Sleep article categories

Sleep Stages Sleep disorders Benign sleep phenomena Bedding Nightwear Other Sleep-related Topics Links to specific articles can be found in the navigation box at the bottom of this article Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 593 pixelsFull resolution (2024 × 1501 pixel, file size: 245 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ...

Sleep deprivation is a general lack of the necessary amount of sleep. This may occur as a result of sleep disorders, active choice or deliberate inducement such as in interrogation or for torture. Studies have reported that sleep deprivation affects tens of millions of adults each year in the United States alone.^[1]. For other uses, see Sleep (disambiguation). ... The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ... Torture, according to international law, is any act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental, is intentionally inflicted on a person for such purposes as obtaining from him or a third person information or a confession, punishing him for an act he or a third person has...

Effects

Generally, lack of sleep may result in^{[2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]}:

In psychology, visual perception is the ability to interpret visible light information reaching the eyes which is then made available for planning and action. ... Cardiovascular disease refers to the class of diseases that involve the heart or blood vessels (arteries and veins). ... Clinical depression (also called major depressive disorder, or unipolar depression when compared to bipolar disorder) is a state of intense sadness, melancholia or despair that has advanced to the point of being disruptive to an individuals social functioning and/or activities of daily living. ... Color blindness in humans is the inability to perceive differences between some or all colors that other people can distinguish. ... For other uses, see Concentration (disambiguation). ... Depersonalization is an alteration in the perception or experience of the self so that one feels detached from, and as if one is an outside observer of, ones mental processes or body. ... Derealization (DR) is an alteration in the perception or experience of the external world so that it seems strange or unreal. ... A scanning electron microscope image of a single neutrophil (yellow), engulfing anthrax bacteria (orange). ... // Pre-syncope is a sensation of feeling faint. ... Dark circles or Eye circles are dark blemishes around the eyes. ... This article refers to the sight organ. ... It has been suggested that Central Ischaemic Response be merged into this article or section. ... Severe confusion of a degree considered pathological usually refers to loss of orientation (ability to place oneself correctly in the world by time, location, and personal identity), and often memory (ability to correctly recall previous events or learn new materal). ... A hallucination is a false sensory perception in the absence of an external stimulus, as distinct from an illusion, which is a misperception of an external stimulus. ... Fred Ward as Earl Bassett in the 1990 film Tremors. ... A headache (cephalalgia in medical terminology) is a condition of pain in the head; sometimes neck or upper back pain may also be interpreted as a headache. ... Look up hernia in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Hyperactivity can be described as a state in which a person is abnormally easily excitable and exuberant. ... For other forms of hypertension, see Hypertension (disambiguation). ... I dont have the patience to write anything about this - Krish, http://krish. ... Irritability is an excessive response to stimuli. ... Lucid dreams occur during REM sleep after the person becomes conscious and aware of dreaming within the dream. ... For other uses, see Memory (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Nausea (disambiguation). ... Nystagmus is involuntary eye movement that can be part of the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR), with the eyes moving first in the direction of the lesioned side (slow phase) followed by a quick correction (fast phase) to the opposite side or away from the lesioned side. ... Psychosis is a generic psychiatric term for a mental state often described as involving a loss of contact with reality. Stedmans Medical Dictionary defines psychosis as a severe mental disorder, with or without organic damage, characterized by derangement of personality and loss of contact with reality and causing deterioration... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... In linguistics, manner of articulation describes how the tongue, lips, and other speech organs involved in making a sound make contact. ... Weight loss, in the context of medicine or health or physical fitness, is a reduction of the total body weight, due to a mean loss of fluid, body fat or adipose tissue and/or lean mass, namely bone mineral deposits, muscle, tendon and other connective tissue. ... This article or section should be merged with Birth control pill Weight Gain When Taking The Pill When starting to take the birth contol pill some people may expierence slight weight gain. ... A dog yawning A yawn is a reflex of deep inhalation and exhalation associated with being tired, with a need to sleep, or from boredom. ... DISCLAIMER Please remember that Wikipedia is offered for informational use only. ... The Drunkenness of Noah by Giovanni Bellini Drunkenness, is the state of being intoxicated by consumption of alcohol to a degree that mental and physical facilities are noticeably impaired. ...

Diabetes

A 1999 study by the University of Chicago Medical Center showed that sleep deprivation severely affects the human body's ability to metabolize glucose, which can lead to early-stage Diabetes Type 2.^[10] The University of Chicago is a private university located principally in the Hyde Park neighborhood of Chicago. ... Glucose (Glc), a monosaccharide (or simple sugar), is an important carbohydrate in biology. ... This article is about the disease that features high blood sugar. ...

