to the Gospel (Greek: euangelion - good news) of the New Testament. ...

Brazil's 1877-78 Grande Seca (Great Drought) in the cotton-growing northeast, led to major turmoil, starvation, poverty and internal migration. As wealthy plantation holders rushed to sell their slaves south, popular resistance and resentment grew, inspiring numerous emancipation societies. They succeeded in banning slavery altogether in the province of Ceara by 1884. (Mike Davis, Late Victorian Holocausts, 88-90) Slavery was legally ended nationwide on May 13 by the Lei Aurea ("Golden Law") of 1888. May 13 is the 133rd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (134th in leap years). ... Lei Áurea (Golden Law) was the law that finally abolished slavery in Brazil, passed on May 13, 1888. ... 1888 (MDCCCLXXXVIII) is a leap year starting on Sunday (click on link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a leap year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar. ...

Despite its prohibition, slavery persists in agricultural and rural industrial labor in Brazil (Kevin Bales, Disposable People).

Earlier this year (2004), however, the government acknowledged to the United Nations that at least 25,000 Brazilians work under "conditions analogous to slavery." The top anti-slavery official in Brasilia, the capital, puts the number of modern slaves at 50,000. [8]

Slavery in the British and French Caribbean

Main article: Slavery in the British and French Caribbean

Slavery was commonly used in the parts of the Caribbean controlled by France and the British Empire. The Lesser Antilles islands of Barbados, St. Kitts, Antigua, Martinique and Guadeloupe, which were the first important slave societies of the Caribbean, began the widespread use of African slaves by the end of the 17th century, as their economies converted from tobacco to sugar production. Slavery in the British and French Caribbean refers to slavery in the parts of the Caribbean dominated by France or the British Empire. ... Central America and the Caribbean (detailed pdf map) The Caribbean, (Spanish: Caribe; French: Caraïbe or more commonly Antilles; Dutch: Cariben or Caraïben, or more commonly Antillen) or the West Indies, is a group of islands and countries which are in or border the Caribbean Sea which lies on... The British Empire in 1897, marked in pink, the traditional colour for Imperial British dominions on maps. ... The Lesser Antilles are part of the Antilles, which together with the Bahamas form the West Indies. ... At the time of European discovery, Island Carib inhabited the islands of St. ... The Caribbean The History of the Caribbean reveals the significant role the region played in the colonial struggles of the European powers between the sixteenth and nineteenth centuries. ... Species Nicotiana acuminata Nicotiana alata Nicotiana attenuata Nicotiana benthamiana Nicotiana clevelandii Nicotiana excelsior Nicotiana forgetiana Nicotiana glauca Nicotiana glutinosa Nicotiana langsdorffii Nicotiana longiflora Nicotiana obtusifolia Nicotiana paniculata Nicotiana plumbagifolia Nicotiana quadrivalvis Nicotiana repanda Nicotiana rustica Nicotianasuaveolens Nicotiana sylvestris Nicotiana tabacum Nicotiana tomentosa Ref: ITIS 30562 as of August 26, 2005... Magnified view of refined sugar crystals. ...

The slaves were treated terribly, often beaten and raped. They had such miserable lives that death was considered a welcome release.

By the middle of the 18th century, British Jamaica and French Saint-Domingue had become the largest slave societies of the region, rivaling Brazil as a destination for enslaved Africans. Due to overwork, the death rates for Caribbean slaves were greater than birth rates. The conditions led to increasing numbers of slave revolts, escaped slaves forming Maroon communities and fighting guerrilla wars against the plantation owners, campaigns against slavery in Europe, and the abolition of slavery in the European empires. Saint-Domingue was a French colony from 1697 to 1804 that is today the independent nation of Haiti. ... A slave revolt, like a rebellion is an armed uprising by slaves. ... It has been suggested that Cimaroons be merged into this article. ... Distinguish from the type of ape called a gorilla. ... A plantation is an intentional planting of a crop, on a larger scale, usually for uses other than cereal production or pasture. ... This article is about the abolition of slavery. ...

Slavery in North America

Main articles: Slavery in Colonial America, Slavery in Canada, History of slavery in the United States, Atlantic slave trade

Slavery was introduced in Colonial British North America in the 17th century, in imitation of labor practices used in Spanish and Portuguese colonies in South American colonies. ... Slavery in Canada was first practised by some aboriginal nations, who routinely captured slaves from neighbouring tribes as part of their accepted laws of war. ... The history of slavery in the United States began soon after Europeans first settled in what in 1776 became the United States. ... The Atlantic slave trade (Atlantic slave trading) was the purchase and transport of black Africans into bondage and servitude in the New World. ...

Return of Slavery to British Law

1641-Massachusetts becomes the first colony to legalize slavery.

1650-Connecticut legalizes slavery.

1661-Virginia officially recognizes slavery by statute.

1662-A Virginia statute declares that children born would have the same status as their mother.

1663-Maryland legalizes slavery.

1664-Slavery is legalized in New York and New Jersey. [Timeline of Slavery in America-African American History[9]

Development of Slavery

The first imported Africans were brought as indentured servants, not slaves. They were required, as white indentured servants were, to serve seven years. Many were brought to the British North American colonies, specifically Jamestown, Virginia in 1619. However, the slave trade did not immediately expand in North America. Mexico and Canada had completely abolished slavery by 1810. For colonies not among the Thirteen colonies, see European colonization of the Americas or English colonization of the Americas. ... Jamestown was established in 1607, on the James River in Virginia, in what is currently James City County, about 45 miles (70 kilometers) southeast of where Richmond, Virginia, is now located. ...

Slavery under European rule began with importation of European indentured labourers, was followed by the enslavement of indigenous peoples in the Caribbean, and eventually was primarily replaced with Africans imported through a large slave trade. An Indentured servant is an unfree labourer under contract to work (for a specified amount of time) for another person, often without any pay, but in exchange for accommodation, food, other essentials and/or free passage to a new country. ... Indigenous peoples are: Peoples living in an area prior to colonization by a state Peoples living in an area within a nation-state, prior to the formation of a nation-state, but who do not identify with the dominant nation. ... Central America and the Caribbean (detailed pdf map) The Caribbean, (Spanish: Caribe; French: Caraïbe or more commonly Antilles; Dutch: Cariben or Caraïben, or more commonly Antillen) or the West Indies, is a group of islands and countries which are in or border the Caribbean Sea which lies on...

The shift from indentured servants to African slaves was prompted by a dwindling class of former servants who had worked through the terms of their indentures and thus became competitors to their former masters. These newly freed servants were rarely able to support themselves comfortably, and the tobacco industry was increasingly dominated by large planters. This caused domestic unrest culminating in Bacon's Rebellion. Eventually, chattel slavery became the norm in regions dominated by plantations. An Indentured servant is an unfree labourer under contract to work (for a specified amount of time) for another person, often without any pay, but in exchange for accommodation, food, other essentials and/or free passage to a new country. ... Bacons Rebellion, also known as the Virginia Rebellion, was an uprising in 1676 in the Virginia Colony, led by Nathaniel Bacon. ...

