Sodium chloride
IUPAC name	Sodium chloride
Other names	Common salt; halite; table salt
Identifiers
CAS number	[7647-14-5]
RTECS number	VZ4725000
Properties
Molecular formula	NaCl
Molar mass	58.44277 g/mol
Appearance	White or colorless crystals or powder
Density	2.16 g/cm³, solid
Melting point	801 °C Sodium chloride (halite). ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 629 × 599 pixel Image in higher resolution (1100 × 1048 pixel, file size: 704 KB, MIME type: image/png) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Sodium chloride User... IUPAC nomenclature is a system of naming chemical compounds and of describing the science of chemistry in general. ... For Halite Bittorrent client , see Halite Client. ... Edible salt is a mineral, one of the few rocks people eat. ... CAS registry numbers are unique numerical identifiers for chemical compounds, polymers, biological sequences, mixtures and alloys. ... RTECS, also known as Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances, is a database of toxicity information compiled from the open scientific literature that is available for charge. ... A chemical formula is an easy way of expressing information about the atoms that constitute a particular chemical compound. ... For sodium in the diet, see Salt. ... General Name, symbol, number chlorine, Cl, 17 Chemical series nonmetals Group, period, block 17, 3, p Appearance yellowish green Standard atomic weight 35. ... Molar mass is the mass of one mole of a chemical element or chemical compound. ... For other uses, see Density (disambiguation). ... The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to liquid. ...
Boiling point	1465 °C (1738 K) Italic text This article is about the boiling point of liquids. ...
Solubility in water	35.9 g/100 mL (25 °C)
Structure
Coordination geometry	Octahedral
Hazards
MSDS	External MSDS
Main hazards	Irritant and might sting
NFPA 704	0 1 0
R-phrases	26
S-phrases	none
Flash point	Non-flammable
Related compounds
Other anions	NaF, NaBr, NaI
Other cations	LiCl, KCl, RbCl, CsCl, MgCl2, CaCl2
Related salts	Sodium acetate
Supplementary data page
Structure and properties	n, εr, etc.
Thermodynamic data	Phase behaviour Solid, liquid, gas
Spectral data	UV, IR, NMR, MS
Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa) Infobox disclaimer and references

