Slavic mythology and Slavic religion evolved over more than 3,000 years. It's conjectured that some parts of it are from neolithic or possibly even mesolithic times. The religion possesses numerous common traits with other Indo-European religions. The Slavic peoples are the most numerous ethnic and linguistic body of peoples in Europe. ... Mythology is the study of myths: stories of a particular culture that it believes to be true and that feature a specific religious or belief system. ... The Neolithic, (Greek neos=new, lithos=stone, or New Stone Age) is traditionally the last part of the stone age. ... The Mesolithic (Greek mesos=middle and lithos=stone or the Middle Stone Age) is the period between the Paleolithic and Neolithic periods. ... Proto-Indo-European Indo-European studies The existence of similarities among the gods and religious practices of the Indo-European peoples suggests that whatever population they actually formed had some form of polytheistic religion. ...

Primary Sources

Very few written records are known to survive from the centuries before Christianization. The controversial Book of Veles is believed by some to be a sacred text of this religion. Saxo Grammaticus is another source with disputed authenticity. Chronicon Slavorum by Helmold is generally accepted as a genuine source, covering culture and events in the late 1st millennium AD. One unreasonably underestimated and quite enigmatic source is Veda Slovena (http://tribal.abv.bg/veda/titul/parva.htm) - a compilation of archaic Bulgarian ritual songs, that preserved important fragments of Slavic pagan lore. St Francis Xavier converting the Paravas: a 19th-century image of the docile heathen The historical phenomenon of Christianization, the conversion of individuals to Christianity or the conversion of entire peoples at once (a political shift as much as a spontaneous mass shift in individual consciences), also includes the practice... The Book of Veles (Veles Book, Vles book, Vlesbook, Isenbecks Planks, Велесова книга, Влес книга, Влескнига, Книга Велеса, Дощечки Изенбека, Дощьки Изенбека) is claimed to be a text of ancient Slavic religion and history. ... Many religions and spiritual movements hold certain written texts (or series of spoken legends not traditionally written down) to be sacred. ... Saxo, etching by the Danish-Norwegian illustrator Louis Moe (1857—1945) Saxo Grammaticus (estimated. ... Chronicon Slavorum (Chronica Slavorum) is a historical record attributed to Helmold. ... Helmold, (ca. ... A ritual is a formalised, predetermined set of symbolic actions generally performed in a particular environment at a regular, recurring interval. ... Within a European Christian context, paganism is a catch-all term which has come to connote a broad set of not necessarily compatible religious beliefs and practices (see Cult (religion)) of a natural religion (as opposed to a revealed religion of a text), which are usually, but not necessarily, characterized...

World

According to the Book of Veles, Slavic religion recognizes three realms: Yav, Prav, and Nav, Yav being the material world, Nav the immaterial, and Prav being the laws that govern them. The emphasis on the three realms is particularly characteristic for the Slavic neopaganists that draw on the Book of Veles. Yav (Jav), Prav and Nav are three worlds in old Slavic religion. ... Neopaganism (sometimes Neo-Paganism, meaning New Paganism) is a heterogeneous group of religions which attempt to revive ancient, mainly European pre-Christian religions. ...

The main symbol of ancient Slavic cosmogonic ideas was the World Tree. Slavs imagined that all three realms are vertically situated on a gigantic oak tree, that holds the whole Universe. In its crown was Slavic Heaven/paradise, so called Svarga, residence of Svarog, or Iriy. At the oak's trunk was the world of living creatures, the reality - Yav. In the oak's roots was Hell, residence of Chernobog, Morena, and Zmey. In certain Indo-European religions there was a belief in a world tree, such as Yggdrasil, in Norse mythology, Oak in Slavic Mythology and in Hinduism a banyan tree. ... The deepest visible-light image of the cosmos. ... The heavens are the sky, the celestial sphere, or outer space. ... Wiktionary has a definition of: Paradise The word paradise itself comes from the Persian word of pardees, paradeisos (same word latinized), and firdows (same word arabicized). ... In Hinduism, Svarga (or Swarga) is an underworld, located on Mt. ... Iriy or Irij was the paradise in old Slavic religion. ... Medieval illustration of the Mouth of Hell Hell (according to many religious beliefs about the afterlife) is a place of torment and pain. ... The Black God is the god of night and darkness in Slavic mythology, and the waning year in opposition to Belobog, the White God of the waxing year. ... Marzanna or Morena is the Slavic goddess of death and winter. ... Zmey is a mythical opponent of Slavic gods. ...

