Slovenian/Slovene slovenščina
Spoken in:	Slovenia, Italy, Austria, Hungary, Croatia and emigrant groups in various countries
Total speakers:	2.2 million
Language family:	Indo-European  Balto-Slavic   Slavic    South Slavic     Western South Slavic      Slovenian/Slovene
Official status
Official language of:	Slovenia, European Union Regional or local official language in: Austria, Hungary, Italy
Regulated by:	Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts
Language codes
ISO 639-1:	sl
ISO 639-2:	slv
ISO 639-3:	slv
Major Slovene-speaking populations.
Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode.

Slovenian or Slovene (slovenski jezik or slovenščina) is an Indo-European language that belongs to the family of South Slavic languages. It is spoken by approximately 2 million speakers worldwide, the majority of whom live in Slovenia. Slovenian is one of the few languages to have preserved the dual grammatical number from Proto-Indo-European. Also, Slovenian and Slovak are the two modern Slavic languages whose names for themselves literally mean "Slavic" (slověnьskъ in old Slavonic). Slovenian is also one of the official languages of the European Union. Current distribution of Human Language Families A language family is a group of related languages said to have descended from a common proto-language. ... The Indo-European languages comprise a family of several hundred related languages and dialects [1], including most of the major languages of Europe, as well as many spoken in the Indian subcontinent (South Asia), the Iranian plateau (Southwest Asia), and Central Asia. ... The Balto-Slavic language group is a reconstructed hypothethical language group consisting of the Baltic and Slavic language subgroups of the Indo-European family. ...  Countries where a West Slavic language is the national language  Countries where an East Slavic language is the national language  Countries where a South Slavic language is the national language The Slavic languages (also called Slavonic languages), a group of closely related languages of the Slavic peoples and a subgroup... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts or SASA (Slovenian Slovenska akademija znanosti in umetnosti, SAZU) is a national academy of Slovenia, founded in 1938. ... ISO 639-1 is the first part of the ISO 639 international-standard language-code family. ... ISO 639-2 is the second part of the ISO 639 standard, which lists codes for the representation of the names of languages. ... ISO 639-3 is an international standard for language codes. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Articles with similar titles include the NATO phonetic alphabet, which has also informally been called the “International Phonetic Alphabet”. For information on how to read IPA transcriptions of English words, see IPA chart for English. ... Unicode is an industry standard allowing computers to consistently represent and manipulate text expressed in any of the worlds writing systems. ... Proto-Indo-European Indo-European studies The Indo-European languages include some 443 (SIL estimate) languages and dialects spoken by about three billion people, including most of the major language families of Europe and western Asia, which belong to a single superfamily. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ...  Countries where a West Slavic language is the national language  Countries where an East Slavic language is the national language  Countries where a South Slavic language is the national language The Slavic languages (also called Slavonic languages), a group of closely related languages of the Slavic peoples and a subgroup... Dual is the grammatical number used for two referents. ... The Proto-Indo-European language (PIE) is the hypothetical common ancestor of the Indo-European languages, spoken by the Proto-Indo-Europeans. ...

History

Early history

Like all Slavic languages, Slovenian traces its roots to the same proto-Slavic group of languages that produced Old Church Slavonic. The earliest known examples of a distinct, written Slovenian dialect are from the Freising manuscripts, known as the Brižinski spomeniki in Slovenian; the consensus estimate of their age is between 972 and 1093 (most likely in the later years of the range). These religious writings are the earliest known occurrence of any Slavic language being written using the Latin script (Carolingian minuscule). Moreover, they are among the oldest surviving manuscripts in any Slavic language.  Countries where a West Slavic language is the national language  Countries where an East Slavic language is the national language  Countries where a South Slavic language is the national language The Slavic languages (also called Slavonic languages), a group of closely related languages of the Slavic peoples and a subgroup... Old Church Slavonic (Old Bulgarian or Old Slavic) is the first literary Slavic language, developed from the Slavic dialect of Thessaloniki (Solun) by the 9th century Byzantine missionaries, Saints Cyril and Methodius. ... The Freising Manuscripts (also Freising Monuments; Slovene Brižinski spomeniki, German Freisinger Denkmäler, Latin Monumenta Frisingensia, Slovak Frizinské pamiatky) are the first Roman-script record of any Slavic language. ... Events Otto II marries Theophanu, Byzantine princess. ... // Events Donald III of Scotland comes to the throne of Scotland. ... Example from 10th century manuscript Carolingian or Caroline minuscule is a script developed as a writing standard in Europe so that the Roman alphabet could be easily recognized by the small literate class from one region to another. ...

