NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Slovincian

Slovincian is an extinct dialect of the Pomeranian language, spoken between the lakes Gardno and Łebsko in Pomerania. Slovincian died out as the everyday language of the community and had been replaced by Low German by the turn of the 20th century. However, individual words and expressions survived up until the years after World War II. At that time there were also reports of elderly people who were able to hold simple conversations in their dialect. Stefan RamuÅ‚ts Dictionary of the Pomeranian (Kashubian) language, published in KrakÃ³w, 1893 Pomeranian is a group of Lechitic dialects which were spoken in the Middle Ages on the territory of Pomerania, between the Odra and Vistula rivers. ... Historic Pomerania (outlined in yellow) on the background of modern country borders. ... Low German (also called Plattdeutsch, PlattdÃ¼Ã¼tsch or Low Saxon, Old Saxon) is a name for the regional language varieties of the Low Germanic languages spoken mainly in northern Germany, and eastern Netherlands. ... (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999 in the... Combatants Allies: Poland, British Commonwealth, France/Free France, Soviet Union, United States, China, and others Axis Powers: Germany, Italy, Japan, and others Casualties Military dead: 17 million Civilian dead: 33 million Total dead: 50 million Military dead: 8 million Civilian dead: 4 million Total dead: 12 million World War II...

Slovincian was so closely related to Kashubian that it could be regarded as its dialect. It is disputed whether Slovincians actually used that name, given to them by Russian scientist Aleksander Hilferding, for themselves. Kashubian, Cassubian is one of the Lekhitic languages, which are a group of Slavic languages. ...

Some scholars believe that Slovincians regarded themselves only as Lutheran Kashubians and their language as Kashubian. Nevertheless, the name "Slovincian" prevails in literature and is also used officially (e.g. Słowiński Park Narodowy - Slovincian National Park in the Pomeranian voivodship). Pomeranian Voivodship, also Pomorze Voivodship (Polish: wojewÃ³dztwo pomorskie) is an administrative region or voivodship in northern Poland within the historic region of Eastern Pomorze. ...

History

The ancestors of Slovincians probably came to their area some 1500 years ago, as part of the large tribe of Slavic Pomeranians. Following its forced Christianization (Northern Crusade, the Western Pomeranian ruling classes gradually became more and more germanized. The adoption of Lutheranism in 1525 and 1538 broke most of links with Poles and Kashubes. Moreover, it was decided that German would be used in the Church in Pomerania, instead of the native language of the people. The Northern Crusades, or Baltic Crusades, were undertaken by Western Europeans against the still heathen people of North Eastern Europe around the Baltic Sea. ... Events January 21 - The Swiss Anabaptist Movement was born when Conrad Grebel, Felix Manz, George Blaurock, and about a dozen others baptized each other in the home of Manzs mother on Neustadt-Gasse, ZÃ¼rich, breaking a thousand-year tradition of church-state union. ... Events Treaty of Nagyvarad. ... Kashubians (also Kassubians, or Cassubians, in Kashubian: Kaszëbi) are a Slavic ethnic group living in modern-day northwestern Poland. ...

The relative isolation of the Slovincian settlements from major cities delayed this process until the late 19th century. In the 16th and 17th century Michał Mostnik (also known as Pontanus or Michael Brüggeman) and Szimon Krofej attempted to introduce Slovincian into the Lutheran Church. They translated several religious works into Slovincian and published them. MichaÅ‚ Mostnik (also known as in Latinized form as Pontanus or by his German name Michael BrÃ¼ggeman(n)) (1583-1654) was a Lutheran pastor, preacher and translator living in the town of SmoÅ‚dzino (German Schmolsin). ...

Their efforts did not stop the process of Germanization of the Slavic population in Pomerania.