Sodium chloride, also known as common salt, table salt, or halite, is a chemical compound with the formula NaCl. Sodium chloride is the salt most responsible for the salinity of the ocean and of the extracellular fluid of many multicellular organisms. As the major ingredient in edible salt, it is commonly used as a condiment and food preservative. In one gram of sodium chloride, there are approximately 0.3933 grams of sodium, and 0.6067 grams of chlorine. Solubility is a chemical property referring to the ability for a given substance, the solute, to dissolve in a solvent. ... Impact from a water drop causes an upward rebound jet surrounded by circular capillary waves. ... The coordination geometry of an atom is the geometrical pattern formed by its neighbors in a molecule or a crystal. ... An example MSDS in a US format provides guidance for handling a hazardous substance and information on its composition and properties. ... This page provides supplementary chemical data on sodium chloride. ... The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ... NFPA 704 is a standard maintained by the U.S. National Fire Protection Association. ... Image File history File links NFPA_704. ... R-phrases are defined in Annex III of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Nature of special risks attributed to dangerous substances and preparations. ... S-phrases are defined in Annex IV of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Safety advice concerning dangerous substances and preparations. ... For other uses, see Flash point (disambiguation). ... This article is about the electrically charged particle. ... Sodium fluoride is an ionic compound with the formula NaF. This colourless solid is the main source of the fluoride ion in diverse applications. ... Sodium bromide is the chemical compound with the formula NaBr. ... Sodium iodide (NaI) is used in polymerase chain reactions (PCR) Categories: Chemistry stubs ... This article is about the electrically charged particle. ... Lithium chloride behaves as a fairly typical ionic compound, although the Li+ ion is very small. ... The chemical compound potassium chloride (KCl) is a metal halide salt composed of potassium and chlorine. ... Rubidium(I) chloride is an ionic compound. ... Caesium chloride is an ionic compound best known as a structural type. ... Magnesium chloride is composed of magnesium and chlorine and is a typical ionic halide, being highly polar and soluble in water. ... R-phrases S-phrases , , Related Compounds Other anions calcium fluoride calcium bromide calcium iodide Other cations magnesium chloride strontium chloride Supplementary data page Structure and properties n, εr, etc. ... This article is about common table salt. ... Sodium acetate, (also rarely, sodium ethanoate) is the sodium salt of acetic acid. ... This page provides supplementary chemical data on sodium chloride. ... This page provides supplementary chemical data on sodium chloride. ... The refractive index (or index of refraction) of a medium is a measure for how much the speed of light (or other waves such as sound waves) is reduced inside the medium. ... The relative dielectric constant of a material under given conditions is a measure of the extent to which it concentrates electrostatic lines of flux. ... This page provides supplementary chemical data on sodium chloride. ... This page provides supplementary chemical data on sodium chloride. ... Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy or Ultraviolet-Visible Spectrophotometry (UV/ VIS) involves the spectroscopy of photons (spectrophotometry). ... Infrared spectroscopy (IR spectroscopy) is the subset of spectroscopy that deals with the infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum. ... 900MHz, 21. ... Mass spectrometry (previously called mass spectroscopy (deprecated) or informally, mass-spec and MS) is an analytical technique that measures the mass-to-charge ratio of ions. ... The plimsoll symbol as used in shipping In chemistry, the standard state of a material is its state at 1 bar (100 kilopascals exactly). ... For Halite Bittorrent client , see Halite Client. ... Look up chemical compound in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... A chemical formula is an easy way of expressing information about the atoms that constitute a particular chemical compound. ... For sodium in the diet, see Salt. ... General Name, symbol, number chlorine, Cl, 17 Chemical series nonmetals Group, period, block 17, 3, p Appearance yellowish green Standard atomic weight 35. ... This article is about the term salt as referred to in chemistry. ... Animated map exhibiting the worlds oceanic waters. ... In some animals, including mammals, the two types of extracellular fluids are interstitial fluid and blood plasma. ... Domains and Kingdoms Nanobes Acytota Cytota Bacteria Neomura Archaea Eukaryota Bikonta Apusozoa Rhizaria Excavata Archaeplastida Rhodophyta Glaucophyta Plantae Heterokontophyta Haptophyta Cryptophyta Alveolata Unikonta Amoebozoa Opisthokonta Choanozoa Fungi Animalia An ericoid mycorrhizal fungus Life on Earth redirects here. ... Edible salt is mostly sodium chloride (NaCl). ... Salt, sugar and pepper are the most essential condiments in Western cuisine. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ...

Production and use

Salt is currently mass produced by evaporation of seawater or brine from other sources, such as brine wells and salt lakes, and by mining rock salt, called halite. In 2002, world production was estimated at 210 million metric tonnes, the top five producers being the United States (40.3 million tonnes), China (32.9), Germany (17.7), India (14.5), and Canada (12.3).^[1] Vaporization redirects here. ... Annual mean sea surface salinity for the World Ocean. ... For the sports equipment manufacturer, see Brine, Corp. ... A salt lake or saline lake is a landlocked body of water which has a concentration of salts (mostly sodium chloride) and other minerals significantly higher than most lakes (often defined as at least 3,000 milligrams of salt per liter). ... A salt mine is an operation involved in the extraction of salt. ... For Halite Bittorrent client , see Halite Client. ...

As well as the familiar uses of salt in cooking, salt is used in many applications, from manufacturing pulp and paper to setting dyes in textiles and fabric, to producing soaps and detergents. In cold countries, large quantities of rock salt are used to help clear highways of ice during winter, although "Road Salt" loses its melting ability at temperatures below -15°C to -20°C (5°F to -4°F). Sodium chloride is sometimes used as a cheap and safe desiccant due to its hygroscopic properties, making salting an effective method of food preservation historically. Even though more effective desiccants are available, few are safe for humans to ingest. Cooking is the act of preparing food. ... Manufacturing (from Latin manu factura, making by hand) is the use of tools and labor to make things for use or sale. ... For other uses, see Soap (disambiguation). ... Laundry detergents are just one of many possible uses for detergents Detergent is a compound, or a mixture of compounds, intended to assist cleaning. ... A dessicant is a hygroscopic substance that induces or sustains a state of dryness (desiccation) in its local vicinity in a moderately-well sealed container. ... A hygroscopic substance is a substance that absorbs water readily from its surroundings. ... Salting is the preparation of food with salt. ... Various preserved foods Food preservation is the process of treating and handling food in such a way as to stop or greatly slow down spoilage to prevent foodborne illness while maintaining nutritional value, density, texture and flavor. ...