Literary Slovenian emerged in the 16th century thanks to the works of Reformation activists Primož Trubar, Adam Bohorič and Jurij Dalmatin. During the period when present-day Slovenia was part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, German was the language of the élíte, and Slovenian was the language of the common people. During this time, German had a strong impact on Slovenian, and many Germanisms are preserved in contemporary colloquial Slovenian. For example, in addition to the native Slovenian word blazina ("pillow"), the Austrian-German word "Polster" is also used in colloquial Slovenian, wherein it is pronounced poušter, IPA [poʊʃtər]). Similarly, Slovenian has both the native term izvijač ("screwdriver") and "šrauf'ncigr", IPA [ʃraʊfəntsɪgər]) in technical colloquial jargon, from the German word for screwdriver: "Schraubenzieher." Many Slovenian scientists before the 1920s also wrote in foreign languages, mostly German, the lingua franca of science at the time. A literary language is a register of a language that is used in writing, and which often differs in lexicon and syntax from the language used in speech. ... (15th century - 16th century - 17th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 16th century was that century which lasted from 1501 to 1600. ... The Protestant Reformation was a movement which began in the 16th century as a series of attempts to reform the Roman Catholic Church, but ended in division and the establishment of new institutions, most importantly Lutheranism, Reformed churches, and Anabaptists. ... Primož Trubar (June 9, 1508 – June 28, 1586) was a Slovenian Protestant reformer, the founder and the first superintendent of the Protestant Church of Slovenia, a consolidator of the Slovenian language and the author of the first printed book in Slovenian. ... Jurij Dalmatin was a Slovene protestant priest, writer and translator. ... Austria-Hungary, also known as the Dual monarchy (or: the k. ... Articles with similar titles include the NATO phonetic alphabet, which has also informally been called the “International Phonetic Alphabet”. For information on how to read IPA transcriptions of English words, see IPA chart for English. ... Articles with similar titles include the NATO phonetic alphabet, which has also informally been called the “International Phonetic Alphabet”. For information on how to read IPA transcriptions of English words, see IPA chart for English. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... The 1920s is a decade that is sometimes referred to as the Jazz Age or the Roaring Twenties, usually applied to America. ... Lingua franca, literally Frankish language in Italian, was originally a mixed language consisting largely of Italian plus a vocabulary drawn from Turkish, Persian, French, Greek and Arabic and used for communication throughout the Middle East. ...

The cultural movements of Illyrism and Pan-Slavism brought words from Serbo-Croatian into the language. For example, Josip Jurčič, who wrote the first novel in Slovenian (Deseti brat/The Tenth Brother, published 1866) used Serbo-Croat words in his writing. Vlaho Bukovac: Hrvatski narodni preporod, Curtain at HNK in Zagreb Illyrian movement (Croatian: ), also Croatian national revival (Hrvatski narodni preporod), was a nationalistic campaign initiated by a group of young Croatian intellectuals during the first half of 19th century, around the years of 1835-1849 (there is some disagreement regarding... Pan-Slavism was a movement in the mid 19th century aimed at unity of all the Slavic people. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... A novel (from French nouvelle Italian novella, new) is an extended, generally fictional narrative, typically in prose. ... 1866 (MDCCCLXVI) is a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar. ...

