Slow motion is a technique in filmmaking whereby time appears to be slowed down. It was invented by Austrian August Musger. Typically this is achieved when each film frame is captured at a rate much faster than it will be played back. When replayed at normal speed, time appears to be moving slower. The technical term for slow motion is overcranking, referring to the concept of cranking a handcranked camera faster than normal (i.e. faster than 24 frames per second). High-speed photography is a more sophisticated technique that uses specialized equipment to record fast phenomena, usually for scientific applications. "Slow Motion" is also a boy who lives in killeen. He is throwed. He has hands in football, is good at baseball, and can throw a sick nasty (curveball). He can own all who challenge him in halo 2 (xbox live), even Marcus a.k.a DEUCE. Look up time in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Professor August Musger (February 10, 1868 - October 30, 1929) was an Austrian pastor and physicist [1] that is best remembered by his invention of slow motion. ... Film is a term that encompasses individual motion pictures, the field of film as an art form, and the motion picture industry. ... Sequence of a race horse galloping. ...

Slow motion is ubiquitous in modern filmmaking. It is used by diverse directors to achieve diverse effects. Some classic subjects of slow motion include:

• Athletic activities of all kinds, to demonstrate skill and style.
• To recapture a key moment in an athletic game, typically shown as a replay.
• Natural phenomena, such as a drop of water hitting a glass.

Slow motion can also be used for artistic effect, to create a romantic or suspenseful aura or to stress a moment in time. Vsevolod Pudovkin, for instance, used slow motion in a suicide scene in The Deserter, in which a man jumping into a river seems sucked down by the slowly splashing waves. Another example is Face/Off, in which John Woo used the same technique in the movements of a flock of flying pigeons. The Matrix made a distinct success in applying the effect into action scenes. Japanese director Akira Kurosawa was a pioneer using this technique in his 1954 movie Seven Samurai. American Sam Peckinpah was another classic lover of the use of slow motion. The technique is especially associated with explosion effect shots and underwater footage. Look up replay in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Vsevolod Pudovkin Vsevolod Illarionovich Pudovkin (Russian Всеволод Илларионович Пудовкин) (February 16, 1893 - June 20, 1953) was a Russian film director who developed influential theories of... Face/Off is a 1997 film directed by John Woo starring John Travolta and Nicolas Cage. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Pigeon redirects here. ... The Matrix is a science fiction / action film written and directed by Larry and Andy Wachowski and starring Keanu Reeves, Laurence Fishburne, Carrie-Anne Moss, Joe Pantoliano and Hugo Weaving. ... Akira Kurosawa , 23 March 1910—6 September 1998) was a prominent Japanese film director, film producer, and screenwriter. ... For other uses, see Seven Samurai (disambiguation). ... David Samuel Sam Peckinpah (February 21, 1925 – December 28, 1984) was an American film director. ...

The opposite of slow motion is fast motion. Cinematographers refer to fast motion as undercranking since it was originally achieved by cranking a handcranked camera slower than normal. It is often used for comic effect. Fast motion, also called accelerated motion, is an effect resulting from running film through a movie camera at slower-than-normal speed. ... A Cameraman-Reporter during a MINUSTAH mission in 2007 (Photo: Patrick-André Perron A cinematographer is one photographing with a motion picture camera (the art and science of which is known as cinematography). ...

The concept of slow motion may have existed before the invention of the motion picture: the Japanese theatrical form Noh employs very slow movements. Noh performance at Itsukushima Shrine, Miyajima, Hiroshima Noh or Nō (Japanese: 能) is a major form of classical Japanese musical drama that has been performed since the 14th century. ...

How slow motion works

There are two ways in which slow motion can be achieved in modern cinematography. Both involve a camera and a projector. A projector refers to a classical film projector in a movie theatre, but the same basic rules apply to a television screen and any other device that displays consecutive images at a constant frame rate.

Overcranking

For the purposes of making the above illustration readable a projection speed of 10 frames per second (fps) has been selected, in fact film is usually projected at 24 fps making the equivalent slow motion 48 fps.

Overcranking is a technique that achieves slow motion by photographing images at a faster rate than they will be projected. Normally great care is taken to ensure that the camera will record sequential images at the same rate that they will eventually be projected. When a faster camera speed is selected, the projection rate remains the same. The result is that photographed movement will appear to be slowed down. The change in speed of the onscreen image can be calculated by simply dividing the projection speed by the camera speed. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...

Most video cameras do not allow the operator to select a frame speed faster than the projection speed. For this reason, overcranking is sometimes referred to as film slow motion because it is most often achieved with film cameras. Digital overcranking is currently rare.

Time stretching

Frames marked with an X must be fabricated.

The second type of slow motion is achieved during post production. This is known as time-stretching or digital slow motion. This type of slow motion is achieved by inserting new frames in between frames that have actually been photographed. The effect is similar to overcranking as the actual motion occurs over a longer time. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...

Since the necessary frames were never photographed, new frames must be fabricated. Sometimes the new frames are simply repeats of the proceeding frames but more often they are created by interpolating between frames. (Often this interpolation is effectively a short dissolve between still frames). Many complicated algorithms exist that can track motion between frames and generate intermediate frames that appear natural and smooth. However it is understood that these methods can never achieve the clarity or smoothness of its overcranking counterpart. In the mathematical subfield of numerical analysis, interpolation is a method of constructing new data points from a discrete set of known data points. ... In film editing, a dissolve is a gradual transition from one image to another. ...

Traditionally, frames were duplicated on an optical printer. True frame interpolation can only be done digitally. An optical printer with two projector heads, used in producing movie special effects. ...

Simple replication of the same frame twice is also sometimes called half-speed. This relatively primitive technique (as opposed to digital interpolation) is often visually detectable by the casual viewer. It was used in certain scenes in Tarzan, the Ape Man, and critics pointed it out. Sometimes lighting limitations or editorial decisions can require it. A wide-angle shot of Roy Hobbs swinging the bat, in the climactic moments of The Natural, was printed at half-speed in order to simulate slow-motion, and the closeup that immediately followed it was true overcranked slow-motion. Tarzan, the Ape Man is a 1981 American action movie and adventure film directed by John Derek. ... The Natural is a 1952 novel about baseball written by Bernard Malamud. ...

A VCR may have the option of slow motion playback, sometimes at various speeds; this can be applied to any normally recorded scene. It is similar to half-speed, and is not true slow-motion, but merely longer display of each frame. The video cassette recorder (or VCR, less popularly video tape recorder) is a type of video tape recorder that uses removable cassettes containing magnetic tape to record audio and video from a television broadcast so it can be played back later. ...

See also

• Motion picture terminology
• High speed camera
• Time-lapse
• Bullet time

The film industry is built upon a large number of technologies and techniques. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Slow_motion. ... The flower of a geranium opening over a period of about two hours. ... Bullet-time is a concept introduced in recent films and computer games whereby the passage of time is slowed down so that an observer can see individual bullets flying throughout the scene at a conceivable rate, usually with their trails made visible. ...

External links

• Interesting High-speed Video Clips
• High-speed video clips, info and links
• Lucid Movement, high-speed daily video blog