Concepts: Altruism | Agnosticism | Atheism | Awareness | Being | Belief | Causality | Collectivism | Consciousness | Consequentialism | Cosmogony | Cosmology | Deconstruction | Deduction | Determinism | Defeatism | Dualism | Ethics | Evil | Evolution | Existence | Externalism | Fatalism | Foundationalism | Free will | Good | Hedonism | Idealism | Individualism | Induction | Inference | Internalism | Knowledge | Logic | Materialism | Meaning of life | Metaphysics | Monism | Moral absolutism | Moral relativism | Morality | Nature | Nihilism | Nominalism | Ontology | Origin beliefs | Perception | Phenomenalism | Realism | Reality | Reductionism | Relativism | Skepticism | Sophism | Theism | Universals (problem of) | Utilitarianism | Virtue | Virtue ethics | Vitalism Jump to: navigation, search Thomas Hobbes portrait by John Michael Wright (National Portrait Gallery, London) Thomas Hobbes (April 5, 1588–December 4, 1679) was a noted English political philosopher, most famous for his book Leviathan (1651). ... Jump to: navigation, search Jean-Jacques Rousseau (June 28, 1712 – July 2, 1778) was a Franco-Swiss philosopher, writer, political theorist, and self-taught composer of The Age of Enlightenment. ... Jump to: navigation, search John Locke (August 29, 1632 – October 28, 1704) was a 17th-century English philosopher concerned primarily with society and epistemology. ... Jump to: navigation, search Karl Marx Karl Heinrich Marx (May 5, 1818 Trier, Germany – March 14, 1883 London, England) was an influential philosopher, political economist, and revolutionary organizer of the International Workingmens Association. ... Emile Durkheim David Émile Durkheim (April 15, 1858 - November 15, 1917) is known as one of the founders of modern sociology. ... Charlotte Perkins Gilman (July 3, 1860–August 17, 1935) was a prominent feminist writer. ... Jump to: navigation, search Maximilian Weber (April 21, 1864 – June 14, 1920) was a German political economist and sociologist who is considered one of the founders of the modern, antipositivistic study of sociology and public administration. ... Jump to: navigation, search Avram Noam Chomsky, Ph. ... Dr. Catharine Alice MacKinnon (born 7 October 1946) is a American feminist, scholar, lawyer, teacher, and activist. ... Naomi Wolf is a bestselling American writer. ... Jump to: navigation, search Terry Eagleton (born in Salford, England, on February 22, 1943) is a British literary critic and philosopher. ... John Ralston Saul John Ralston Saul, CC (born June 19, 1947) is a Canadian author, essayist and philosopher. ... Jump to: navigation, search Philosophy is a discipline or field of study involving the investigation, analysis, and development of ideas at a general, abstract, or fundamental level. ... Philosophies: particular schools or styles of philosophy or, discriptions of philosophical ideas attributed to a particular group or culture - listed in alphabetical order. ... Jump to: navigation, search Philosophers (and non-philosophers important in the history of philosophy), listed alphabetically: Contents: Top - 0–9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z A Pietro dAbano... ... Jump to: navigation, search Altruism is either a practice or habit (in the view of many, a virtue) as well as an ethical doctrine. ... Jump to: navigation, search Agnosticism is the philosophical view that the truth values of certain claims—particularly theological claims regarding the existence of God, gods, or deities—are unknown, inherently unknowable, or incoherent, and therefore, (some agnostics may go as far to say) irrelevant to life. ... Jump to: navigation, search Atheism, in its broadest sense, is characterized by an absence of belief in the existence of god(s), thus contrasting with theism. ... Jump to: navigation, search In biological psychology, awareness describes an animals perception and cognitive reaction to a condition or event. ... Jump to: navigation, search A being, in the most general sense, is anything that is alive. ... Jump to: navigation, search Look up belief on Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Jump to: navigation, search The philosophical concept of causality or causation refers to the set of all particular causal or cause-and-effect relations. ... Collectivism, in general, is a term used to describe a theoretical or practical emphasis on the group, as opposed to (and seen by many of its opponents to be at the expense of) the individual. ... Jump to: navigation, search Consciousness is a quality of the mind generally regarded to comprise qualities such as subjectivity, self-awareness, sentience, sapience, and the ability to perceive the relationship between oneself and ones environment. ... Jump to: navigation, search Consequentialism is the belief that what ultimately matters in evaluating actions or policies of action are the consequences that result from choosing one action or policy rather than the alternative. ... Jump to: navigation, search This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Jump to: navigation, search Cosmology, from the Greek: κοσμολογία (cosmologia, κόσμος (cosmos) world + λογια (logia) discourse) is the study of the universe in its totality and by extension mans place in it. ... Jump to: navigation, search This article needs a complete rewrite for the reasons listed on the talk page. ... Jump to: navigation, search In traditional Aristotelian logic, deductive reasoning is inference in which the conclusion is of lesser or equal generality than the premises, as opposed to inductive reasoning, where the conclusion is of greater generality than the premises. ... Jump to: navigation, search Determinism is the philosophical proposition that every event, including human cognition and action, is causally determined by an unbroken chain of prior occurrences. ... Defeatism is acceptance and content with defeat without struggle. ... Jump to: navigation, search The term dualism can refer to a variety of doctrines, mainly in theology and philosophy, each involving the purported existence of two opposites of some kind. ... Jump to: navigation, search Ethics is the branch of axiology – one of the four major branches of philosophy, alongside metaphysics, epistemology, and logic – which attempts to understand the nature of morality; to define that which is right from that which is wrong. ... Jump to: navigation, search Evil is a term describing that which is regarded as morally bad, intrinsically corrupt, wantonly destructive, inhumane, or wicked. ... Jump to: navigation, search Charles Darwin, father of the theory of evolution by natural selection. ... Jump to: navigation, search There is no universally accepted theory of what the word existence