Sodium benzoate
IUPAC name	Sodium benzoate
Other names	E211, benzoate of soda
Identifiers
CAS number	532-32-1
SMILES	O=C([O-])C1=CC=CC=C1.[Na+]
Properties
Molecular formula	NaC6H5CO2
Molar mass	144.1053 g mol−1
Density	1.44 g cm−3
Melting point	>300 °C Image File history File links Size of this preview: 538 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (1100 × 1225 pixel, file size: 23 KB, MIME type: image/png) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Sodium benzoate User:Benjah-bmm27/Old... IUPAC nomenclature is a system of naming chemical compounds and of describing the science of chemistry in general. ... CAS registry numbers are unique numerical identifiers for chemical compounds, polymers, biological sequences, mixtures and alloys. ... The simplified molecular input line entry specification or SMILES is a specification for unambiguously describing the structure of chemical molecules using short ASCII strings. ... A chemical formula is a concise way of expressing information about the atoms that constitute a particular chemical compound. ... Molar mass is the mass of one mole of a chemical element or chemical compound. ... For other uses, see Density (disambiguation). ... The melting point of a crystalline solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to liquid. ...
Boiling point	N/A Italic text This article is about the boiling point of liquids. ...
Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa) Infobox disclaimer and references

Sodium benzoate (E211), also called benzoate of soda, has chemical formula C₆H₅COONa. It is the sodium salt of benzoic acid and exists in this form when dissolved in water. It can be produced by reacting sodium hydroxide with benzoic acid. The plimsoll symbol as used in shipping In chemistry, the standard state of a material is its state at 1 bar (100 kilopascals exactly). ... A chemical formula is a concise way of expressing information about the atoms that constitute a particular chemical compound. ... For other uses, see Carbon (disambiguation). ... General Name, Symbol, Number hydrogen, H, 1 Chemical series nonmetals Group, Period, Block 1, 1, s Appearance colorless Atomic mass 1. ... For other uses, see Carbon (disambiguation). ... General Name, symbol, number oxygen, O, 8 Chemical series nonmetals, chalcogens Group, period, block 16, 2, p Appearance colorless (gas) very pale blue (liquid) Standard atomic weight 15. ... General Name, symbol, number oxygen, O, 8 Chemical series nonmetals, chalcogens Group, period, block 16, 2, p Appearance colorless (gas) very pale blue (liquid) Standard atomic weight 15. ... For sodium in the diet, see Edible salt. ... Benzoic acid, C7H6O2 (or C6H5COOH), is a colorless crystalline solid and the simplest aromatic carboxylic acid. ... Impact from a water drop causes an upward rebound jet surrounded by circular capillary waves. ... Flash point Non-flammable. ... Benzoic acid, C7H6O2 (or C6H5COOH), is a colorless crystalline solid and the simplest aromatic carboxylic acid. ...

Uses

Sodium benzoate is used as a preservative. It is not bactericidal, only bacteriostatic. It has fungistatic activity. It is effective only in acidic conditions (pH< 3.6) making its use most prevalent in foods such as preserves, salad dressings (vinegar), carbonated drinks (carbonic acid), jams (citric acid), fruit juices (citric acid), pickles (vinegar), and Chinese food sauces (soy, mustard, and duck). (citation needed)It is also found in alcohol-based mouthwash and silver polish. Sodium benzoate is used in many soft drinks and can be identified on the label of the bottle or can as 'sodium benzoate' or E211. The taste of sodium benzoate cannot be detected by around 25 percent of the population, but for those who can taste the chemical, it tends to be perceived as sweet, salty, or sometimes bitter. Various preserved foods Food preservation is the process of treating and handling food in such a way as to stop or greatly slow down spoilage to prevent foodborne illness while maintaining nutritional value, density, texture and flavor. ... A bacteriocide or bactericide is a substance that kills bacteria and, preferably, nothing else. ... Bacteriostatic antibiotics hamper the growth of bacteria by interfering with bacteria protein production, interfering with bacteria DNA production interfering with bacteria cellular metabolism Bacteriostatic antibiotics inhibit growth and reproduction of bacteria without killing them; killing is done by bacteriocidal agents. ... This is a glossary of some of the terms used in phytopathology. ... Vinegar is sometimes infused with spices or herbs—as here, with oregano. ... Carbonic acid (ancient name acid of air or aerial acid) has the formula H2CO3. ... Citric acid is a weak organic acid found in citrus fruits. ... Citric acid is a weak organic acid found in citrus fruits. ... For other uses, see Pickle. ... Vinegar is sometimes infused with spices or herbs—as here, with oregano. ... China has one of the richest culinary heritages on Earth. ... For the Kate Nash song see Mouthwash (song) Mouthwash or mouth rinse is a product used for oral hygiene. ... A soft drink is a drink that contains no alcohol. ...