After the unification of Germany in 1871, the former Prussian province of Pomerania became part of national Germany. At that point of time any language except German was strongly forbidden in ecclesiatical, educational and administrative use. The Slavic Pomeranian language declined further and was gradually replaced by Low German. The same process, though much slower, took place for Catholic Kashubians in the Prussian province of Westpreussen. Nevertheless, the Kashubians still survived when the Treaty of Versailles put them under Polish government. The Slovincian area was left within the borders of Germany, and only became part of Poland after World War II in 1945. 1871 (MDCCCLXXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Historic Pomerania (outlined in yellow) on the background of modern country borders. ... Kashubians, Kassubians, or Cassubians (Kashubian: KaszÃ«bi) are a Slavic ethnic group living in modern-day northwestern Poland. ... One of four districts of East Prussia in 1920 - 1938. ... Kashubians, Kassubians, or Cassubians (Kashubian: KaszÃ«bi) are a Slavic ethnic group living in modern-day northwestern Poland. ... The Treaty of Versailles (1919) was the peace treaty which officially ended World War I between the Allied and Associated Powers and Germany. ... 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1945 calendar). ...

The newly arrived Polish settlers from Eastern Poland treated them as Germans. The ownership rights to property of German citizens had been taken over by the state, unless they proved the rights to naturalisation. Slovincians weren't given the chance to apply for Polish citizenship. Some Polish intellectuals wrote protest letters against such treatment of Pomerania's indigenous population to the Communist authorities, but that changed little. Slovincians began to ask for the right to emigrate to West Germany, and virtually all families had emigrated there by the 1980s. The name Kresy (Polish for borderlands, or more correctly Kresy Wschodnie, Eastern Borderlands) is used by Poles, mostly in historical context, to refer to the eastern part of Poland before the II World War. ... MacGyver - 1980s hero The 1980s decade refers to the years from 1980 to 1989, inclusive. ...