Many slaves were owned by plantation owners who lived in Britain. The British courts had made a series of contradictory rulings on the legality of slavery (National Archives Link) which encouraged several thousand slaves to flee the newly-independent United States as refugees along with the retreating British in 1783. The British courts having ruled in 1772 that such slaves could not be forcibly returned to North America (see James Somersett for a review of the Somerset Decision), the British Government resettled them as free men in Sierra Leone. 1783 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... James Somersett or Somerset was a slave who was brought by his owner from Virginia to England. ...

Example of abusive slave treatment: Back deeply scarred from whipping

Several slave rebellions took place during the 17th and 18th centuries. Image File history File links Slavetreatment. ... Image File history File links Slavetreatment. ... A slave rebellion is an armed uprising by slaves. ... (16th century - 17th century - 18th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 17th century was that century which lasted from 1601-1700. ... (17th century - 18th century - 19th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 18th century refers to the century that lasted from 1701 through 1800. ...

Through the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 (also known as the Freedom Ordinance) under the Continental Congress, slavery was prohibited in the Interior/Central States. In the East, though, slavery was not abolished until later. The importation of slaves into the United States was banned on January 1, 1808; but not the internal slave trade, or involvement in the international slave trade externally. The Northwest Ordinance (formally An Ordinance for the Government of the Territory of the United States, North-West of the River Ohio, and also known as the Freedom Ordinance) was an act of the Continental Congress of the United States passed on July 13, 1787 under the Articles of Confederation. ... The Continental Congress is the label given to three successive bodies of representatives: The First Continental Congress met from September 5, 1774 to October 26, 1774. ... January 1 is the first day of the calendar year in both the Julian and Gregorian calendars. ... 1808 was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ...

Aggregation of northern free states gave rise to one contiguous geographic area, north of the Ohio River and the old Mason-Dixon line. This separation of a free North and an enslaved South launched a massive political, cultural and economic struggle. Ohio River viewed from Liberty Hill in Ripley, Ohio. ... The original Mason-Dixon Line The Mason–Dixon Line (or Mason and Dixons Line) is a line of demarcation between states in the United States. ...

Refugees from slavery fled the South across the Ohio River to the North via the Underground Railroad, and their presence agitated Northerners. Midwestern state governments asserted States Rights arguments to refuse Federal jurisdiction over fugitives. Map of some Underground Railroad routes This page is about the slave escape route. ... In American politics and constitutional law, states rights are guaranteed by the Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, (i. ...

The Dred Scott decision of 1857 asserted that one could take one's property anywhere (Even if one's property was chattel and one crossed into a free territory). It also asserted that African Americans could not be citizens, as many Northern states granted blacks citizenship, who (in some states) could even vote. This was an example of Slave Power, the plantation aristocracy's attempt to control the North. This turned Northern public opinion even further against slavery. After the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act, armed conflict broke out in Kansas Territory, where the question of whether it would be admitted to the Union as a slave state or a free state had been left to the inhabitants. The radical abolitionist John Brown was active in the mayhem and killing in "Bleeding Kansas." Anti-slavery legislators took office under the banner of the Republican Party. Holding Blacks, whether slaves or free, could not become United States citizens and the plaintiff therefore lacked the capacity to file a lawsuit. ... Personal property is a type of property. ... The Slave Power was the term used in the Northern United States in the period 1840-1865 to describe the political power of the slaveholding class in the South. ... The Kansas–Nebraska Act was a United States federal law passed on May 30, 1854, organizing a territorial government for the lands that later became the states of Kansas and Nebraska. ... Kansas Territory was a historic, organized territory of the United States that existed from May 30, 1854 to January 29, 1861, when Kansas became the 34th U.S. state. ... John Browns Oath Engraving from daguerreotype by Augustus Washington, ca. ... Division of the states during the Civil War:  Union states  Union territories  Border states  Bleeding Kansas  The Confederacy  Confederate territories (not always held) Bleeding Kansas, sometimes referred to in the history of Kansas as Bloody Kansas or the Border War, was a sequence of violent events involving Free-Staters (anti... This article is about the modern United States Republican Party. ...

In the election of 1860, the Republicans swept Abraham Lincoln into the Presidency (with only 39.8% of the popular vote) and legislators into Congress. Lincoln however, did not appear on the ballots in most southern states and his election split the nation along sectional lines. After decades of controlling the Federal Government, the Southern states seceded from the U.S. (the Union) to form the Confederate States of America. Presidential electoral votes by state. ... Abraham Lincoln (February 12, 1809 – April 15, 1865), sometimes called Abe Lincoln and nicknamed the Rail Splitter, Honest Abe and the Great Emancipator, was the 16th President of the United States (1861 to 1865), and the first president from the Republican Party. ... The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ... Motto: Deo Vindice (Latin: With God As Our Vindicator) Anthem: God Save the South (unofficial) Dixie (popular) The Bonnie Blue Flag (popular) Capital Montgomery, Alabama February 4, 1861–May 29, 1861 Richmond, Virginia May 29, 1861–April 9, 1865 Danville, Virginia April 3–April 10, 1865 Largest city New Orleans...

Northern leaders like Lincoln viewed the prospect of a new Southern nation, with control over the Mississippi River and the West, as unacceptable. This led to the outbreak of the Civil War. Combatants United States of America Union Confederate States of America Commanders Abraham Lincoln, Ulysses S. Grant Jefferson Davis, Robert E. Lee Strength 2,200,000 1,064,000 Casualties Killed in action: 110,000 Total dead: 360,000 Wounded: 275,200 Killed in action: 93,000 Total dead: 258,000...

The Civil War spelled the end for chattel slavery in America. Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation of 1863 was a reluctant gesture that proclaimed freedom for slaves within the Confederacy, although not those in strategically important Border states. However, the proclamation made the abolition of slavery an official war goal and it was implemented as the Union captured territory from the Confederacy. Slaves in many parts of the south were freed by Union armies or when they simply left their former owners. Many joined the Union Army as workers or troops, and many more fled to Northern cities. The Emancipation Proclamation The Emancipation Proclamation was a presidential order in 1863 that freed most (but not all) of the slaves in the United States. ... 1863 (MDCCCLXIII) is a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar). ... In a European context, the term Border states policy, and Border states in a specific sense, refer to attempts during the interbellum to unite the countries that had won their independence from Imperial Russia due to the Russian Revolution, the treaty of Brest-Litovsk, and ultimately the defeat of Imperial... The 21st Michigan Infantry, a company of Shermans veterans. ...

Legally, slaves within the United States remained enslaved until the final ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution on December 6, 1865 (with final recognition of the amendment on December 18), eight months after the cessation of hostilities. Only in the Border state of Kentucky did a significant slave population remain by that time. Amendment XIII (the Thirteenth Amendment) of the United States Constitution abolished slavery and, with the exception of allowing punishments for crimes, prohibits involuntary servitude. ... December 6 is the 340th day (341st on leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1865 (MDCCCLXV) is a common year starting on Sunday. ... December 18 is the 352nd day of the year (353rd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ...