It is also used in fireworks as a fuel in whistle mix, a powder which imparts a whistling noise when compressed into a tube and ignited. For other uses, see Fireworks (disambiguation). ... Whistle mix is a general term to refer to any pyrotechnic composition which emits a whistling sound when pressed into a tube and ignited. ...

It is found naturally in cranberries, prunes, greengage plums, cinnamon, ripe cloves, and apples. Concentration as a preservative is limited by the FDA in the U.S. to 0.1% by weight though organically-grown cranberries and prunes can conceivably contain levels exceeding this limit. The International Programme on Chemical Safety found no adverse effects in humans at doses of 647-825 mg/kg of body weight per day.^[1][2] Species Vaccinium erythrocarpum Vaccinium macrocarpon Vaccinium microcarpum Vaccinium oxycoccus Approximate ranges of the cranberries in sect. ... Prune refers to any of more than 125 varieties of fruit, most grown for drying. ... Plum is also a nickname for British humorist P. G. Wodehouse. ... Binomial name J.Presl Cassia (Chinese cinnamon) is also commonly called (and sometimes sold as) cinnamon. ... This article is about spices, the word clove is also used to describe a segment of a head of garlic and a clove hitch is a useful kind of knot. ... For other uses, see Apple (disambiguation). ...

Cats have a significantly lower tolerance against benzoic acid and its salts than rats and mice.^[3] Sodium benzoate is, however, allowed as an animal food additive at up to 0.1%, according to AFCO's official publication.^[4] Cats may refer to: Felines, members of the animal family Felidae The domesticated animal, cat The musical, yeah right, I bet that this was really dumb. ... For other meanings of the word salt see table salt or salt (disambiguation). ... This is an article about wild rats; for pet rats, see Fancy rat Species 50 species; see text *Several subfamilies of Muroids include animals called rats. ... This article is about the animal. ...

Mechanism of food preservation

The mechanism starts with the absorption of benzoic acid into the cell. If the intracellular pH changes to 5 or lower, the anaerobic fermentation of glucose through phosphofructokinase is decreased by 95%.^[5] For other uses, see PH (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Fermentation. ... Glucose (Glc), a monosaccharide (or simple sugar), is an important carbohydrate in biology. ... Phosphofructokinase (PFK) is the most important regulatory enzyme (EC 2. ...

Safety and health

Main article: benzene in soft drinks

In combination with ascorbic acid (vitamin C, E300), sodium benzoate and potassium benzoate may form benzene^[6], a known carcinogen. Heat, light and shelf life can affect the rate at which benzene is formed. // Background Benzene is a carcinogen. ... This article deals with the molecular aspects of ascorbic acid. ... Potassium benzoate, the potassium salt of benzoic acid, is a food preservative that inhibits the growth of mold, yeast and some bacteria. ... For benzine, see petroleum ether. ... The hazard symbol for carcinogenic chemicals in the Globally Harmonized System. ...

Professor Peter Piper of the University of Sheffield claims that sodium benzoate by itself can damage and inactivate vital parts of DNA in a cell's mitochondria. "The mitochondria consumes the oxygen to give you energy and if you damage it - as happens in a number of diseased states - then the cell starts to malfunction very seriously. And there is a whole array of diseases that are now being tied to damage to this DNA - Parkinson's and quite a lot of neuro-degenerative diseases, but above all the whole process of aging."^{[7][8][9][10][11]} Electron micrograph of a mitochondrion showing its mitochondrial matrix and membranes In cell biology, a mitochondrion (plural mitochondria) is a membrane-enclosed organelle that is found in most eukaryotic cells. ...

ADHD

On 6 September 2007, the British Food Standards Agency issued revised advice on certain artificial food additives, including sodium benzoate (E211)^[12][13][14]. is the 249th day of the year (250th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Food Standards Agency is a non-ministerial government department of the Government of the United Kingdom. ...

Professor Jim Stevenson from Southampton University, and author of the report, said: "This has been a major study investigating an important area of research. The results suggest that consumption of certain mixtures of artificial food colours and sodium benzoate preservative are associated with increases in hyperactive behaviour in children.

"However, parents should not think that simply taking these additives out of food will prevent hyperactive disorders. We know that many other influences are at work but this at least is one a child can avoid."