See also

Categories: Articles lacking sources | Languages of Poland | Languages of Germany | West Slavic languages | Slavic ethnic groups | Extinct Slavic languages Kashubian or Cassubian (Kashubian: kaszÃ«bsczi jÃ£zÃ«k, pÃ²mÃ²rsczi jÃ£zÃ«k, kaszÃ«bskÃ²-sÅ‚owiÅ„skÃ´ mÃ²wa) is one of the Lechitic languages, which are a group of Slavic languages. ... Old Prussian is an extinct Baltic language spoken by the inhabitants of the area that later became East Prussia (now in north-eastern Poland, Lithuania and the Kaliningrad oblast of Russia) prior to Polish and German colonization of the area beginning in the 13th century. ... The Slavic languages (also called Slavonic languages), a group of closely related languages of the Slavic peoples and a subgroup of Indo-European languages, have speakers in most of Eastern Europe, in much of the Balkans, in parts of Central Europe, and in the northern part of Asia. ... This article or section should be merged with List of East Slavic languages The East Slavic languages constitute one of three regional subgroups of Slavic languages, currently spoken in Eastern Europe. ... Old East Slavic language is one name for a language spoken between the 10th and 14th centuries in Kievan Rus and its successor states, the ancestor of the modern East Slavic languages. ... Rusyn, though by most outsiders considered one language and even having only one SIL code rue, is in fact the name of two independent languages spoken by Rusyns: Carpatho-Rusyn (also called Ruthenian) Pannonian-Rusyn (also called Rusnak) Carpatho-Rusyn (Ruthenian) The Rusyn language of the Carpathian Mountains is an... Ruthenian was a historic East Slavic language, spoken in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and after 1569 in the East Slavic territories of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. ... This article or section should be merged with List of West Slavic languages The West Slavic languages is a subdivision of the Slavic language group (q. ... Kashubian or Cassubian (Kashubian: kaszÃ«bsczi jÃ£zÃ«k, pÃ²mÃ²rsczi jÃ£zÃ«k, kaszÃ«bskÃ²-sÅ‚owiÅ„skÃ´ mÃ²wa) is one of the Lechitic languages, which are a group of Slavic languages. ... Knaanic (also called Canaanic, Leshon Knaan or Judeo-Slavic) was a West Slavic language, formerly spoken in the Czech lands, now the Czech Republic. ... Lower Sorbian (dolnoserbÅ¡Ä‡ina) is a Slavic minority language spoken in eastern Germany in the historical province of Lower Lusatia, today part of Brandenburg. ... The Polabian language, which became extinct in the 18th century, was a group of Slavic dialects spoken in present-day northern Germany: Mecklenburg, Brandenburg, Saxony-Anhalt, eastern parts of Lower Saxony, and Schleswig-Holstein. ... Stefan RamuÅ‚ts Dictionary of the Pomeranian (Kashubian) language, published in KrakÃ³w, 1893 Pomeranian is a group of Lechitic dialects which were spoken in the Middle Ages on the territory of Pomerania, between the Odra and Vistula rivers. ... Upper Sorbian (hornjoserbsce) is a minority language of Germany spoken in the historical province of Upper Lusatia, today part of Saxony. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... The Banat Bulgarians (Bulgarian: Ð±Ð°Ð½Ð°Ñ‚ÑÐºÐ¸ Ð±ÑŠÐ»Ð³Ð°Ñ€Ð¸, banatski balgari, calling themselves palkene or palchene) are a Bulgarian minority group living mostly in the Romanian part of the historical region of the Banat. ... Burgenland Croatian language or dialect (gradiÅ¡Ä‡anskohrvatski jezik) belongs to the South Slavic branch of the Slavic languages. ... Molise Croatian dialect (also: Molise Slavic, Slavisano, na-naÅ¡o) is spoken in the Campobasso Province in the Molise Region of Italy, in three villages â€” Montemitro (Mundimitar), Aquaviva Collercroce (Å½ivavoda KruÄ) and San Felice del Molise (Å tifiliÄ‡). These have approximately 3,000 speakers. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... Old Church Slavonic (also called Old Church Slavic, Old Bulgarian, Old Macedonian, and Old Slavonic) is the first literary Slavic language, developed from the Slavonic dialect of Thessaloniki by 9th century Byzantine Greek missionaries, Saints Cyril and Methodius. ... The Serbian language is one of the standard versions of the Å tokavian dialect, used primarily in Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina and by Serbs everywhere. ... Serbo-Croatian or Croato-Serbian (also Croatian or Serbian, Serbian or Croatian) (srpskohrvatski or cÑ€Ð¿ÑÐºÐ¾Ñ…Ñ€Ð²Ð°Ñ‚ÑÐºÐ¸ or hrvatskosrpski or hrvatski ili srpski or srpski ili hrvatski), earlier also Serbo-Croat, was an official language of Yugoslavia (along with Slovenian, Macedonian). ... Slavic (Greek: Î£Î»Î¬Î²Î¹ÎºÎ±, SlÃ¡vika) is the term sometimes used to designate the dialects spoken by the Slavophone (i. ... Page from the Spiridon Psalter in Church Slavonic. ... Old Novgorod dialect (Russian древненовгородский диалект, also translated as Old Novgorodian or Ancient Novgorod dialect) is a term introduced by Andrey Zaliznyak (Андрей Анатольевич Зализняк) to account for the astonishingly distinct linguistic features of the East Slavic birch-bark writings from the 11th to 15th centuries excavated in Novgorod and... Proto-Slavic is the proto-language from which Old Church Slavonic and other Slavic languages later emerged. ... Russenorsk or Russonorsk (Norwegian for Russo-Norwegian) was a pidgin language combining elements of Russian and Norwegian, created by traders and whalers from northern Norway and the Russian Kola peninsula. ... Pannonian Rusyn or simply Rusyn (Ruthenian) is a Slavic language or dialect spoken in north-western Serbia and eastern Croatia (therefore also called Yugoslavo-Ruthenian, Vojvodina-Ruthenian or BaÄka-Ruthenian). ... Slavonic-Serbian language (ÑÐ»Ð°Ð²ÐµÐ½Ð¾ÑÐµÑ€Ð¿ÑÐºÐ¸, ÑÐ»Ð°Ð²Ñ˜Ð°Ð½Ð¾ÑÐµÑ€Ð±ÑÐºÐ¸, ÑÐ»Ð¾Ð²ÐµÐ½ÑÐºÐ¸) is a form of the Serbian language which was dominately using by the end of the 18th century and the begining of the 19th century by the educated Serbian citizens in Vojvodina and Serbian diaspora in other parts of the Habsburg Monarchy. ... Slovio is a written and spoken constructed language created by Swiss-based Slovak linguist Mark Hucko and published on the Internet in 2001. ... In linguistics, language death (also language extinction, linguistic extinction) can be thought of as a process that affects speech communities where the level of linguistic competence that speakers possess of a given language idiom is decreased. ...

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See also

History