Effects on the brain

Sleep deprivation can adversely affect brain function.^[9] A 2000 study, by the UCSD School of Medicine and the Veterans Affairs Healthcare System in San Diego, used functional magnetic resonance imaging technology to monitor activity in the brains of sleep-deprived subjects performing simple verbal learning tasks.^[11] The study showed that regions of the brain's prefrontal cortex displayed more activity in sleepier subjects. Depending on the task at hand, the brain would sometimes attempt to compensate for the adverse effects caused by lack of sleep. The temporal lobe, which is a brain region involved in language processing, was activated during verbal learning in rested subjects but not in sleep deprived subjects. The parietal lobe, not activated in rested subjects during the verbal exercise, was more active when the subjects were deprived of sleep. Although memory performance was less efficient with sleep deprivation, greater activity in the parietal region was associated with better memory. The University of California, San Diego (popularly known as UCSD) is a public, coeducational university located in La Jolla, California. ... Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is the use of MRI to measure the haemodynamic response related to neural activity in the brain or spinal cord of humans or other animals. ... The prefrontal cortex is the anterior part of the frontal lobes of the brain, lying in front of the motor and premotor areas. ... The temporal lobes are part of the cerebrum. ... The parietal lobe is a lobe in the brain. ...

A 2001 Study at Harvard's Medical Institute suggested that sleep deprivation may be linked to more serious diseases, such as heart disease.

Animal studies suggest that sleep deprivation increases stress hormones, which may reduce new cell production in adult brains.^[12]

Effects on growth

A 1999 study^[13] found that sleep deprivation resulted in reduced cortisol secretion the next day, driven by increased subsequent slow-wave sleep. Sleep deprivation was found to enhance activity on the Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (which controls reactions to stress and regulates body functions such as digestion, the immune system, mood, sex, or energy usage) while suppressing growth hormones. The results supported previous studies, which observed adrenal insufficiency in idiopathic hypersomnia. This article is about the year. ... Cortisol is a corticosteroid hormone produced by the adrenal cortex (in the adrenal gland). ... Polysomnogram demonstrating SWS. High amplitude EEG is highlighted in red. ... It has been suggested that HTPA be merged into this article or section. ... For the industrial process, see anaerobic digestion. ... Look up mood in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Growth hormone (GH) or somatotropin (STH) is a protein hormone which stimulates growth and cell reproduction in humans and other animals. ... In medicine, adrenal insufficiency (or hypocortisolism) is the inability of the adrenal gland to produce adequate amounts of cortisol in response to stress. ... Idiopathic means arising spontaneously or from an obscure or unknown cause. ... Hypersomnia, also known as excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS), is excessive amount of sleepiness. ...

Effects on the healing process

A study conducted in 2005 showed that a group of rats who were deprived of five days of sleep had no significant effect on their ability to heal wounds, compared to a group of rats not deprived of sleep.^[14]

Impairment of ability

According to a 2000 study published in the British scientific journal, researchers in Australia and New Zealand reported that sleep deprivation can have some of the same hazardous effects as being drunk.^[15] People who drove after being awake for 17–19 hours performed worse than those with a blood alcohol level of .05 percent, which is the legal limit for drunk driving in most western European countries (the U.S. and UK set their blood alcohol limits at .08 percent). In addition, as a result of continuous muscular activity without proper rest time, effects such as cramping are much more frequent in sleep-deprived individuals. Extreme cases of sleep deprivation have been reported to be associated with hernias, muscle fascia tears, and other such problems commonly associated with physical overexertion. Beyond impaired motor skills, people who get too little sleep may have higher levels of stress, anxiety and depression, and may take unnecessary risks. According to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, over 100,000 traffic accidents each year are caused by fatigue and drowsiness.^[16][17] A new study has shown that while total sleep deprivation for one night caused many errors, the errors were not significant until after the second night of total sleep deprivation.^[18] This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Blood Alcohol Content. ...

The response latency seem to be higher when it comes to actions regarding personal morality rather than in situations when morality is not in question. The willingness to violate a personal belief has been shown to be moderated by EQ, so people with high EQ are affected less by sleep deprivation in such situations.^[19] Emotional Intelligence (EI), often measured as an Emotional Intelligence Quotient (EQ), describes an ability, capacity, or skill to perceive, assess, and manage the emotions of ones self, of others, and of groups. ...

Obesity

Several large studies using nationally representative samples suggest that the obesity epidemic in Europe and the United States might have as one of its causes a corresponding decrease in the average number of hours that people are sleeping.^[20][21][22] The findings suggests that this might be happening because sleep deprivation might be disrupting hormones that regulate glucose metabolism and appetite.^[23] The association between sleep deprivation and obesity appears to be strongest in young and middle-age adults. Other scientists hold that the physical discomfort of obesity and related problems, such as sleep apnea, reduce an individual's chances of getting a good night's sleep. Sleep apnea, sleep apnoea or sleep apnœa is a sleep disorder characterized by pauses in breathing during sleep. ...