Israeli and Jordanian salt evaporation ponds at the south end of the Dead Sea Download high resolution version (1057x1206, 518 KB)Orbital image of Jordanian salt evaporation ponds at the south end of the Dead Sea Image taken from the space shuttle by the STS102 crew in March 2001. ... The Dead Sea (Hebrew: ‎, , Sea of Salt; Arabic: , , Dead Sea) is a salt lake between the West Bank and Israel to the west, and Jordan to the east. ...

Mounds of salt, Salar de Uyuni, Bolivia. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 528 pixel Image in higher resolution (2000 × 1320 pixel, file size: 892 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Tilt corrected (skewed vertically 12px, cropped) Background noise reduced (1px median, faded 40% normal with gradient tool) Green fringe removed File links The... Location of Salar de Uyuni Salar de Uyuni from space, with Mount Tunupa in the middle. ...

Modern rock salt mine near Mount Morris, New York. Download high resolution version (1200x900, 845 KB)Rock salt mine near Mt. ... Mount Morris, New York refers to two locations in Livingston County, New York, both named after Robert Morris, the financier of the American Revolution, and later owner of the The Morris Reserve, from which the lands around Mount Morris were sold to settlers. ... This article is about the state. ...

Evaporation lagoons, Aigues-Mortes, France Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1280x1024, 201 KB) Immagine realizzata da Madaki nel 2005 File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Aigues-Mortes ... Ramparts of the Town of Aigues-Mortes, one of the Municipalities of Languedoc. ...

This article is about the properties of water. ... For other uses, see Ammonia (disambiguation). ... Methanol, also known as methyl alcohol, carbinol, wood alcohol, wood naphtha or wood spirits, is a chemical compound with chemical formula CH3OH (often abbreviated MeOH). ... Formic acid (systematically called methanoic acid) is the simplest carboxylic acid. ... Sulfolane (also tetramethylene sulfone, systematic name: 2,3,4,5-tetrahydrothiophene-1,1-dioxide) is a clear, colorless liquid commonly used in the chemical industry as an extractive distillation solvent or reaction solvent. ... Acetonitrile is an organic molecule, often used as a solvent, with the chemical formula of CH3CN. Also known as methyl cyanide, it is the simplest of the organic nitriles. ... For other uses, see Acetone (disambiguation). ... Formamide, also known as Methanamide (IUPAC) and Carbamaldehyde, formula HCONH2 is an amide derived from formic acid. ... Dimethylformamide is the organic compound with the formula (CH3)2NC(O)H. Commonly abbreviated DMF, this colourless liquid is miscible with water and majority of organic liquids. ...

Synthetic uses

Salt is also the raw material used to produce chlorine which itself is required for the production of many modern materials including PVC and pesticides. Industrially, elemental chlorine is usually produced by the electrolysis of sodium chloride dissolved in water. Along with chlorine, this chloralkali process yields hydrogen gas and sodium hydroxide, according to the chemical equation General Name, symbol, number chlorine, Cl, 17 Chemical series nonmetals Group, period, block 17, 3, p Appearance yellowish green Standard atomic weight 35. ... PVC redirects here. ... A pesticide is a substance or mixture of substances used for preventing, controlling, or lessening the damage caused by a pest. ... In chemistry and manufacturing, electrolysis is a method of separating chemically bonded elements and compounds by passing an electric current through them. ... The chloralkali process is a redox reaction, an electrolysis of an aqueous solution of sodium chloride: 2 NaCl(aq) + 2 H2O(l) —→ 2 NaOH(aq) + Cl2(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e- 2 H+ + 2 e- —→ H2(g) The process is primarily used to produce chlorine, but one of its byproducts... This article is about the chemistry of hydrogen. ... Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), also known as lye, caustic soda and (incorrectly, according to IUPAC nomenclature)[1] sodium hydrate, is a caustic metallic base. ... A chemical equation is a symbolic representation of a chemical reaction. ...