Recent history

During World War II, when Slovenia was divided between the Axis Powers of Fascist Italy, Nazi Germany, and Hungary, the occupying powers suppressed the Slovenian language. The Germans were particularly emphatic, issuing propaganda suggesting that German-speaking Slovenes would be treated equally with native-born Germans. Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Fascism (in Italian, fascismo), capitalized, was the authoritarian political movement which ruled Italy from 1922 to 1943 under the leadership of Benito Mussolini. ... National Socialism redirects here. ... Soviet Propaganda Poster during the World War II. The text reads Red Army Fighter, SAVE US! Chinese propaganda poster from during the Cultural Revolution. ...

Following World War II, Slovenia became part of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Slovenian was one of the official languages of the federation, although in practice, Serbo-Croatian was forcefully put forward, again introducing Serbo-Croat elements into Slovenian. Slovenian has been used as official language in all areas of public life (including the army) only from 1991 when Slovenia gained independence. National independence has revitalized the language. It became one of the official languages of the European Union upon Slovenia's admission. Capital Belgrade Language(s) Serbo-Croatian (spoken throuout the territory), Slovenian, Macedonian, Albanian, Hungarian (all official), and languages of other nationalities. ...

Slovenians often assert that their language is endangered, despite the fact that it now has more speakers than at any point in its history. The English linguist David Crystal said, in an interview in the summer of 2003 for the newspaper Delo, the following about the language: "No, Slovenian is not condemned to death. At least not in the foreseeable future. The number of speakers, two million, is big. Welsh has merely 500,000 speakers. Statistically, spoken Slovenian with two million speakers comes into the upper 10 per cent of the world's languages. Most languages of the world have very few speakers. Two million is a nice number: magnificent, brilliant. One probably would think this number is not much. But from the point of view of the whole world, this number has its weight. On the other hand, a language is never self-sufficient. It can disappear even in just one generation ..." Linguistics is the scientific study of language, which can be theoretical or applied. ... Professor David Crystal, OBE (born 1941 in Lisburn, Northern Ireland, UK) is a linguist, academic and author. ... Year 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link displays 2003 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Delo (English: Labor) is one of the major daily newspapers in Slovenia. ... Welsh redirects here, and this article describes the Welsh language. ...

Nature of the language

Slovenian belongs to the Western subgroup of the South Slavic branch of Slavic languages. This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ...  Countries where a West Slavic language is the national language  Countries where an East Slavic language is the national language  Countries where a South Slavic language is the national language The Slavic languages (also called Slavonic languages), a group of closely related languages of the Slavic peoples and a subgroup...

Regulation

Proper Slovenian orthography and grammar are sanctioned by the Orthographic Commission and the Fran Ramovš Institute of Slovenian Language, which are both part of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts (Slovenska akademija znanosti in umetnosti, SAZU). The newest reference book of proper Slovenian orthography (and to some extent also grammar) is Slovenski pravopis (Slovenian Orthography). The latest printed edition was published in 2001 (reprinted in 2003 with some corrections) and contains more than 130,000 entries. In 2003, an electronic version was published. The official dictionary of modern Slovenian language, which is also prepared by SAZU, is called Slovar slovenskega knjižnega jezika (SSKJ; in English Dictionary of the Standard Slovenian Language). It was published in five books by Državna založba Slovenije between the years 1970 in 1991 and contains more than 100,000 entries and sub-entries in which the stress, grammar marks, common associations of words and different qualificators are included. In the 1990s, an electronic version of the dictionary was published and is available online. Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts or SASA (Slovenian Slovenska akademija znanosti in umetnosti, SAZU) is a national academy of Slovenia, founded in 1938. ... Year 2001 (MMI) was a common year starting on Monday (link displays the 2001 Gregorian calendar). ... Year 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link displays 2003 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1970 (MCMLXX) was a common year starting on Thursday. ... Year 1991 (MCMXCI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the 1991 Gregorian calendar). ... For the band, see 1990s (band). ...

Dialects

Main article: Slovenian dialects. Spoken Slovenian language has at least 32 main dialects (narečje) (dI) and speeches (govor) (sP). ...

Slovenian is a highly varied language with many dialects, with different grades of mutual intelligibility. Linguists agree that there are about 48 dialects. A dialect (from the Greek word διάλεκτος, dialektos) is a variety of a language characteristic of a particular group of the languages speakers. ...