After the failure of Reconstruction, freed slaves in the United States were treated as second class citizens. For decades after their emancipation, many former slaves living in the South sharecropped and had a low standard of living. In some states, it was only after the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 60s that blacks obtained legal protection from racial discrimination (see segregation). Reconstruction-era military districts in the South For other uses, see Reconstruction (disambiguation). ... Sharecropping is a system of sharefarming in which farmers work a parcel of land which they do not own in return for a portion of the parcels crop production and/or a wage. ... Civil rights or positive rights are those legal rights retained by citizens and protected by the government. ... Segregation means separation. ...

Although slavery has been illegal in the United States for nearly a century and a half, the United States Department of Labor occasionally prosecutes cases against people for false imprisonment and involuntary servitude. These cases often involve illegal immigrants who are forced to work as slaves in factories to pay off a debt claimed by the people who transported them into the United States. Other cases have involved domestics. The United States Department of Labor is a Cabinet department of the United States government responsible for occupational safety, wage and hour standards, unemployment insurance benefits, re-employment services, and some economic statistics. ...

Slavery in Asia

South Asia

The Greek historian Arrian writes in his book Indica: Lucius Flavius Arrianus Xenophon (c 92-c 175), known in English as Arrian, was a Roman historian. ... Indica is the name of an ancient book about India written by Arrian, one of the main ancient historians of Alexander the Great. ...

"This also is remarkable in India, that all Indians are free, and no Indian at all is a slave. In this the Indians agree with the Lacedaemonians. Yet the Lacedaemonians have Helots for slaves, who perform the duties of slaves; but the Indians have no slaves at all, much less is any Indian a slave."

Though any formalised slave trade has not existed in South Asia, unfree labour has existed for centuries in the Medieval ages, in different forms. The most common forms have been kinds of bonded labour. During the epoch of the Mughals, debt bondage reached its peak, and it was common for money lenders to make slaves of peasants and others who failed to repay debts. Under these practices, more than one generation could be forced into unfree labour; for example, a son could be sold into bonded labour for life to pay off the debt, along with interest. Laconia (Λακωνία; see also List of traditional Greek place names), also known as Lacedaemonia, was in ancient Greece the portion of the Peloponnese of which the most important city was Sparta. ... Helots were Peloponnesian Greeks who were enslaved under Spartan rule. ... South Asia or Southern Asia is a southern geopolitical region of the Asian continent comprising territories on and in proximity to the Indian subcontinent. ... The Mughal Empire (alternative spelling Mogul, which is the origin of the word Mogul) of India was founded by Babur in 1526, when he defeated Ibrahim Lodi, the last of the Delhi Sultans at the First Battle of Panipat. ...

Much of the northern and central parts of the subcontinent was ruled by the so-called Slave Dynasty of Turkic origin from 1206-1290: Qutb-ud-din Aybak, a slave of Muhammad Ghori rose to power following his master's death. For almost a century, his descendants ruled presiding over the introduction of Tankas and building of Qutub Minar. The Slave dynasty served as the first Sultans of Delhi in India from 1206 to 1290. ... This is the disambiguation page for the terms Turk, Turkey, Turkic, and Turkish. ... Qutb-ud-din Aybak was a ruler of Medieval India, the first Sultan of Delhi and founder of the Slave dynasty (also known as the Mamluk dynasty). ... Muhammad of Ghor or Muhammad Ghori (originally named Muizz-ad-din) (1162 - 1206) was a Persian conqueror and sultan between 1171 and 1206. ... At 72. ...

Japan

Main article: Slavery in Japan

Slavery in Japan was, for most of its history, indigenous, since the export and import of slaves was restricted by Japan being a group of islands. The export of a slave from Japan is recorded in 3rd century Chinese history, although the system involved is unclear. These slaves were called seiko (生口, seiko^?), lit. "living mouth". Slavery in Japan was, for the most of its history, endogenous. ...

In the 8th century, a slave was called nuhi (奴婢, nuhi^?) and series of laws on slavery was issued. In an area of present-day Ibaraki prefecture, out of a population of 190,000, around 2,000 were slaves; the proportion is believed to have been even higher in western Japan. Ibaraki may refer to: Ibaraki, Osaka Ibaraki prefecture This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ...

By the time of the Sengoku period (1467-1615), the attitude that slavery was anachronistic had become widespread. In a meeting with Catholic priests, Oda Nobunaga was presented with a black slave, the first recorded encounter between a Japanese and an African. In 1588, Toyotomi Hideyoshi ordered all slave trading to be abolished. This was continued by his successors. The Sengoku period (Japanese: 戦国時代, Sengoku-jidai) or Warring States period, was a period of civil war in the history of Japan that spans from the middle 15th to the early 17th centuries. ... Oda Nobunaga Oda Nobunaga (織田 信長 , June 23, 1534 - June 21, 1582) was a major daimyo during the Sengoku period of Japanese history. ... 1588 was a leap year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar or a leap year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar. ... Hideyoshi in old age. ...

As the Empire of Japan annexed Asian countries, from the late 19th century onwards, archaic institutions including slavery were abolished in those countries. However, during the Pacific War of 1937-45, the Japanese military used hundreds of thousands of civilians and prisoners of war as forced labour, on projects such as the Burma Railway. (For further details, see Japanese war crimes.) The flag of Imperial Japan is still used as the flag of Japan. ... US landings in the Pacific, 1942–1945 The Pacific War occurred in the Pacific Ocean, its islands, and in Asia. ... 1937 (MCMXXXVII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1945 calendar). ... Geneva Convention definition A prisoner of war (POW) is a soldier, sailor, airman, or marine who is imprisoned by an enemy power during or immediately after an armed conflict. ... Thailand to Myanmar) by the Japanese during World War II to complete the route from Bangkok to Rangoon and support the Japanese occupation of Burma. ... The term Japanese war crimes refers to events which occurred during the period of Japanese imperialism from the late 19th to mid-20th centuries. ...

Korea

Indigenous slaves existed in Korea. It is widely known that the last names "Bang", "Ji", and "Chuk" are recognizable as last names having once been given to slaves. Korea (Korean: (조선 or 한국, see below) is a civilization and geographical area situated on the Korean Peninsula in East Asia, bordering China to the northwest and Russia to the northeast, with Japan situated to the southeast across the Korea Strait. ...

Aotearoa / New Zealand

In traditional Maori society, prisoners of war became slaves, (unless released, ransomed or eaten). With some exceptions, the child of a slave remained a slave. As far as it is possible to tell slavery seems to have increased in the early Nineteenth century, as a result of increased numbers of prisoners being taken by Maori military leaders such as Hongi Hika and Te Rauparaha in the Musket Wars, the need for labour to supply whalers and traders with food, flax and timber in return for western goods and missionary comdemnation of cannibalism. Slavery was outlawed on English Annexation of New Zealand in 1840, immediately prior to the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi, although it did not end completely until government was effectively extended over the whole of the country with the defeat of the King movement in the New Zealand Wars of the mid 1860s. Look up Aotearoa in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Te Puni, Māori Chief Māori is the name of the indigenous people of New Zealand, and their language. ... Geneva Convention definition A prisoner of war (POW) is a soldier, sailor, airman, or marine who is imprisoned by an enemy power during or immediately after an armed conflict. ... Hongi Hika (1772?–1828) was a New Zealand Maori rangatira (chief) and war leader of the Ngapuhi iwi (tribe). ... Te Rauparaha (1760s?-1849) was a Maori Chief and War Leader of the Ngati Toa tribe who took a leading part in the Musket Wars. ... The Musket Wars were a series of battles fought between various tribal groups of Maori in the early 1800s, primarily on the North Island in New Zealand. ... 1840 is a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... The Treaty of Waitangi The Treaty of Waitangi (Māori: Te Tiriti o Waitangi) was signed on February 6, 1840 at Waitangi in the Bay of Islands, New Zealand. ... The Māori Wars, now more commonly being referred to as The Land Wars and also as the New Zealand Wars, refers to a series of conflicts that happened in New Zealand between 1845 and 1872. ...