Two mixtures of additives were tested in the research:

Mix A:

• Sunset yellow (E110)
• Tartrazine (E102)
• Carmoisine (E122)
• Ponceau 4R (E124)
• Sodium benzoate (E211)

Mix B: Sunset Yellow FCF (also known as Orange Yellow S, and FD&C Yellow 6) is a colourant that may be added to foods to induce a colour change. ... Tartrazine (otherwise known as E102 or FD&C Yellow 5) is a synthetic yellow azo dye found in fruit squash, fruit cordial, coloured fizzy drinks, instant puddings, cake mixes, custard powder, soups, sauces, ice cream, ice lollies, sweets, chewing gum, marzipan, jam, jelly, marmalade, mustard, yogurt and many convenience foods... Azorubine Azorubine, carmoisine, Food Red 3, Azorubin S, Brillantcarmoisin O, Acid Red 14, or C.I. 14720 is a synthetic red food dye from the azo dye group. ... Ponceau 4R Ponceau 4R (also known as Food Red 7, C.I. 16255, Cochineal Red A, New Coccine, Acid Red 18, SX purple) is a colourant that may be added to foods to induce a colour change. ...

• Sunset yellow (E110)
• Quinoline yellow (E104)
• Carmoisine (E122)
• Allura red (E129)
• Sodium benzoate (E211)

Sodium benzoate was included in both mixes, but the effects observed were not consistent. The Food Standards Agency therefore considers that, if real, the observed increases in hyperactive behaviour were more likely to be linked to one or more of the specific colours tested. Sunset Yellow FCF (also known as Orange Yellow S, and FD&C Yellow 6) is a colourant that may be added to foods to induce a colour change. ... Quinoline, also known as 1-azanaphthalene, 1-benzazine, or benzo[b]pyridine, is a heterocyclic aromatic organic compound. ... Azorubine Azorubine, carmoisine, Food Red 3, Azorubin S, Brillantcarmoisin O, Acid Red 14, or C.I. 14720 is a synthetic red food dye from the azo dye group. ... Allura Red AC Allura Red AC is a red azo dye that goes by several names including: . It is used as a food dye and has the E number E129. ...

References

1. ^ Concise International Chemical Assessment Document 26: BENZOIC ACID AND SODIUM BENZOATE
2. ^ Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel Bindu Nair (2001). "Final Report on the Safety Assessment of Benzyl Alcohol, Benzoic Acid, and Sodium Benzoate". Int J Tox (20 (Suppl. 3)): 23-50. 
3. ^ Bedford PG, Clarke EG (1972). "Experimental benzoic acid poisoning in the cat". Vet Rec (90): 53-58.  PMID
4. ^ AFCO (2004). "OFFICIAL PUBLICATION": 262. 
5. ^ Krebs HA; Wiggins D, Stubbs M (1983). "Studies on the mechanism of the antifungal action of benzoate". Biochem J (214): 657-663. 
6. ^ FDA, 2006. "Data on Benzene in Soft Drinks and Other Beverages, " United States Food and Drug Administration. Accessed June 2nd at: http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/benzdata.html
7. ^ Martin Hickman Caution: Some soft drinks may seriously harm your health The Independent on Sunday 27 May 2007
8. ^ Martin Hickman E211 Revealed: Evidence highlights new fear over drinks additive The Independent on Sunday 27 May 2007
9. ^ Leading article: Children deserve our doubts The Independent on Sunday 27 May 2007
10. ^ Chris Mercer Fresh health fears hit benzoate in soft drinks BeverageDaily 29 May 2007
11. ^ Piper PW Yeast superoxide dismutase mutants reveal a pro-oxidant action of weak organic acid food preservatives Free Radic Biol Med 1999 Dec;27(11-12):1219-27
12. ^ Food Standards Agency issues revised advice on certain artificial colours 6 September 2007
13. ^ Food Colorings and Hyperactivity "Myomancy" 7 September 2007
14. ^ Agency revises advice on certain artificial colours Food Standards Agency 11 September 2007

is the 249th day of the year (250th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 250th day of the year (251st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 254th day of the year (255th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

External links

• Sodium Benzoate Material Safety Data Sheet
• International Programme on Chemical Safety - Benzoic Acid and Sodium Benzoate report
• pharmokinetics of the high orally administered doses used to treat hyperammonaemia
• Andersen A. Final report on the safety assessment of benzaldehyde Int J Toxicol 2006;25 Suppl 1:11-27.
• Sodium Benzoate A Cause of Hyper Kids (TIME.com)