Literature

Slovenians are said to be 'a nation of poets' due to their language. Poets France Prešeren and Edvard Kocbek and writer Ivan Cankar are three of the most prominent Slovenian authors, while Vladimir Bartol, Srečko Kosovel, Tomaž Šalamun, Boris Pahor, Drago Jančar and Aleš Debeljak are among the most famous. The poor poet A poet is a person who writes poetry. ... France PreÅ¡eren, a portrait by Božidar Jakac, 1940. ... Ivan Cankar (Vrhnika, 10 May 1876- Ljubljana, 11 December 1918) was a famous Slovenian writer, playwright and poet. ... Vladimir Bartol (1903–1967) was a Slovene writer, most famous for his novel Alamut, published in 1938 and translated into numerous languages, becoming the most popular work of Slovene literature around the world. ... Srečko Kosovel Srečko Kosovel (1904–1926) was a Slovene avante-garde poet from the Kras region of Slovenia. ... Tomaž Å alamun is a Slovenian poet. ... Boris Pahor (b. ... Drago Jančar (born 13 April 1948, Maribor) is a Slovenian novelist and dramatist. ... AleÅ¡ Debeljak (born 1961), is a Slovenian poet, editor, and professor of cultural studies at the University of Ljubljana. ...

See Slovenian literature, List of Slovenian language poets. Slovenian literature starts with Freising manuscripts around 1000. ... Poets who wrote or write much of their poetry in the Slovenian language. ...

Name in English

The terms Slovenian and Slovene refer to anything related to Slovenia and its inhabitants. Both have been used for a long time in English, and are comparable to the parallel short and long forms Serb/Serbian and Croat/Croatian. A Slovenian Canadian scholar Edward Gobetz claims that the shorter form was carried over into English through French, once the language of diplomacy and that the longer form is the one naturally formed by native speakers of English. The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ...

The shorter form is sometimes said to be prevalent in the United Kingdom and in Ireland and the longer form in the US, Canada, Australia. Others claim that the shorter form should be used as a noun (e.g., Slovenes) and the longer form as an adjective (e.g., Slovenian people). In practice, it is difficult to claim any such pattern. Although somewhat confusing, both terms are widely recognized and acceptable.

Geographic distribution

The language is spoken by about 2.2 million people - there is a table of distribution of Slovenians in the world in the article Slovenians.

Slovenes live mainly in Slovenia in Central Europe (about 2,000,000 in 2006). In addition, the Slovene language has speakers in Venetian Slovenia (Beneška Slovenija) and other parts of Friuli-Venezia Giulia (Furlanija-Julijska krajina)) in Italy (more than 100,000), in Carinthia (avstrijska Koroška) and other parts of Austria (25,000), in the northern part of Istria (hrvaška Istra) in Croatia (11,800-13,100), in southwestern Hungary (6,000) as well as dispersed throughout Europe the rest of the world (around 300,000), particularly in the United States, Canada, Argentina (30,000[1]), Australia and South Africa). Central Europe The Alpine Countries and the Visegrád Group (Political map, 2004) Central Europe is the region lying between the variously and vaguely defined areas of Eastern and Western Europe. ... Venetian Slovenia (Italian Slavia Veneta, Slovenian Beneška Slovenija) is a small region in northeastern Italy, near the Slovenian border, north of the town of Gorizia (Slovenian Gorica). ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Carinthia (German: Kärnten, Slovenian: KoroÅ¡ka) is the southernmost Austrian state or Land; it is chiefly famous for its mountains and lakes. ... Istria (Croatian and Slovenian: Istra, Venetian and Italian: Istria), formerly Histria (Latin), is the largest peninsula in the Adriatic Sea. ... World map showing the location of Europe. ...

Phonology

Slovenian has a phoneme set consisting of 21 consonants and 8 vowels. In human language, a phoneme is the theoretical representation of a sound. ... In articulatory phonetics, a consonant is a sound in spoken language that is characterized by a closure or stricture of the vocal tract sufficient to cause audible turbulence. ... Note: This page contains IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. ...

Vowels

Image File history File links Slovenian_vowel_chart. ...