Child Slavery: Trafficked children as young as 2 years old are forced to work up to 18 hours a day as camel jockeys in the Middle East - Pic by Ansar Burney Trust

Image File history File linksMetadata Camel_jockey_ansarburney. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Camel_jockey_ansarburney. ... Slavery is any of a number of related conditions involving control of a person against his or her will, enforced by violence or other clear forms of coercion. ...

Middle East

Children as young as two years old are used for slavery as child camel jockeys across the Arab countries of the Middle East. Though strict laws have been introduced recently in Qatar and UAE - thanks to better awareness of the issue and lobbying by human rights organisations such as the Ansar Burney Trust - the use of children still continues in the far flung areas and during secret night time races. Camel racing is a popular sport in Australia, the Middle East, and Africa. ... A map showing countries commonly considered to be part of the Middle East The Middle East is a region comprising the lands around the southern and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Sea, a territory that extends from the eastern Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf. ... UAE redirects here; for other uses of that term, see UAE (disambiguation) The United Arab Emirates is an oil-rich country situated in the south-east of the Arabian Peninsula in Southwest Asia, comprising seven emirates: Abu Dhabi, Ajman, Dubai, Fujairah, Ras al-Khaimah, Sharjah and Umm al-Quwain. ... // Background www. ...

Abolitionist movements

Main article: Abolitionism

Slavery has existed, in one form or another, through the whole of human history. So, too, have movements to free large or distinct groups of slaves. Moses led Israelite slaves from ancient Egypt according to the Biblical Book of Exodus - possibly the first detailed account of a movement to free slaves, though modern archeology throws doubt on the claims of such a mass exodus. However, abolitionism should be distinguished from efforts to help a particular group of slaves, or to restrict one practice, such as the slave trade. This French poster depicting the horrific conditions on slave ships was influential in mobilizing public opinion against slavery. ... Moses or Móshe (מֹשֶׁה, Standard Hebrew, Tiberian Hebrew Mōšeh, Arabic موسى Mūsa, Geez ሙሴ Musse) is a legendary Hebrew liberator, leader, lawgiver, prophet, and historian. ... Khafres Pyramid (4th dynasty) and Great Sphinx of Giza (c. ... Torah () is a Hebrew word meaning teaching, instruction, or law. It is the central and most important document of Judaism revered by Jews through the ages. ... This article is about the second book in the Torah. ... This French poster depicting the horrific conditions on slave ships was influential in mobilizing public opinion against slavery. ...

In 1772, a legal case concerning James Somersett made it illegal to remove a slave from England against his will. A similar case, that of Joseph Knight, took place in Scotland five years later and ruled slavery to be contrary to the law of Scotland. James Somersett or Somerset was a slave who was brought by his owner from Virginia to England. ... Joseph Knight was a slave born in Africa and sold in Jamaica to a Scottish owner. ...

Following the work of campaigners in the United Kingdom, the Abolition of the Slave Trade Act was passed by Parliament on March 25, 1807. The act imposed a fine of £100 for every slave found aboard a British ship. The intention was to entirely outlaw the slave trade within the whole British Empire. The Slave Trade Act (citation ) was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom passed in 1807 the long title of which is An Act for the Abolition of the Slave Trade. Main article: Atlantic slave trade The act abolished the slave trade in the British empire. ... The Houses of Parliament, seen over Westminster Bridge The Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the supreme legislative institution in the United Kingdom and British overseas territories (it alone has parliamentary sovereignty). ... March 25 is the 84th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (85th in leap years). ... 1807 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... The Atlantic slave trade (Atlantic slave trading) was the purchase and transport of black Africans into bondage and servitude in the New World. ...

The Slavery Abolition Act, passed on August 23, 1833, outlawed slavery itself in the British colonies. On August 1, 1834 all slaves in the British Empire were emancipated, but still indentured to their former owners in an apprenticeship system which was finally abolished in 1838. The Slavery Abolition Act was an 1833 act of the British Parliament abolishing slavery throughout the British Empire. ... This is the song that never ends yes it gos on and on my friends some people started singing it not knowing what it was they just started singing it forever just becauseThis is the song that never ends yes it gos on and on my friends some... 1833 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... August 1 is the 213th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (214th in leap years), with 152 days remaining. ... 1834 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... | Jöns Jakob Berzelius, discoverer of protein 1838 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ...

Proclamation of the abolition of slavery by Victor Hughes in the Guadeloupe, the 1st November 1794

There were slaves in mainland France, but the institution was never fully authorized there. However, slavery was vitally important in France's Caribbean possessions, especially Saint-Domingue. In 1793, unable to repress the massive slave revolt of August 1791 that had become the Haitian Revolution, the French Revolutionary commissioners Sonthonax and Polverel declared general emancipation. In Paris, on February 4, 1794, Abbé Grégoire and the Convention ratified this action by officially abolishing slavery in all French territories. Napoleon sent troops to the Caribbean in 1802 to try to re-establish slavery. They succeeded in Guadeloupe, but the ex-slaves of Saint-Domingue defeated the French army and declared independence. The colony became Haiti, the first black republic, on January 1, 1804. Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Central America and the Caribbean (detailed pdf map) The Caribbean, (Spanish: Caribe; French: Caraïbe or more commonly Antilles; Dutch: Cariben or Caraïben, or more commonly Antillen) or the West Indies, is a group of islands and countries which are in or border the Caribbean Sea which lies on... Saint-Domingue was a French colony from 1697 to 1804 that is today the independent nation of Haiti. ... The Haitian Revolution was the first and only successful slave rebellion in the Western Hemisphere and established Haiti as a free, black republic, the first of its kind. ... Leger-Félicité Sonthonax, son of a prosperous French merchant, was a revolutionary affiliated with the Girondin party. ... Étienne Polverel was one of two French Revolutionary Civil Commissioners who ended slavery in Saint-Domingue in 1793 during the Haitian Revolution. ... February 4 is the 35th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1794 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Henri Grégoire Henri Grégoire (December 4, 1750-May 20, 1831) was a French Revolutionary leader and constitutional bishop of Blois. ... A treaty is a binding agreement under international law concluded by subjects of international law, namely states and international organizations. ... For other uses, see Napoleon (disambiguation). ...