Gods

Supreme god

The original supreme god of Slavs was probably Rod. Information about Rod worship is scarce. Rod, sometimes referred to as just god - Div, Diy, in Veda Slovena Diy or Dia, is probably the most ancient deity in Slavic pantheon. ...

In some branches of Slavic religion, the supreme god is Svarog (senior member of Triglav). But exactly because of his nature he was not the most worshiped: that was Perun, while tribes that were occupied mostly with cattle could pay most attention to Veles and so on. In Slavic mythology, Svarog (Polish: Swaróg, Cyrillic Сварог) is the Slavic god and spirit of fire; meaning bright and clear. ... This article is about Slavic god Triglav, for the mountan in Slovenia see Triglav Triglav (literally threehead) is a complex god or gods in Slavic mythology, similar in nature to Trinity in Christianity. ... In Slavic mythology, Perun is the highest god of the pantheon and the god of thunder and lightning. ... This article is on the social structure. ... This article is about the god Veles, for the city in Macedonia see Veles, Macedonia Veles (Volos, Weles, Voloh) is a Slavic god, thought to be the deity of: cattle, commerce, music, the underworld. ...

Pantheon

A statue of Svetovid

There is no single well-established pantheon. One attempt at establishing such an "official" pantheon was made by Vladimir I, Prince of Kiev in 980-988 religious reform, immediately preceding the Christianization of Ruthenia. Vladimir erected six or seven idols near his court - Perun as a supreme god, Veles, Hors, Dajbog, Stribog, Simargl, and Mokosh as tribal gods. Photograph of a statue of Svetovid File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Photograph of a statue of Svetovid File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Detail of the Millenium of Russia monument in Novgorod (1862) representing St Vladimir and his family. ... Events Births Emperor Ichijo of Japan Humbert I of Savoy Avicenna Godiva, Countess of Mercia Deaths Categories: 980 ... Events Vladimir I, Prince of Kiev marries Anna, sister of Byzantine emperor Basil II and converts to Christianity. ... Ruthenia is a name applied to parts of Eastern Europe which were populated by Eastern Slavic peoples, as well as to various states that existed in this territory in the past. ... In Slavic mythology, Perun is the highest god of the pantheon and the god of thunder and lightning. ... This article is about the god Veles, for the city in Macedonia see Veles, Macedonia Veles (Volos, Weles, Voloh) is a Slavic god, thought to be the deity of: cattle, commerce, music, the underworld. ... Hurs or Hors is the Slavic god of the winter sun. ... Also Dajbog, Dabog, Dazhbog, Dazsbog, Cyrillic Дажбог; from dazh, the Slavic epithet for Sun (The Giver) and bog (god). ... Stribog (Strzybog, Стрибог), in Slavic pantheon, is the god and spirit of the winds, sky and air; and is said to be the ancestor (grandfather) of the winds of the eight directions. ... Semargl, Simargl, Semargl-Pereplut is a Slavic god of fire, hearth, in some sources roots and underground, in the Book of Veles father of Skif - the founder of Skifia. ... This article or section should be merged with Matka Ziema Mokosh (Mokosz, Mokusa, Mokoš, Cyrillic Мокошь) is a goddess associated with the sacred feminine in Slavic pantheon. ...

It should be noted that many of the gods may be known by different names even in the same language. Calling gods by proper name was considered bad luck, thus gods were called by adjectives, describing their qualities. Over time, those adjectives took life of their own.