Older analysis of Slovenian concluded that it features phonemic vowel length, but more recent studies have rejected this statement for the majority of speakers. The current analysis is that stressed vowels are long while unstressed vowels are short. All vowels can be either stressed or unstressed. However, unstressed /e/ and /o/ are restricted to a few grammatical words like bo "will", an auxiliary verb for the future tense.

Consonants

All voiced obstruents are devoiced at the end of words unless immediately followed by a word beginning with a vowel or a voiced consonant. /ʋ/ has several allophones depending on context: In phonetics, a bilabial consonant is a consonant articulated with both lips. ... In phonetics, labiodentals are consonants articulated with the lower lips and the upper teeth, or viceversa. ... Dentals are consonants such as t, d, n, and l articulated with either the lower or the upper teeth, or both, rather than with the gum ridge as in English. ... Alveolar consonants are articulated with the tongue against or close to the superior alveolar ridge, which is called that because it contains the alveoli (the sockets) of the superior teeth. ... Postalveolar (or palato-alveolar) consonants are consonants articulated with the tip of the tongue between the alveolar ridge (the place of articulation for alveolar consonants) and the palate (the place of articulation for palatal consonants). ... Palatal consonants are consonants articulated with the body of the tongue raised against the hard palate (the middle part of the roof of the mouth). ... Velars are consonants articulated with the back part of the tongue (the dorsum) against the soft palate (the back part of the roof of the mouth, known also as the velum). ... A nasal consonant is produced when the velum—that fleshy part of the palate near the back—is lowered, allowing air to escape freely through the nose. ... A stop or plosive or occlusive is a consonant sound produced by stopping the airflow in the vocal tract. ... Fricatives (or spirants) are consonants produced by forcing air through a narrow channel made by placing two articulators close together. ... Affricate consonants begin as stops (most often an alveolar, such as or ) but release as a fricative (such as or or, in a couple of languages, into a fricative trill) rather than directly into the following vowel. ... Approximants are speech sounds that could be regarded as intermediate between vowels and typical consonants. ... In phonetics, a flap or tap is a type of consonantal sound, which is produced with a single contraction of the muscles so that one articulator is thrown against another. ... Phoneticians define phonation as use of the laryngeal system to generate an audible source of acoustic energy, i. ... In phonetics, an obstruent is a consonant sound formed by obstructing the airway. ... In Quebec, an allophone (French or English. ...

• Before a vowel: [ʋ]
• At the end of a syllable or before a consonant: [u]
• At the beginning of a syllable before a voiced consonant: [w]
• At the beginning of a syllable before a voiceless consonant: [ʍ]

The preposition "v" is always bound to the following word; however its phonetic realization follows the normal phonological rules for /ʋ/. A syllable (Ancient Greek: ) is a unit of organization for a sequence of speech sounds. ...

Prosody

Slovenian uses diacritics or accent marks to denote what is called "dynamic accent" and tone. Standard Slovenian has two varieties, tonal and non-tonal. Example of a letter with a diacritic A diacritical mark or diacritic, also called an accent, is a small sign added to a letter to alter pronunciation or to distinguish between similar words. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ...

Dynamic accent marks lexical stress in a word as well as vowel duration. Stress placement in Slovenian is predictable: any long vowel is automatically stressed, and in words with no long vowels, the stress falls to the final syllable. The only exception is schwa, which is always short, and can be stressed in non-final position. Some compounds, but not all, have multiple stress. In the Slovenian writing system, dynamic accent marks may be placed on all vowels, as well as r (which is never syllabic in Standard Slovenian, but is used for schwa + r sequences, when in consonantal environment); for example, vrt (garden) stressed as vŕt.

Dynamic accentuation uses three diacritic marks: the acute ( ´ ) (long and narrow), the circumflex ( ^ ) (long and wide) and the grave ( ` ) (short and wide).

Tonal accentuation uses four: the acute ( ´ ) (long and high), the inverted breve (  ̑ ) or the circumflex ( ^ ) (long and low), the grave ( ` ) (short and high) and the double grave ( `` ) (short and low), marking the narrow ‘e’ or ‘o’ with the dot below (  ̣ ).