Sierra Leone was established as a country for former slaves of the British Empire in Africa. Liberia served an analogous purpose for American slaves. The goal of the abolitionists was repatriation of the slaves to Africa. Also some trade unions did not want the cheap labour of former slaves around. Nevertheless, most former slaves stayed in America. The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ...

Slaves in the United States who escaped ownership would often make their way north to Canada via the "Underground Railroad". Famously active abolitionists of the U.S. include Harriet Tubman, Nat Turner, Frederick Douglass and John Brown. Slavery was abolished in the United States in 1865. Map of some Underground Railroad routes This page is about the slave escape route. ... This article is about the abolition of slavery. ... Harriet Tubman in 1880 Harriet Tubman (born 1820 or 1822 in Dorchester County, Maryland, died March 10, 1913 in Auburn, New York), also known as Black Moses, Grandma Moses, or Moses of Her People, was an African-American abolitionist. ... Nat Turner preaches religion. ... Frederick Douglass Frederick Douglass (February 14, 1818 – February 20, 1895) was an American abolitionist, editor, orator, author, statesman and reformer. ... John Browns Oath Engraving from daguerreotype by Augustus Washington, ca. ... Amendment XIII (the Thirteenth Amendment) of the United States Constitution abolished slavery and, with the exception of allowing punishments for crimes, prohibits involuntary servitude. ...

The 1926 Slavery Convention, an initiative of the League of Nations, was a turning point in banning global slavery. Article 4 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, adopted in 1948 by the UN General Assembly, explicitly banned slavery. The United Nations 1956 Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery was convened to outlaw and ban slavery worldwide, including child slavery. In December 1966, the UN General Assembly adopted the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, which was developed from the Universal Declaraction of Human Rights. Article 8 of this international treaty bans slavery. The treaty came into force in March 1976 after it had been ratified by 35 nations. As of November 2003, 104 nations had ratified the treaty. The League of Nations was an international organization founded after the Paris Peace Conference of 1919. ... Wikisource has original text related to this article: Universal Declaration of Human Rights The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (also UDHR) is a declaration adopted by the United Nations General Assembly (A/RES/217, December 10, 1948 at Palais de Chaillot, Paris), outlining the organizations view on the human... ... The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights is a United Nations treaty based on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, created in 1966 and entered into force on 23 March 1976. ...

Apologies

In June 1997, Tony Hall, a Democratic representative for Dayton, Ohio proposed a national apology by the U.S. government for slavery. Tony Patrick Hall (born Jan. ... The Democratic Party is one of the two major political parties in the United States. ... Skyline of Dayton from the north, across the Great Miami River. ...

On May 21, 2001, the French National Assembly voted the Taubira law which recognized slavery as a crime against humanity ^[1]. May 21 is the 141st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (142nd in leap years). ... 2001: A Space Odyssey. ... The Palais Bourbon, front The French National Assembly (French: Assemblée nationale) is one of the two houses of the bicameral Parliament of France under the Fifth Republic. ... Christiane Taubira (February 2, 1952, Cayenne, French Guiana -) is a French politician. ... A crime against humanity is a term in international law that refers to acts of murderous persecution against a body of people, as being the criminal offence above all others. ...

At the 2001 World Conference Against Racism, at Durban, South Africa, the US representatives walked out, on the instructions of Colin Powell. A South African Government spokesman claimed that "the general perception among all delegates is that the US does not want to confront the real issues of slavery and all its manifestations." However, the US delegates stated that they left over the racist resolution that equated Zionism with racism. The World Conference against Racism (WCAR) has been held three times: in 1978, 1983, and 2001. ... Central area of Durban Durban is a city in KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa. ... General Colin Luther Powell, United States Army (Ret. ... Poster promoting a film about Jewish settlement in Palestine, 1930s: Toward a New Life (in Romanian),The Promised Land (in Hungarian), in small (down) text is written First Palestinian sound movie 1844 Discourse on the Restoration of the Jews by Mordecai Noah, page one. ...

At the same time the British, Spanish, Dutch and Portuguese delegations blocked an EU apology for slavery.

The issue of an apology is linked to reparations for slavery and is still being pursued across the world. For example, the Jamaican Reparations Movement approved its declaration and action Plan.

Reparations

Main article: Reparations for slavery

As noted above, there have been movements to achieve reparations for those held in involuntary servitude, or sometimes their descendants. There is a growing modern movement to donate funds achieved in reparations efforts not to the descendants of those held as slaves in prior generations, but instead to donate them to those freed from slavery in this generation, in other countries and circumstances. Reparations for slavery is a proposal in the U.S. for the federal government to pay reparation, in various forms, to slave descendants for the transatlantic slave trade. ...

In general, reparation for being held in slavery is handled as a civil law matter in almost every country. This is often decried as a serious problem, since slaves are exactly those people who have no access to the legal process. Systems of fines and reparations paid from fines collected by authorities, rather than in civil courts, have been proposed to alleviate this in some nations. Civil law has at least three meanings. ...

In the United States, the reparations movement often cites the 40 acres and a mule decree. Recent effort have also targeted businesses that profited from the slave trade and issuing insurance on slaves. 40 acres and a mule is the colloquial term for compensation that was to be awarded to freed American slaves after the Civil War—40 acres (16 ha) of land to farm, and a mule with which to drag a plow so the land could be cultivated. ...

In Africa, the 2nd World Reparations and Repatriation Truth Commission was convened in Ghana in 2000. Its deliberations concluded with a Petition being served in the International Court at the Hague for USD$777 trillion against the United States, Canada, and European Union members for "unlawful removal and destruction of Petitioners' mineral and human resources from the African continent" between 1503 up to the end of the colonialism era in the late 1950s and 1960s. The United States dollar is the official currency of the United States. ...

The contemporary status of slavery

According to the Anti-Slavery Society, "Although there is no longer any state which recognizes, or which will enforce, a claim by a person to a right of property over another, the abolition of slavery does not mean that it ceased to exist. There are millions of people throughout the world — mainly children — in conditions of slavery, as well as in various forms of servitude which are in many respects similar to slavery."[10] It further notes that slavery, particularly child slavery, was on the rise in 2003. It points out that there are countless others in other forms of servitude (such as pawnage, bonded labor and servile concubinage, which are not slavery in the narrow legal sense.

The economics of contemporary slavery

According to a broader definition used by Kevin Bales of Free the Slaves, another advocacy group linked with Anti-Slavery International, there are 27 million people (though some put the number as high as 200 million) in slavery today, spread all over the world (Kevin Bales, Disposable People). This is, also according to that group: Free the Slaves is an international non-governmental organization and lobby group, established to campaign against the modern practice of slavery around the world. ...

• The largest number of people that has ever been in slavery at any point in world history.
• The smallest percentage of the total human population that has ever been enslaved at once.
• Reducing the price of slaves to as low as US$40 in Mali for young adult male labourers, to a high of US$1000 or so in Thailand for HIV-free young females suitable for use in brothels (where they frequently contract HIV). This represents the price paid to the person, or parents.
• This represents the lowest price that there has ever been for a slave in raw labour terms—while the price of a comparable male slave in 1850 America would have been about US$1000 in the currency of the time, that represents US$38,000 in today's dollars, thus slaves, at least of that category, now cost only one one-thousandth (0.1%) of their price 150 years ago.