2NaCl + 2H₂O → Cl₂ + H₂ + 2NaOH

Sodium metal is produced commercially through the electrolysis of liquid sodium chloride. This is done in a Down's cell in which sodium chloride is mixed with calcium chloride to lower the melting point below 700 °C. As calcium is more electropositive than sodium, no calcium will be formed at the cathode. This method is less expensive than the previous method of electrolyzing sodium hydroxide. The Downs process is a method for the commercial preparation of metallic sodium, in which molten NaCl is electrolyzed in a special apparatus called the Downs cell. ...

Sodium chloride is used in other chemical processes for the large-scale production of compounds containing sodium or chlorine. In the Solvay process, sodium chloride is used for producing sodium carbonate and calcium chloride. In the Mannheim process and in the Hargreaves process, it is used for the production of sodium sulfate and hydrochloric acid. Chemistry The Solvay process calcium carbonate: CaCO3 → CO2 + CaO The solid sodium bicarbonate is then filtered out and converted to sodium carbonate by heating it, recovering some carbon dioxide in the process: 2 NaHCO3 → Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2 Meanwhile, ammonia is recovered from the ammonium chloride byproduct by treating the ammonium... Sodium carbonate (also known as washing soda or soda ash), Na2CO3, is a sodium salt of carbonic acid. ... R-phrases S-phrases , , Related Compounds Other anions calcium fluoride calcium bromide calcium iodide Other cations magnesium chloride strontium chloride Supplementary data page Structure and properties n, εr, etc. ... The Mannheim process is an important method for the manufacture of hydrochloric acid and sodium sulfate from sodium chloride (salt) and sulfuric acid in which case the Na2SO4 is known as salt cake: 2 NaCl + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 + 2 HCl Categories: | ... Sodium sulfate is an important compound of sodium. ... Hydrochloric acid is the aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride gas (HCl). ...

Biological uses

Many microorganisms cannot live in an overly salty environment: water is drawn out of their cells by osmosis. For this reason salt is used to preserve some foods, such as smoked bacon or fish and can also be used to detach leeches that have attached themselves to feed. It has also been used to disinfect wounds. In medieval times salt would be rubbed into household surfaces as a cleansing agent. A cluster of Escherichia coli bacteria magnified 10,000 times. ... Drawing of the structure of cork as it appeared under the microscope to Robert Hooke from Micrographia which is the origin of the word cell being used to describe the smallest unit of a living organism Cells in culture, stained for keratin (red) and DNA (green) The cell is the... Osmosis is the spontaneous net movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from a region of low solute concentration to a solution with a high solute concentration, down a solute concentration gradient. ... Various preserved foods Food preservation is the process of treating and handling food in such a way as to stop or greatly slow down spoilage to prevent foodborne illness while maintaining nutritional value, density, texture and flavor. ... For other uses, see Leech (disambiguation). ... The Middle Ages formed the middle period in a traditional schematic division of European history into three ages: the classical civilization of Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and modern times. ...

Biological functions

In humans, a high-salt intake was demonstrated to attenuate Nitric Oxide production. Nitric oxide (NO) contributes to vessel homeostasis by inhibiting vascular smooth muscle contraction and growth, platelet aggregation, and leukocyte adhesion to the endothelium [[1]]

Crystal structure

The crystal structure of sodium chloride. Each atom has six nearest neighbors, with octahedral geometry.

Sodium chloride forms crystals with cubic symmetry. In these, the larger chloride ions, shown to the right as green spheres, are arranged in a cubic close-packing, while the smaller sodium ions, shown to the right as blue spheres, fill the octahedral gaps between them. The octahedral molecular geometry is a part of coordination chemistry and describes a molecular geometry in which atoms or ligands are arranged around a central atom with 4 of them in the same plane as the central atom at the corners of a square (basal positions) and two more at... For other uses, see Crystal (disambiguation). ... Sphere symmetry group o. ... General Name, symbol, number chlorine, Cl, 17 Chemical series nonmetals Group, period, block 17, 3, p Appearance yellowish green Standard atomic weight 35. ... This article is about the electrically charged particle. ... Close-packing of spheres refers to arranging an infinite lattice of spheres so that they take up the greatest possible fraction of an infinite 3-dimensional space. ... For sodium in the diet, see Salt. ...