Uses

Scientific study

In science, sleep deprivation (of rodents, e.g.) is used in order to study the function(s) of sleep and the biological mechanisms underlying the effects of sleep deprivation. For other uses, see Sleep (disambiguation). ...

Some sleep deprivation techniques are as follows:

• gentle handling (often require polysomnography): during the sleep deprivation period, the animal and its polygraph record are continuously observed; when the animal displays sleep electrophysiological signals or assumes a sleep posture, it is given objects to play with and activated by acoustic and if necessary tactile stimuli.^[24] Although subjective,^[25] this technique is used for total sleep deprivation as well as REM or NREM sleep deprivation.

Rodent sleep deprivation by the single platform ("flower pot") technique

• single platform: probably one of the first scientific methods (see Jouvet, 1964 for cats^[26] and for rodents). During the sleep deprivation period, the animal is placed on an inverted flower pot whose bottom diameter is relative to the animal size (usually 7 cm for adult rats); the pot is placed in a large tub filled with water to within 1 cm of the flower pot bottom. The animal is able to rest on the pot and is even able to get NREM sleep. But at the onset of REM sleep, with its ensuing muscular relaxation, it would either fall into the water and clamber back to its pot or would get its nose wet enough to waken it. So this technique is used only for REM sleep deprivation.
• multiple platform: in order to reduce the elevated stress response induced by the single platform method,^[27] developed this technique in which the animal is placed into a large tank containing multiple platforms, thus eliminating the movement restriction experienced in the single platform. This technique is also used only for REM sleep deprivation.
• modified multiple platform: modification of the multiple platform method where several animals together get the sleep deprivation (Nunes and Tufik, 1994).
• pendulum: animals are prevented from entering into PS by allowing them to sleep for only brief periods of time. This is accomplished by an apparatus which moves the animals' cages backwards and forwards like a pendulum. At the extremes of the motion postural imbalance is produced in the animals forcing them to walk downwards to the other side of their cages.^[28]

Polysomnographic record of REM Sleep . ... Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep is the normal stage of sleep characterized by rapid movements of the eyes. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Image File history File links Sleep-deprivation-flowerpot-technique-jepoirrier. ... Image File history File links Sleep-deprivation-flowerpot-technique-jepoirrier. ...

Torture

Sleep deprivation is used as a torture or interrogation technique (for example, in Pinochet-era Chile, the Soviet Union, and by coalition forces in Afghanistan).^[29] Interrogation victims are kept awake for several days; when they are finally allowed to fall asleep, they are suddenly awakened and questioned. Menachem Begin, the Israeli prime minister from 1977-83 described his experience of sleep deprivation when a prisoner of the KGB in Russia as follows, "In the head of the interrogated prisoner, a haze begins to form. His spirit is wearied to death, his legs are unsteady, and he has one sole desire: to sleep... Anyone who has experienced this desire knows that not even hunger and thirst are comparable with it." In 2006, Australian Federal Attorney-General Philip Ruddock argued that sleep deprivation does not constitute torture. ^[30][31] In rats, prolonged, complete sleep deprivation increases both food intake and energy expenditure, leading to weight loss and, ultimately, death. ^[32] Nicole Bieske, a spokeswoman for Amnesty International Australia, has stated, "At the very least, [sleep deprivation] is cruel, inhumane and degrading. If used for prolonged periods of time it is torture."^[29] General Augusto José Ramón Pinochet Ugarte1 (born November 25, 1915) was head of the military government that ruled Chile from 1973 to 1990. ... Coalition of the willing is a phrase which has been used since the 1980s to refer to groups of nations acting collectively and often militarily outside of United States position in the Iraq disarmament crisis and later the March 2003 invasion of Iraq (see Occupation of Iraq, 2003_2004). ...   (‎, August 16, 1913 – March 9, 1992) was a Polish-Jewish head of the Zionist underground group the Irgun, Nobel Peace Prize laureate and the first Likud Prime Minister of Israel. ... Philip Maxwell Ruddock (born March 12, 1943), Australian politician, is the Attorney-General of Australia in the Coalition Government of Australian Prime Minister John Howard. ...

Treatment for depression

Recent studies show sleep deprivation has some potential in the treatment of depression. About 60% of patients, when sleep-deprived, show immediate recovery, with most relapsing the following night. The incidence of relapse can be decreased by combining sleep deprivation with medication ^[33]. Incidentally, many tricyclic antidepressants happen to suppress REM sleep, providing additional evidence for a link between mood and sleep ^[34]. Similarly, tranylcypromine has been shown to completely suppress REM sleep at adequate doses. Chemical structure of the tricyclic antidepressant amitriptyline Tricyclic antidepressants are a class of antidepressant drugs first used in the 1950s. ... Tranylcypromine (sold under the brand name Parnate®) is a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) used as an antidepressant drug. ...