Grammar

Main article: Slovenian grammar

The following is an overview of the grammar of the Slovenian language. ...

Vocabulary

T-V distinction

Slovenian uses, much like German or French, separate forms of 'you' for formal and informal situations. The archaic English thou can be translated as ti (used in common situations; that is, when speaking to one's peers or inferiors), and the archaic English ye as vi (used in formal situations; that is, when speaking to one's superiors, generally any adult with whom one does not have a relationship more evolved than a simple acquaintanceship, as well as all adults who are in a higher position at work, and so forth), which is the second-person plural form. See the section on grammar for details.

Contrary to English thou and ye, and as in French tu and vous, ti and vi are widely used. There is a difference between formal and informal second person of plural in the form of the verb that follows or replaces the auxiliary vi (e.g. boste delal(-a), thou will work; informal) or verb in plural (boste delali, ye will work).

Slovenian also has two special verbs to describe the use of ti and vi.
tikati means to refer to someone as "ti", i.e., to be on familiar terms with someone.
vikati means to refer to someone as "vi", i.e., to be on formal terms with someone.

For more information on formality and informality, refer to T-V distinction. This article does not cite any references or sources. ...

Foreign words

Foreign words used in Slovenian are of various types depending on the assimilation they have undergone. The types are:

• sposojenka (loan word) – fully assimilated (e.g. pica (="pizza"))
• tujka (foreign word) – partly assimilated, either in writing and syntax and/or in pronunciation (e.g. jazz, wiki)
• polcitatna beseda ali besedna zveza – partly assimilated, either in writing and syntax and/or in pronunciation (e.g. Shakespeare)
• citatna beseda ali besedna zveza – kept as in original, although pronunciation may be altered to fit into speech flow (e.g. first lady)

In essence there are no definite or indefinite articles as in English (a, an, the) or German (der, die, das, ein, eine, ein). A whole verb or a noun is described without articles and the grammatical gender is found from the word's termination. It is enough to say barka (a or the barge), Noetova barka (Noah's ark). The gender is known in this case to be feminine. In declensions, endings are normally changed; see below. If one should like to somehow distinguish between definiteness or indefiniteness of the article, one would say for the barge as (prav/natanko/ravno) tista barka (that (exact) barge) or for a barge as neka/ena barka (one barge). Another solution is in the ending of the adjective acompanying the noun (rdeči šotor, exactly that red tent or for a special (red) type of tent) or (rdeč šotor, a red tent) Definite Article is the title of British comedian Eddie Izzards 1996 performance released on video and CD. The video/DVD and CD performances were both recorded on different nights at the Shaftesbury Theatre in London, England. ... An article is a word that is put next to a noun to indicate the type of reference being made to the noun. ... In linguistics, grammatical gender is a morphological category associated with the expression of gender through inflection or agreement. ... In linguistics, declension is the inflection of nouns, pronouns and adjectives to indicate such features as number (typically singular vs. ...

Numbers

Article about Slovenian numerals Cardinal Numeral (Glavni števnik) Numbers such as ena, dva, tri, štiri, pet (one, two, three, four, five) are used to express amount. ...

Writing system

Main article: Slovenian alphabet

This alphabet (abeceda) was derived in the mid 1840s from an arrangement of the Croatian national reviver and leader Ljudevit Gaj (1809–1872) for Croatians (alphabet called gajica or Croatian gajica, patterned on the Czech pattern of the 1830s). Before that /ʃ/ was, for example, written as <ʃ>, <ʃʃ> or <ſ>, /tʃ/ as <TʃCH>, <CZ>, <TʃCZ> or <TCZ>, /i/ sometimes as <Y> as a relic from now modern Russian 'yeri' (ы), /j/ as <Y>, /l/ as <LL>, /ʋ/ as <W>, /ʒ/ as <ʃ>, <ʃʃ> or <ʃz>. The Slovenian alphabet is an extension of the Latin alphabet and is used in the Slovene language. ... // Events and Trends Technology First use of general anesthesia in an operation, by Crawford Long The first electrical telegraph sent by Samuel Morse on May 24, 1844 from Baltimore to Washington, D.C.. War, peace and politics First signing of the Treaty of Waitangi (Te Tiriti o Waitangi) on February... Ljudevit Gaj Ljudevit Gaj (August 8, 1809, Krapina – April 20, 1872) was a Croatian linguist, politician, journalist and writer. ... Year 1809 (MDCCCIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar). ... Year 1872 (MDCCCLXXII) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a leap year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Events and Trends Electromagnetic induction discovered by Michael Faraday Dutch-speaking farmers known as Voortrekkers emigrate northwards from the Cape Colony Croquet invented in Ireland Railroad construction begins in earnest in the United States Egba refugees fleeing the Yoruba civil wars found the city of Abeokuta in south-west Nigeria...