• Belobog
• Chernobog
• Dajbog
• Dodola, Dzydzilya, Dudula
• Dogoda, the god of the refreshing West Wind, son of Perun.
• Hors
• Jarilo or Yaro
• Koleda
• Koschey
• Kupala
• Lada and Lado
• Mokosh, Mokosz
• Morena, Marzana
• Perun, Piorun, Parom
• Porvata
• Radigost
• Rod
• Rodzanica
• Simargl
• Stribog
• Sudz
• Svarog
• Svarogich
• Svetovid, Światowid
• Tangra
• Triglav
• Veles
• Zaria
• Zmey or Yascher

BELOBOG, BIALBOG, BELUN (bel-oh-bog | byal-bog | bel-oon ) from Slavic bel, byal (white or light as in not dark) and bog (god) literally meaning White God from the Slavic pantheon. ... The Black God is the god of night and darkness in Slavic mythology, and the waning year in opposition to Belobog, the White God of the waxing year. ... Also Dajbog, Dabog, Dazhbog, Dazsbog, Cyrillic Дажбог; from dazh, the Slavic epithet for Sun (The Giver) and bog (god). ... Dodola (also spelled Dudulya and Didilya, pronounced: doh-doh-la, doo-doo-lya, or dee-dee-lya) is a being in old Slavic mythology. ... Dogoda is a Polish spirit of the west wind, associated with love and gentleness. ... Hurs or Hors is the Slavic god of the winter sun. ... Jarilo (Yarilo, Jaro, Cyrillic Ярило) is the Slavic god of spring fertility, represented as a young man dressed in white with a wheat wreath on his head, wheat ears in his right hand and a human head in his left hand. ... In Russian mythology, especially in the Caucasus region, Koschei (Коще́й) is an evil spirit with a terrible appearance, menacing principally young women. ... In Polish mythology, Kupala is the goddess of herbs, sorcery, sex, and midsummer. ... In old Slavic religion, Lada is the goddess of harmony, merriment, youth, love and beauty. ... This article or section should be merged with Matka Ziema Mokosh (Mokosz, Mokusa, Mokoš, Cyrillic Мокошь) is a goddess associated with the sacred feminine in Slavic pantheon. ... Marzanna or Morena is the Slavic goddess of death and winter. ... In Slavic mythology, Perun is the highest god of the pantheon and the god of thunder and lightning. ... In Polish mythology, Porvata is the god of the woods; he has no idol or image; and is manifest throughout the primeval forest. ... Radagast (also Radigost, Radegast, Radogost and other similar variations, is a Slavic god: the protector of travellers, traders and foreigners, and patron of hospitality. ... Rod, sometimes referred to as just god - Div, Diy, in Veda Slovena Diy or Dia, is probably the most ancient deity in Slavic pantheon. ... Semargl, Simargl, Semargl-Pereplut is a Slavic god of fire, hearth, in some sources roots and underground, in the Book of Veles father of Skif - the founder of Skifia. ... Stribog (Strzybog, Стрибог), in Slavic pantheon, is the god and spirit of the winds, sky and air; and is said to be the ancestor (grandfather) of the winds of the eight directions. ... Sudz is a Polish god of destiny and glory. ... In Slavic mythology, Svarog (Polish: Swaróg, Cyrillic Сварог) is the Slavic god and spirit of fire; meaning bright and clear. ... Svetovid, Suvid, Svantevid, Svantovit, Sventovit, Zvantevith, Swiatowit, Sutvid, Vid. ... Tangra (Bulgarian: Тангра) was the name of the main God of Bulgars (and later Bulgarians) people, until the official adoption of Christianity in Bulgaria by Tsar Boris I in 865. ... Triglav (three headed) is a complex god or gods in Slavic mythology, similar in nature to Trinity in Christianity. ... This article is about the god Veles, for the city in Macedonia see Veles, Macedonia Veles (Volos, Weles, Voloh) is a Slavic god, thought to be the deity of: cattle, commerce, music, the underworld. ... Zaria or Zoria is the Slavic goddess of beauty, very popular in Eastern Slavic mythology. ... Zmey is a mythical opponent of Slavic gods. ...

Mythical creatures

• Bird Gamayun
• Cat Bayun
• Drekavac
• Fire Bird, Zhar Ptitsa, Ptak Żar
• Nyia
• Golden-horned deer
• Likho, Licho
• Slavic fairies (rusalka, vila, etc)
• Utva zlatokrila (Gold-winged female duck)

A legendary creature is a mythical or fantastic creature (often known as fabulous creatures in historical literature). ... Drekavac (literally the yeller) is mythical creature in south Slavic mythology. ... The Rarog in Polish mythology or Slavic mythology is a hawk, falcon, or fiery dwarf who turns himself into a whirlwind. ... Deer has significant role in mythology of various peoples. ... One-eyed Likho by Anton Kvasovarov, 2003 Likho, Liho (Russian: Лихо) is an embodiment of evil fate, misfortune in Slavic mythology. ... Fairies in Slavic mythology come in several forms and their names are spelled differently based on the specific language. ... Although becoming quite rare in southeast Europe and southern Spain, the Ruddy Shelduck is still common across much of its range throughout southern Eurasia and southeast China. ...