As a result, the economics of slavery is stark: the yield of profit per year for those buying and controlling a slave is over 800% on average, as opposed to the 5% per year that would have been the expected payback for buying a slave in colonial times. This combines with the high potential to lose a slave (have them stolen, escape, or freed by unfriendly authorities) to yield what are called disposable people—those who can be exploited intensely for a short time and then discarded, such as the prostitutes thrown out on city streets to die once they contract HIV, or those forced to work in mines. Human immunodeficiency virus (commonly known as HIV, and formerly known as HTLV-III and lymphadenopathy-associated virus) is a retrovirus that primarily infects vital components of the human immune system such as CD4+ T cells, macrophages and dendritic cells. ... 1850 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ...

Human trafficking

Main article: Trafficking in human beings

Trafficking in human beings, sometimes called human trafficking, or sex trafficking (as the majority of victims are women or children forced into prostitution) is not the same as people smuggling. A smuggler will facilitate illegal entry into a country for a fee, but on arrival at their destination, the smuggled person is free; the trafficking victim is enslaved. Victims do not agree to be trafficked: they are tricked, lured by false promises, or forced into it. Traffickers use coercive tactics including deception, fraud, intimidation, isolation, threat and use of physical force, debt bondage or even force-feeding with drugs of abuse to control their victims. Whilst the majority of victims are women, and sometimes children, forced into prostitution, other victims include men, women and children forced into manual labor. It has been suggested that People smuggling be merged into this article or section. ... Prostitution is the sale of sexual services. ... Prostitution is the sale of sexual services. ...

Due to the illegal nature of trafficking, the exact extent is unknown. A US Government report published in 2003, estimates that 800,000-900,000 people worldwide are trafficked across borders each year. This figure does not include those who are trafficked internally.

Potential for total abolition

Those 27 million people produce a gross economic product of US $13 billion annually. This is also a smaller percentage of the world economy than slavery has produced at any prior point in human history. That, plus the universal criminal status of slavery, the lack of moral arguments for it in modern discourse, and the many conventions and agreements to abolish it worldwide, make it likely that it can be eliminated in this generation, according to Free The Slaves. There are no nations whose economies would be substantially affected by the true abolition of slavery. This article needs to be updated. ...

A first step towards this objective is the Cocoa Protocol, by which the entire cocoa industry worldwide has accepted full moral and legal responsibility for the entire comprehensive outcome of their production processes. Negotiations for this protocol were initiated for cotton, sugar and other commodity items in the 19th century—taking about 140 years to complete. Thus it seems that this is also a turning point in history, where all commodity markets can slowly lever licensing and other requirements to ensure that slavery is eliminated from production, one industry at a time, as a sectoral simultaneous policy that does not cause disadvantages for any one market player. The Harkin-Engel Protocol, also known as the Cocoa Protocol is an agreement signed by the cocoa and chocolate industries to eliminate child slavery in their field. ... Cocoa beans in a cacao pod Cocoa is the dried and partially fermented fatty seed of the cacao tree from which chocolate is made. ... Ethical consumerism is the practice of boycotting products which a consumer believes to be associated with unnecessary exploitation or other unethical behaviour. ... Cotton ready for harvest. ... Magnified view of refined sugar crystals. ... The word commodity is a term with distinct meanings in business and in Marxian political economy. ... This article or section is missing references or citation of sources. ... Simultaneous policy requires governments in all jurisdictions at once, worldwide, to implement a policy shift at once, so that none is disadvantaged. ...

References

1. ^ ^a b (French) Loi n° 2001-434 du 21 mai 2001 tendant à la reconnaissance de la traite et de l'esclavage en tant que crime contre l'humanité. French National Assembly: (May 21, 2001). URL accessed on April 26, 2006.

The Palais Bourbon, front The French National Assembly (French: Assemblée nationale) is one of the two houses of the bicameral Parliament of France under the Fifth Republic. ... May 21 is the 141st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (142nd in leap years). ... 2001: A Space Odyssey. ...

Bibliography

• Fernand Braudel, Civilization and Capitalism, vol. III: The Perspective of the World (1984, originally published in French, 1979.)
• Davis, David Brion. The Problem of Slavery in the Age of Revolution, 1770-1823 (1999)
• Davis, David Brion. The Problem of Slavery in Western Culture (1988)
• Finkelman, Paul. Encyclopedia of Slavery (1999)
• Lal, K. S. Muslim Slave System in Medieval India (1994) [11] ISBN 8185689679
• Nieboer, H. J. Slavery as an Industrial System (1910)
• Rodriguez, ed. Junius P. The Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery (1997)

Fernand Braudel Fernand Braudel (August 24, 1902–November 27, 1985) was a French historian. ... K.S. Lal is a controversial Indian historian. ...

Primary sources

• The Antislavery Literature Project - a scholarly source for primary literature on US slavery, with some contemporary slavery accounts.
• The Slavery Reader, ed. by Rigas Doganis, Gad Heuman, James Walvin, Routledge 2003

USA

• Berlin, Ira. Many Thousands Gone: The First Two Centuries of Slavery in North America (1999), most important recent survey
• Boles, John. Black Southerners: 1619-1869 (1983) brief survey
• Engerman, Stanley L. Terms of Labor: Slavery, Serfdom, and Free Labor (1999)
• Genovese Eugene D. Roll, Jordan Roll (1974), classic study
  • Richard H. King, "Marxism and the Slave South", American Quarterly 29 (1977), 117-31, a critique of Genovese
• Escott, Paul D. "Remembering Slavery: African Americans Talk about Their Personal Experiences of Slavery and Freedom" Journal of Southern History, Vol. 67, 2001
• Parish, Peter J. Slavery: History and Historians (1989)
• Phillips, Ulrich B. American Negro Slavery: A Survey of the Supply, Employment and Control of Negro Labor as Determined by the Plantation Regime (1918; paperback reprint 1966), southern white perspective
• Phillips, Ulrich B. Life and Labor in the Old South (1929)
• Sellers, James B. Slavery in Alabama (1950).
• Sydnor, Charles S. Slavery in Mississippi (1933
• Stampp, Kenneth M. The Peculiar Institution: Slavery in the Ante-Bellum South (1956), a rebuttal of U B Philipps
• Vorenberg, Michael . Final Freedom: The Civil War, the Abolition of Slavery, and the Thirteenth Amendment (2001)
• Weinstein, Allen , Frank O. Gatell, and Lewis Sarasohn, eds., American Negro Slavery: A Modern Reader, third ed. (1978)

Ulrich Bonnell Phillips (born November 4, 1877 in La Grange, Georgia; died January 21, 1934) was a historian, focusing on the United States South and slavery. ...

See also

Famous slaves and former slaves

From the list of famous slaves: . ...