Voluntary

Sleep deprivation is often used as a form of recreation, entertainment or to provide a legal "high" without using drugs.^{[citation needed]} Vivid hallucinations, heightened senses and a feeling of incredible creativity (common effects of illicit drugs) may occur after 48 hours (or less) of being in a state of sleeplessness. There is even a history of sleep deprivation being used by different schools of religious mystics as a form of asceticism or to heighten spiritual awareness. In particular the early desert monks of the Christian Church during the fourth and fifth centuries were known to deny themselves sleep. Coffee owes much of its spread through use by Muslim mystics in all-night devotions.

Causes and treatments

School

In the United States, and in many other countries, sleep deprivation is common among students due to the fact that almost all schools begin early in the morning, forcing students to get less sleep than they normally would.^[35] In addition, students who should be getting between 8.5 and 9.25 hours of sleep^[36], are getting only 7 hours due to school policies.^[35] In most studies, the issues of parental responsibility over their children's lifestyle was not introduced. In several school districts, the opening of school was delayed by over an hour to give students more sleep. For example, in 1997 the University of Minnesota did research that compared students who went to school at 7:15 and those who went to school at 8:40. They found that students who went to school at 8:40 got higher grades and more sleep on the weekdays.^[16][37] A National Sleep Foundation survey found that students get an average of 6.8 hours of sleep.^[38] Students get more sleep each night in the summer than during the school year.^[39] One in four US high school students admit to falling asleep in class at least once a week.^[40] This article is about the oldest and largest campus of the University of Minnesota. ... As part of its consumer awareness programs, NSF sponsors such initiatives as National Sleep Research Fellowships provide young researchers with funds to carry on full-time research in sleep-related fields. ...

Prevention of effects in soldiers

Since sleep deprivation is a fact of modern combat, the U.S. Army, through DARPA, has a "Preventing Sleep Deprivation Program", which has the goal to prevent the harmful effects of sleep deprivation and provide methods for recovery of function with particular emphasis on cognitive and psychomotor impairments. Their efforts include new pharmaceuticals that enhance neural transmission, nutraceuticals that promote neurogenesis, cognitive training, and devices such as transcranial magnetic stimulation. The Army is the branch of the United States armed forces which has primary responsibility for land-based military operations. ... The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) is an agency of the United States Department of Defense responsible for the development of new technology for use by the military. ... Nutraceutical is a portmanteau of [Nutrition] and [pharmaceutical] and refers to foods thought to have a beneficial effect on human health. ... Neurogenesis (birth of neurons) is the process by which neurons are created. ... Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is the use of powerful rapidly changing magnetic fields to induce electric fields in the brain by electromagnetic induction without the need for surgery or external electrodes. ...

Militaries of several countries, including the US, the UK, and France, have been exploring the use of a drug called modafinil (brand name Provigil), which has prevented negative effects of sleep deprivation. Although modafinil is not a typical stimulant, it eliminates fatigue, promotes wakefulness, and improves alertness; it was initially developed for sufferers of narcolepsy. Modafinil is a eugeroic drug generally prescribed to treat narcolepsy, made by the pharmaceutical company Cephalon Inc. ... For other uses, see Narcolepsy (disambiguation). ...

See also

• Insomnia
• Narcolepsy
• Fatigue
• Sleep debt
• Polyphasic sleep

This article is about the sleeping disorder. ... For other uses, see Narcolepsy (disambiguation). ... “Fatigue (physical)” redirects here. ... This does not cite its references or sources. ... Polyphasic sleep is a term used to describe several alternative sleep patterns intended to reduce sleep time to 2–6 hours daily in order to achieve a better quality of sleep. ...

References

A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... is the 341st day of the year (342nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the year. ... Science is the journal of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ...

External links

• National Sleep Foundation 2005 Sleep in America Poll (from the National Sleep Foundation)
• Brain activity is visibly altered following sleep deprivation
• Sleep deprivation effects on the activity of the hypothalamic spituitary adrenal and growth axes: potential clinical implications, by Alexandros N. Vgontzas, George Mastorakos, Edward O. Bixler, Anthony Kales, Philip W. Gold & George P. Chrousos
• How Much Sleep Do You Really Need?
• Calculate your Sleep Debt with this Sleep Debt Calculator
• Sleep deprivation & all-nighters on Google Groups
• World record attempt
• Live webcam of world record attempt