Mythical persons

Bogatyrs by Viktor Vasnetsov (1898). Dobrynia Nikitich, Ilya Muromets, Alyosha Popovich

Some of these individuals had had real-life prototypes, but most stories (bylinas) about them became pure fiction, involving magic etc. 19th century painting The two-dimensional work of art depicted in this image is in the public domain in the United States and in those countries with a copyright term of life of the author plus 100 years. ... 19th century painting The two-dimensional work of art depicted in this image is in the public domain in the United States and in those countries with a copyright term of life of the author plus 100 years. ... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... Bogatyrs (1898) by Viktor Vasnetsov Viktor Mikhailovich Vasnetsov (Виктор Михайлович Васнецов) ( May 15 ( N.S.), 1848— 1926) was a Russian painter, theatre decorator, graphic designer, and painter of mythological and historical pictures. ... Bylina (Russian: были́на, also Byliny and Stariny) is a traditional epic, heroic narrative poetry of early East Slavs of Kievan Rus, the tradition continued in Russia and Ukraine. ... The ancient symbol of the pentagram is often used as a symbol for magic. ...

• Alyosha Popovich
• Baba Yaga, Baba Jaga
• Bash Chelik
• Bogumir
• Bus Beloyar
• Churilo Plenkovich
• Dobrynya Nikitich
• Ilya Muromets
• Marko Kraljevic
• Mikula Selyaninovich
• Nightingale the Robber (Solovey-Razboynik)
• Oleksa Dovbus
• Prince Ivan (Ivan Tsarevich)
• Sadko

Bogatyrs (1898) by Viktor Vasnetsov Alyosha Popovich ( Russian: ), alongside Dobrynya Nikitich and Ilya Muromets, is a bogatyr (i. ... Yaga can refer to: Yajna (Hindu mythology) Baba Yaga (Russian mythology) Yaga (clothing company) This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Bus Beloyar (Бус Белояр) was a hypothetical, possibly mythical Slavic kniaz who ruled Ruskolan (Русколань) state (also mythical) and fought against Huns in east, Romans in south and Germans in West, against Goths king Hermanarich, and was eventually crucified by Goths. ... Bogatyrs (1898) by Viktor Vasnetsov Alongside Alyosha Popovich and Ilya Muromets, is a bogatyr (i. ... For the Russian bomber Ilya Muromets, see Ilya Muromets. ... Prince Marko (also rendered King Marko in English; Serbian Kraljević Marko, Bulgarian Krali Marko) (around 1335 — 1395) was son of king Vukashin, who ruled in modern day central Macedonia, with capital in Prilep. ... Nightingale the Robber, Solovey-Razboynik, Russian Соловей-Разбойник also known as Solovey Odikhmantievich -- Russian epic robber from bylinas. ... Sadko in the Underwater Kingdom, a painting by Ilya Repin (1876) Sadko (Садко in Russian) is an opera by Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov. ...

Spirits

• bannik
• boginki
• djabelek (the Devil)
• dola
• domowije, domovoy
• dvorovoi
• karzelek
• kikimora
• lakanica
• leszi
• mamuna, mamony
• mora
• naw
• neuri
• nocnica
• odmience
• ovinnik
• polewiki
• poludnica
• psotnik
• rarog
• ratainitsa
• rusalki
• sky women
• smierna
• spore
• strigoi
• strzyga
• sudice
• tloka
• topielec
• vila
• vodyanoy