• Bilal ibn Ribah, slave during the 6th century who converted to a Muslim in early days of Islam. He was a Sahaba and was chosen by Prophet Muhammad to be his muezzin.
• Saint Patrick, abducted from Britain, enslaved in Ireland, escaped to Britain, returned to Ireland as a missionary
• John Brown, escaped and wrote of conditions in Deep South
• Olaudah Equiano also sometimes called Gustavus Vassa, prominent African/British author and figure in the abolitionist cause
• Ann Plato (1820–?), free black schoolmistress and writer, member of the Talcott Street Congregational Church, Hartford CT and the first African American woman to publish a book of essays (1841)
• Frederick Douglass, abolitionist
• Enrique, the slave of Ferdinand Magellan, who became the first man to go around the globe.
• Juan Francisco Manzano, Cuban slave and poet.
• Malinche, famous translator during the Spanish conquest of Mexico
• Onesimus, owned by Philemon mentioned in the Bible
• Aesop, Greek author, famous for his fables
• Spartacus, led the Servile Revolt
• Toussaint L'Ouverture, led the independence of Haiti slave revolt after being freed.
• Harriet Tubman, nicknamed Moses because of her efforts in helping other slaves escape through the Underground Railway.
• Nat Turner, escaped and led revolt in Southampton County, Virginia
• Zumbi, in colonial Brazil, escaped and joined the Quilombo dos Palmares – the largest ever settlement of escaped slaves in Brazil – later becoming its last and most famous leader.
• Mende Nazer, a woman who was a slave in Sudan and transferred to London to serve a diplomat's family there
• Terence, Roman comic poet who wrote before and possibly after his freedom.
• Granny Nanny, famous female leader of Jamaican Maroons
• Dred Scott, a slave who attempted to sue for his freedom in Scott v. Sandford.

Bilal redirects here. ... In Islam, the Sahāba (الصحابه) were the companions of the prophet Muhammad. ... For other people named Muhammad, see Muhammad (disambiguation). ... The müezzin (the word is pronounced this way Turkish, Urdu, etc. ... Saint Patrick Saint Patrick (386–March 17, 493, see below) was a missionary and is regarded as the patron saint of Ireland (along with Saint Brigid and Saint Columba). ... John Brown For the abolitionist, redirect to John Brown John Brown [1810]-[1876] also known by his slave name of Fed, was a slave in Virginia. ... Olaudah Equiano Olaudah Equiano (c. ... Frederick Douglass Frederick Douglass (February 14, 1818 – February 20, 1895) was an American abolitionist, editor, orator, author, statesman and reformer. ... Enrique of Malacca (“Henry the Black”) or Enrique de Malaca, may be historically significant as the first person to circumnavigate the world. ... Ferdinand Magellan (Portuguese: Fernão de Magalhães, IPA pronunciation: //; Spanish: Fernando or Hernando de Magallanes; Spring 1480–April 27, 1521[1]) was a Portuguese maritime explorer who led the first successful attempt to circumnavigate the Earth. ... La Malinche (c. ... Onesimus In the New Testament, Onesimus (d. ... Philemon was a citizen of Colossae in Phrygia in the 1st century, to whom Paul of Tarsus addressed a private letter, unique in the New Testament, which bears his name, the Epistle to Philemon. ... The Gutenberg Bible owned by the United States Library of Congress The Bible (Hebrew: תנ״ך tanakh, Greek: η Βίβλος hÄ“ biblos) (sometimes The Holy Bible, The Book, Work of God, The Word, The Good Book or Scripture), from Greek (τα) βίβλια, (ta) biblia, (the) books, is the name used by Jews and Christians for their... Aesop, as depicted in the Nuremberg Chronicle. ... Aesops Fables or Aesopica refers to a collection of fables credited to Aesop (circa 620 BC – 560 BC), a slave and story-teller living in Ancient Greece. ... Kirk Douglas in the title role of the 1960 film Spartacus. ... The Third Servile War was an unsuccessful slave uprising against the Romans in Italy, under command of the famous Spartacus. ... François-Dominique Toussaint LOuverture François-Dominique Toussaint LOuverture, also Toussaint Bréda, Toussaint-Louverture (c. ... Harriet Tubman in 1880 Harriet Tubman (born 1820 or 1822 in Dorchester County, Maryland, died March 10, 1913 in Auburn, New York), also known as Black Moses, Grandma Moses, or Moses of Her People, was an African-American abolitionist. ... This page refers to urban rail mass transit systems. ... Nat Turner preaches religion. ... Southampton County is a county located in the state of Virginia. ... Official language(s) English Capital Richmond Largest city Virginia Beach Area  Ranked 35th  - Total 42,793 sq. ... Zumbi (1655 - November 20, 1695, pronounced: ) was the last of the leaders of Quilombo dos Palmares, in the present-day state of Alagoas, Brazil. ... Zumbi (1655 - November 20, 1695, pronounced: Zoom-bee) was the last of the leaders of Quilombo dos Palmares, in the present-day state of Alagoas, Brazil. ... This article is being considered for deletion in accordance with Wikipedias deletion policy. ... Publius Terentius Afer, better known as Terence, was a comic playwright of the Roman Republic. ... The Right Excellent Granny Nanny (also known as Nanny of the Maroons), a National Hero of Jamaica, was a well-known leader of the Maroons of Jamaica. ... The word Maroon can have the following meanings: Maroon is a color mixture composed of brown and purple. ... Dred Scott Dred Scott (ca. ... Holding Blacks, whether slaves or free, could not become United States citizens and the plaintiff therefore lacked the capacity to file a lawsuit. ...

Various

• Fazendas
• African slave trade
• Anti-Slavery Society
• Barbados Slave Code
• Blackbirding
• Worst Forms of Child Labour
• William Wilberforce and the abolition of slavery throughout the British Empire in 1834.
• The Afrikaners' Great Trek, caused in part by restrictions on slavery in British South Africa.
• Serfdom
• Wage slavery
• Talk:Mudsill theory

• Child slavery
• Chocolate and slavery- Evidence of slavery existing in 21st century plantations in west Africa.
• Classism
• Coolies
• Corporate colonialism
• Debt bondage
• Forced labour
• History of slavery in the United States
  • Origins of the American Civil War
  • North Carolina v. Mann
• Indentured servants
• International Year to Commemorate the Struggle against Slavery and its Abolition
• Involuntary servitude
• Religion and slavery
• Sambo's Grave
• Sexual slavery
• Slave narrative
• Slave rebellion
• Slave ship
• Slave soldiers:
  • janissaries
  • Mamluks
  • Saqaliba
• Slave trade
• Swedish slave trade
• Trafficking in human beings
• Unfree labour
• William Lynch Speech