means. ... Recently internalism and externalism have become part of the standard jargon of philosophical discourse, and have become central to certain important debates. ... Jump to: navigation, search Fatalism is the view that human deliberation and actions are pointless and ineffectual in determining events, because whatever will be will be. ... Foundationalism is any theory in epistemology (typically, theories of justification, but also of knowledge) that holds that beliefs are justified (known, etc. ... Jump to: navigation, search Free will is the philosophical doctrine that holds that our choices are ultimately up to ourselves. ... Jump to: navigation, search Theories of Value investigate how people positively and negatively value things and concepts, the reasons they use in making their evaluations, and the scope of a legitimate evaluation across the social world. ... Jump to: navigation, search Hedonism (Greek: hēdonē pleasure + –ism) describes any way of thinking that gives pleasure a central role. ... Jump to: navigation, search Idealism is an approach to philosophical enquiry. ... Jump to: navigation, search Individualism is a political and social philosophy, which emphasizes individual liberty, belief in the primary importance of the individual, and in the virtues of self-reliance and personal independence. Individualism embraces opposition to authority (except for other individualists, which are worshipped as heroes), and to all... Jump to: navigation, search Induction or inductive reasoning, sometimes called inductive logic, is the process of reasoning in which the premises of an argument support the conclusion, but do not ensure it. ... Inference is the act or process of drawing a conclusion based solely on what one already knows. ... Recently internalism and externalism have become part of the standard jargon of philosophical discourse, and have become central to certain important debates. ... Jump to: navigation, search Knowledge is the state of understanding something and being capable to utilize the fact for doing something. ... Jump to: navigation, search Logic (from Classical Greek λόγος (logos), originally meaning the word, or what is spoken, (but coming to mean thought or reason) is most often said to be the study of arguments, although the exact definition of logic is a matter of controversy amongst philosophers (see below). ... Jump to: navigation, search Materialism is the philosophical view that the only thing that can truly be said to exist is matter; that fundamentally, all things are composed of material and all phenomena are the result of material interactions. ... Jump to: navigation, search The question “What is the meaning of life?” means different things to different people. ... Jump to: navigation, search Metaphysics (Greek words meta = after/beyond and physics = nature) is a branch of philosophy concerned with the study of first principles and being (ontology). ... Jump to: navigation, search Monism is the metaphysical view that there is only one principle, essence, substance or energy. ... Jump to: navigation, search Moral absolutism is the position that there are absolute standards against which moral questions can be judged, and that certain actions are right or wrong, regardless of the context of the act. ... Jump to: navigation, search In philosophy, moral relativism is the position that moral or ethical propositions do not reflect absolute or universal truths but instead are relative to social, cultural, historical or personal references, and that there is no single standard by which to assess an ethical propositions truth. ... Jump to: navigation, search Morality, in the strictest sense of the word, deals with that which is innately regarded as right or wrong. ... Jump to: navigation, search The deepest visible-light image of the universe, the Hubble Ultra Deep Field. ... Jump to: navigation, search Gods death or nonexistence is a quintessential nihilistic concern. ... Jump to: navigation, search Nominalism is the position in metaphysics that there exist no universals outside of the mind. ... Jump to: navigation, search In philosophy, ontology (from the Greek ὄν, genitive ὄντος: being (part. ... Jump to: navigation, search The term origin belief refers to stories and explanations which describe the beginnings of humanity, earth, life, and the universe (cosmogony). ... PSYCHOLOGY In psychology and the cognitive sciences, perception is the process of acquiring, interpreting, selecting, and organizing sensory information. ... Jump to: navigation, search In the philosophy of perception, phenomenalism is the view that physical objects, properties, events (whatever is physical) are reducible to mental objects, properties, events. ... Jump to: navigation, search Philosophical realism refers to various philosophically unrelated positions, in some cases diametrically opposed ones, which are termed realism. ... Jump to: navigation, search Reality in everyday usage means everything that exists. ... Jump to: navigation, search Reductionism in philosophy describes a number of related, contentious theories that hold, very roughly, that the nature of complex things can always be reduced to (be explained by) simpler or more fundamental things. ... Jump to: navigation, search Relativism is the view that the meaning and value of human beliefs and behaviors have no absolute reference. ... Jump to: navigation, search Philosophical skepticism or nihilistic skepticism [1] (UK spelling, scepticism) is the philosophical school of thought in which one critically examines whether the knowledge and perceptions one has are true, and whether or not one can ever be said to have true knowledge. ... Jump to: navigation, search Sophism was originally a term for the techniques taught by a highly respected group of philosophy and rhetoric teachers in ancient Greece. ... Jump to: navigation, search Theism is the belief in one or more gods or goddesses. ... Jump to: navigation, search The problem of universals is a phrase used to refer to a nest of intertwined problems about universals within cognitive psychology, epistemology, and ontology. ... Jump to: navigation, search Utilitarianism (from the Latin utilis, useful) is a theory of ethics based on quantitative maximization of some good for society or humanity. ... Jump to: navigation, search Virtue (Greek αρετη; Latin virtus) is the habitual, well-established, readiness or disposition of mans powers directing them to some goodness of act. ... Jump to: navigation, search In philosophy, the phrase virtue ethics refers to ethical systems that focus primarily on what sort of person one should try to be. ... Vitalism is the doctrine that life cannot be explained solely by mechanism. ...