Bannik is the Bathhouse Spirit in Slavic mythology. ... The Boginki (Polish for Little Goddess) are spirits in Polish mythology. ... The Devil is the name given to a supernatural entity who, in most Western religions, is the central embodiment of evil. ... In Polish mythology, Dola are the protective spirits which embody human fate. ... Domovoi (literally, one of the house) are house spirits found in Slavic folklore. ... The Karzełek in Polish mythology live in mines and underground workings and are the guardians of gems, crystals, and precious metals. ... Kikimora or Shishimora is a usually female spirit in Slavic mythology. ... Lakanica is a Polish spirit of fields. ... This article needs cleanup. ... Mamona (sometimes also Mamuna) in the Slavic mythology was a wild female spirit of the forest or the mountains. ... Mora can mean: Mora - a municipality of Dalarna County in Sweden Mora - a district of Dalecarlia in Sweden Mora, Minnesota Mora, Portugal Mora County, New Mexico Mora: A unit of sound used in phonology that determines stress in some languages. ... The Naw in Polish mythology are spirits or the souls of persons that, had met a tragic death or premature death. ... According to Herodotus the Neuri were a tribe of Scythians described by as: Dniepr river Categories: Stub ... In Polish mythology, the Odmience are the changelings left behind by the Boginki. ... Polewiki in Polish mythology are field spirits that appear as a deformed dwarfs with different coloured eyes and grass instead of hair. ... Fairies in Slavic mythology come in several forms and their names are spelled differently based on the specific language. ... Psotnik is an elves, mischief maker, in Polish mythology. ... The Rarog in Polish mythology or Slavic mythology is a hawk, falcon, or fiery dwarf who turns himself into a whirlwind. ... The name Rusalka may refer to one of the following. ... Fairies in Slavic mythology come in several forms and their names are spelled differently based on the specific language. ... In Polish mythology, Smierna was the spirit of death. ... In Romanian mythology, strigoi (same form both singular and plural) are the evil souls of the dead rising from the tombs during the night to haunt the neighbourhood. ... Vampires in Slavic culture that had two hearts and two souls, as well as two sets of teeth, but one set growing in normally would pinpoint a Strzyga. ... The Sudice are the Fates of Polish mythology. ... Topielec (plural Topielce) is a name applied to Slavic spirits of water. ... Fairies in Slavic mythology come in several forms and their names are spelled differently based on the specific language. ... Wodjanoj or Vodyanoy (literally watery) in Slavic mythology is the male water spirit, a master shape-shifter who is said to live in a whirlpool, or in an underwater palace made from the treasures of sunken ships. ...

Slavic and Polish folk magic

• Circles in Polish mythology
• Crossroads in Polish mythology
• Czarownica
• Divination in Polish mythology
• Fire Flowers
• Herbs in Polish mythology
• Ladanki
• Lechebnik
• Lysa Hora (paranormal)
• The Magic Belt of Poland
• Matka Ziema
• Pisanka
• Spoiling in Polish mythology
• Zagavory
• Zawlanie
• Znak
• Znakhari

Circles play a large part in Polish mythology. ... As in other European traditions, the crossroads in Polish mythology are a sacred and magical place where both divination and invocations were uttered. ... Czarownica is a Polish term for an enchantress, witch, or spellbinder. ... Forms of divination in Polish mythology, that were practiced in Poland included the following: Candle wax dripped in a glass of water was held up to the light for interpretation; herbs thrown on the fire produced smoke that could be interpreted by the shape of patterns it made; finding pysanky... In Polish mythology, fire flowers are mystical blooms. ... Herbs are used in Polish folk customs. ... Ladanki are medicine and charm bags that were worn on the belt or around the neck. ... Lechebnik (лечебник in Russian) is a Russian word for charm books and no czarownica (witch) would be worth his/her salt without one. ... Lysa Hora or Bald Mountain (Ukrainian: Лиса Гора, Lysa Hora; Russian: Лысая Гора, Lysaya Gora) is a concept of East Slavic, and particularly Ukrainian, folk mythology related to witchcraft. ... The Magic Belt of Poland is a special belt with inscribed symbols. ... Matka Ziemia (literally Mother Earth, various other names are in use as well) is the collective term applied to a number of Slavic deities devoted to plants, growth, birth, creation and patrons of field works. ... Pisanka (plural: Pisankas, Pisanki) is an ancient Slavic art of egg decorating. ... In Polish mythology, spoiling is a term used to mean a curse being on someone, or working magic against someone. ... The zagavory or zagowory (from Eastern Slavic govor: - to speak), in Slavic mythology are the verbal spells that were used the most effectively by folk magicians in their methods of spell work. ... Zawołanie (Polish Call) is the word of power, a sound or word that focuses a persons energies into the workings. ... The word Znak is a generic Slavic word for symbol or sign. ... Znachor (literally The one who knows the illnesses, plural znachorzy, Russian знахар) was the name applied to practitioners of folk magic in the times of Slavic mythology. ...