Fazendas were coffee estates that spread within the interior of Brazil between 1840 and 186, which created major export commodities for Brazilian trade, but also led to intensification of slavery in Brazil. ... This article discusses the history and effects of the slavery trade upon Africa. ... The Anti-Slavery Society was founded in Britain in 1823. ... The Barbados Slave Code of 1661 was the English legal code set up to provide a legal base for slavery in the Caribbean island of Barbados. ... Blackbirding refers to the recruitment of people through trickery and kidnappings to work on plantations, particularly sugar cane plantations. ... The Convention concerning the Prohibition and Immediate Action for the Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child Labour, known in short as the Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention, was adopted by the International Labour Organisation (ILO) in 1999 as ILO Convention No 182. ... William Wilberforce William Wilberforce (24 August 1759 - 29 July 1833) was an English parliamentarian and leader of the campaign against the slave trade. ... This French poster depicting the horrific conditions on slave ships was influential in mobilizing public opinion against slavery. ... The British Empire in 1897, marked in pink, the traditional colour for Imperial British dominions on maps. ... 1834 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Afrikaners are an ethnically distinct group of Caucasian descendants of European settlers, arriving in modern day South Africa on and after 16 April 1652. ... Trekboers on the Karoo. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Wage slavery is a term used by anti-capitalists (including socialists, anarchists, and communists) to refer to a condition in which a person is legally (de jure) voluntarily employed but practically (de facto) a slave. ... Slavery is any of a number of related conditions involving control of a person against his or her will, enforced by violence or other clear forms of coercion. ... Chocolate and slavery are alleged to be linked in contemporary chocolate plantations in west Africa. ... Classism (a term formed by analogy with racism) is any form of prejudice or oppression against people who are in, or who are perceived as being like those who are in, a lower social class (especially in the form of lower or higher socioeconomic status) within a class society. ... Coolie refers to unskilled laborers from Asia of the 1800s to early 1900s who were sent to the United States, Australia, New Zealand, North Africa and the West Indies. ... Corporate colonialism relates to the involvement of corporate bodies in the practice of colonialism or imperialism. ... Debt bondage or bonded labor is a means of paying off a familys loans via the labor of family members or heirs. ... Unfree labour is a generic or collective term for forms of work, especially in modern or early modern history, in which adults and/or children are employed without wages, or for a minimal wage. ... The history of slavery in the United States began soon after Europeans first settled in what in 1776 became the United States. ... The battle of Fort Sumter was the first stage in a conflict that had been brewing for decades. ... The requested page title was invalid, empty, an incorrectly linked inter-language or inter-wiki title, or contained illegal characters. ... An Indentured servant is an unfree labourer under contract to work (for a specified amount of time) for another person, often without any pay, but in exchange for accommodation, food, other essentials and/or free passage to a new country. ... 2004 was declared the International Year to Commemorate the Struggle against Slavery and its Abolition by the United Nations General Assembly. ... Involuntary servitude is the condition of a person laboring to benefit another against his will due to coercive influence directed toward him. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Sambos Grave is the burial site of a young African cabin boy or slave, in the small village of Sunderland Point, near Heysham and Overton, Lancashire. ... Sexual slavery is a special case of slavery which includes various different practices: forced prostitution single-owner sexual slavery ritual slavery, sometimes associated with traditional religious practices slavery for primarily non-sexual purposes where sex is common or permissible In general, the nature of slavery means that the slave is... The slave narrative is a literary form which grew out of the experience of enslaved Africans in the New World. ... A slave rebellion is an armed uprising by slaves. ... The Buxton Memorial Fountain, celebrating the emancipation of slaves in the British Empire in 1834, London. ... Young Greeks at the Mosque (Jean Léon Gérôme, oil on canvas, 1865); this oil painting portrays Greek youths who were converted to Islam to become the elite of the army (Turkish yeniceri, recruit) The Janissaries (or janizaries; in Turkish: Yeniçeri (yeni çeri, meaning new soldier); in... An Ottoman Mamluk, from 1810 A mamluk (Arabic: مملوك (singular), مماليك (plural), owned; also transliterated mameluk, mameluke, or mamluke) was a slave soldier who converted to Islam and served the Muslim caliphs and the Ottoman Empire during the Middle Ages. ... In the medieval Arab world, the term Saqaliba (سقالبة, sg. ... This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Throughout the history of Sweden, there have been instances of slave trade. ... It has been suggested that People smuggling be merged into this article or section. ... Unfree labour is a generic or collective term for those work relations, especially in modern or early modern history, in which adults and/or children are employed against their will by the threat of destitution, detention, violence (including death), or other extreme hardship to themselves, or to members of their... The William (or Willie) Lynch Speech (or Letter) is a text of spurious origin which drew widespread attention when it circulated throughout the Internet during the 1990s. ...

Films

• Marlon Brando, "Burn!", 1969

• Stanley Kubrick, "Spartacus", 1960

• Tomas Gutierrez Alea, La ?ltima cena - "The Last Supper", 1976

• Alex Haley, "Roots", 1977 miniseries based on the book by Alex Haley

• Charles Burnett, "Nightjohn", 1996

• Julie Dash, "Daughters of the Dust", 1991

• Jonathan Demme, "Beloved", 1998

• Carlos Diegues, "Quilombo", 1984

• Haile Gerima, "Sankofa", 1993

• Sergio Giral,
  • El Otro Francisco - "The Other Francisco, 1975
  • "Cimarron," 1967
  • "Maluala", 1979

• Steven Spielberg, "Amistad", 1997

Marlon Brando at the 1963 Civil Rights March on Washington, D.C Marlon Brando, Jr. ... Burn! (also titled Queimada) is a 1969 film starring Marlon Brando and directed by Gillo Pontecorvo Plot A British agent, William Walker, is sent to the island of Queimada (an imaginary Portuguese colony in the Caribbean) in order to organize an uprising of black slaves to overthrow the Portuguese regime. ... Stanley Kubrick (July 26, 1928 – March 7, 1999) was an American film director and producer. ... Kirk Douglas in the title role of the 1960 film Spartacus. ... Biography Cuban cinematographer Tomás Gutiérrez Alea was born in Havana on December 11th, 1928. ... Alex Haley Alexander Palmer Haley (August 11, 1921 – February 10, 1992) was an African American writer (though he was also proud of his Irish and Cherokee ancestry). ... Charles Burnett - Wikipedia /**/ @import /skins/monobook/IE50Fixes. ... Julie Dash (born 1952) is a United States filmmaker. ... Jonathan Demme (born February 22, 1944, in Baldwin, New York) is an American film director, producer and writer. ... Haile Gerima (* 1946) is an ethiopian filmmaker who came to the United States in 1968. ... Steven Spielberg Steven Allan Spielberg, KBE (born December 18, 1946 in Cincinnati, Ohio) is an American film director. ...

External links - The contemporary status of slavery

• Stop The Traffik - This charity aims to expose and stop human slavery. It also promotes Freedom Day on 25th March 2007, the 200th anniversary of the abolition of the slave trade. If you want to make a difference then here is an excellent place to start.

• Ansar Burney Trust - anti-slavery and anti-trafficking human rights organisation working in the Middle East
• Anti Slavery International
• iAbolish - the anti-slavery web portal
• Free the Slaves - Working to end slavery in our lifetime
• Robots of Arabia - Child Slavery
• A modern slave's brutal odyssey - BBC
• Slavery in the 21st century - BBC
• Asia's sex trade is 'slavery' - BBC
• Sex trade's reliance on forced labour - BBC
• The Economics of Sex Trafficking.
• Invisible Slavery System
• Immaculata High School Child Slave Labor News

Media

Video on Child Slavery in the Middle East - an Emmy and duPont award winning documentary