The writing itself in its pure form does not use any other signs, except, for instance, additional accentual marks, when it is necessary to distinguish between similar words with a different meaning. Note that these are usually not written and the reader is expected to gather the meaning of the word from the context. For example:

• gòl (naked) | gól (goal),
• jêsen (ash (tree)) | jesén (autumn),
• kót (angle, corner) | kot (as, like),
• med (between) | méd (honey),
• polovíca (half (of)) | pôl (expresses a half an hour before the given hour | pól (pole, as in northern pole),
• prècej (at once, archaic) | precéj (a great deal (of))),

Examples

Examples of the language in use are given at every topic in the Slovenian grammar article. It should be noted, however, that pronunciation differs greatly from area to area, and to use literary language in any context except a public presentation or on a very formal occasion is looked strangely upon. The following is an overview of the grammar of the Slovenian language. ...

References

Slovenian language edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Wikibooks has more about this subject:

Slovenian

• Gobetz. Edward. (December 1995) "Slovenian Americans Their Adjustment, Integration, and Contributions." Slovenian Research Center of America, Inc. [2] - accessed 27 July 2005
• International Phonetic Association (1999) Handbook of the International Phonetic Association ISBN 0-521-63751-1
• Klinar, Stanko. Slovene ali Slovenian - ali kako po Steibeckovem navdihu ("In dubious battle")bojujemo N/negotovo bitko. Vestnik. - ISSN 0351-3513. - #30, #No. #1/2 (1996), pp. 245-253. (in Slovenian)
• "Metelčica" - a Slovenian alphabet of the 19th century: http://www.arts.ualberta.ca/~ljubljan/metelcica.html
  
• Marc L. Greenberg about Slovenian: http://www.ku.edu/~slavic/slovene.htm
  
• Slovenian language profile: http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/profiles/profs03.htm
• Slovenian declension (sklanjatev): http://www.amebis.si/sklanjanje/
  
• Slovenian Alphabet: http://www.ijs.si/slo-chset.html at archive.org
  

Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1058x1058, 477 KB) aa Wikipedia logo, version 1058px square, no text Wikipedia logo by Nohat (concept by Paullusmagnus); compare Wikipedia File links The following pages link to this file: Arabic language Talk:Anarcho-capitalism Talk:Algorithm Talk:Anno Domini Talk:The... Wikipedia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... Image File history File links Wikibooks-logo-en. ... is the 208th day of the year (209th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The International Phonetic Association // (abbr. ... Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century &#8212; 19th century &#8212; 20th century &#8212; more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Language history

• Megiser's Dictionary (1744)

Standard Slovenian language links

• 600 M words corpus of Slovenian FidaPLUS
• 200 M words corpus of Slovenian Nova beseda
• Slovenian-English Parallel Corpus
• The Slovenian Language Technologies Society
• Slovenian - English Dictionary
• Dictionary of Slovenian literary language (Slovenian)

Slovenian as a second language

• Centre for Slovenian as a Second/Foreign Language
• Slovenian Webclassroom - Languages Other Than English programme
• Distance Slovene - Free Online Course
• Slovenian Language and Culture Lessons in Switzerland and Austria
• Slovene at the University of Kansas, USA
• Lithuanian and Slovenian language with Japanese translation

External links

• Slovenian language at Ethnologue