See also

• Andrzej Sapkowski
• Fantasy

Andrzej Sapkowski Andrzej Sapkowski, born June 21, 1948 in Lodz, is a Polish fantasy writer. ... Look up Fantasy in Wiktionary, the free dictionary For other definitions of fantasy, see fantasy (psychology). ...

External links

• A Slavic Pantheon (http://web.raex.com/~obsidian/SlavPan.html)
• Pantheon des dieux slaves (http://www.russie.firstream.net/pantheon.htm)
• Polish Folk Magic (http://www.geocities.com/mabcosmic/polish/magic.html)
• The Polish Pagan Pantheon (http://www.geocities.com/mabcosmic/polish/pantheon.html)
• Slavic and Eurasian Pantheons (http://web.raex.com/~obsidian/SlavPan.html)
• Slavic Myth and Religion (http://www.winterscapes.com/slavic.htm)
• Slavic Paganism and Witchcraft  (http://www.members.aol.com/hpsofsnert/index.html)
• Okana's Web  (http://www.okana.org/)
• Gods and Goddesses of Love and Sexuality (http://wuzzle.org/cave/lovegods.html)
• Slavic Mythology in Pictures (http://fantalov.tripod.com/slav1.htm)
• Yahoo! Category Search for Slavic Pagan (http://dir.yahoo.com/Society_and_Culture/Religion_and_Spirituality/Faiths_and_Practices/Paganism/Traditions_and_Paths/Slavic/)
• Polish Paganism (http://www.kresy.co.uk/pol_paganizm.html)
• East Slavic Paganism (http://pandora.cii.wwu.edu/vajda/russ110/handout_p1_paganism.htm)
• Slavic and Bulgarian paganism (http://free.bol.bg/slavpagan)
• Pan-Slavic Traditions and Beliefs (http://www.mythinglinks.org/euro~east~panSlavic.html)
• Real Magick Archives – Slavic  (http://realmagick.com/perl/topic.pl?topic=204)
• Slavic Mysteries (http://www.resonateview.org/places/writings/larissa/myth.htm)
• Slavic Antiquities  (http://public.kubsu.ru/~usr02898/slavonic.htm)
• Introduction to Slavic Rituals (http://www.gaiacommunity.org/slavic1.htm)
• Neopaganism in Central Europe (http://vinland.org/heathen/pagancee/)
• Polish Supernatural Spirits (http://www.geocities.com/mabcosmic/polish/pspirits.html)
• A Guide to Belarusian Mythology - by Leŭ Haroška (http://purl.oclc.org/belarus/haroskamythology)

References

• Chrypinski, Anna, editor. Polish Customs. Friends of Polish Art: Detroit, MI, 1977.
• Contoski, Josepha K., editor. Treasured Polish Songs with English Translations. Polanie Publishing Co.: Minneapolis, MN, 1953.
• Estes, Clarissa Pinkola, Ph.D. Women Who Run With the Wolves. Ballantine Books: New York, 1992.
• Gimbutas, Marijas. The Slavs. Preager Publishers: New York, 1971.
• Knab, Sophie Hodorowicz. Polish Customs, Traditions, & Folklore. Hippocrene Books: New York, 1993.
• Knab, Sophie Hodorowicz. Polish Herbs, Flowers, and Folk Medicine. Hippocrene Books: New York, 1995.
• Krasicki, Ignacy (tr by Gerard Kapolka) Polish Fables : Bilingual. 1997
• Leland, Charles Godfrey. Gypsy Sorcery and Fortune Telling. New York: University Books, 1962
• Zajdler, Zoe. Polish Fairy Tales. Chicago, Ill: Follett Publishing, 1959
• Sekalski, Anstruther J. Old Polish Legends. 1997
• Singing Back The Sun: A Dictionary of Old Polish Customs and Beliefs, Okana, 1999
• Szyjewski, Andrzej: Slavic Religion, WAM, Kraków, 2003