Each ion is surrounded by six ions of the other kind. This same basic structure is found in many other minerals, and is known as the halite structure. This arrangement is known as cubic close packed (ccp). It can be represented as two interpenetrating face-centered cubic (fcc) lattices, or one fcc lattice with a two atom basis. It is most commonly known as the rocksalt crystal structure. For other uses, see Mineral (disambiguation). ... For Halite Bittorrent client , see Halite Client. ... The cubic crystal system is a crystal system where the unit cell is in the shape of a cube. ...

It is held together with an ionic bond and electrostatic forces. Sodium and chlorine bonding ionically to form sodium chloride. ... In physics, the electrostatic force is the force arising between static (that is, non-moving) electric charges. ...

Road salt

While salt was once a scarce commodity in history, industrialized production has now made salt plentiful. About 51% of world output is now used by cold countries to de-ice roads in winter, both in grit bins and spread by winter service vehicles. This works because salt and water form an eutectic mixture. Adding salt to water will lower the freezing temperature of the water, depending on the concentration. The salinity (S) of water is measured as grams salt per kilogram (1000g) water, and the freezing temperatures are as follows. An American Airlines MD-80 aircraft being de-iced at Syracuse Hancock International Airport De-icing is the process of removing ice from a surface. ... A grit bin made from fibreglass. ... A winter service vehicle clearing roads near Toronto, Ontario, Canada. ... A eutectic or eutectic mixture is a mixture of two or more elements which has a lower melting point than any of its constituents. ...

Additives

Table salt sold for consumption today is not pure sodium chloride. In 1911 magnesium carbonate was first added to salt to make it flow more freely.^[2] In 1924 trace amounts of iodine in form of sodium iodide, potassium iodide or potassium iodate were first added, to reduce the incidence of simple goiter.^[3] Year 1911 (MCMXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Magnesium carbonate, MgCO3, is a white solid that occurs in nature as a mineral. ... For the rap album, see 1924 (album). ... For other uses, see Iodine (disambiguation). ... R-phrases 36, 38, 42-43, 61 S-phrases 26, 36-37, 39, 45 Related Compounds Other anions potassium bromide potassium chloride Other cations lithium iodide sodium iodide rubidium iodide caesium iodide Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 Â°C, 100 kPa... Potassium iodate (KIO3) is a chemical compound. ... A goitre (BrE), or goiter (AmE) (Latin struma), also called a bronchocele, is a swelling in the neck (just below Adams apple or larynx) due to an enlarged thyroid gland. ...

Salt for de-icing in the UK typically contains sodium hexacyanoferrate (II) at less than 100ppm as an anti-caking agent. In recent years this additive has also been used in table salt. The ferrocyanide ion is Fe(CN)64−. Using IUPAC nomenclature, this would be called hexacyanoferrate(II) ion, but the old name is most common. ...

Common chemicals

Chemicals used in de-icing salts are mostly found to be sodium chloride (NaCl) or calcium chloride (CaCl₂). Both are similar and are effective in de-icing roads. When these chemicals are produced, they are mined/made, crushed to fine granules, then treated with an anti-caking agent. Adding salt lowers the freezing point of the water, which allows the liquid to be stable at lower temperatures and allows the ice to melt. Alternative de-icing chemicals have also been used. Chemicals such as calcium magnesium acetate and potassium formate are being produced. These chemicals have few of the negative chemical effects on the environment commonly associated with NaCl and CaCl₂.^[4][5] R-phrases S-phrases , , Related Compounds Other anions calcium fluoride calcium bromide calcium iodide Other cations magnesium chloride strontium chloride Supplementary data page Structure and properties n, εr, etc. ... Calcium magnesium acetate is an alternative to road salt. ...

See also

Wikibooks Cookbook has an article on

Salt

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Sodium chloride

• Biosalinity
• Black salt
• Edible salt
• Halite, the mineral form of sodium chloride
• Salinity
• Soap
• Salting the earth

Image File history File links Wikibooks-logo-en. ... Wikibooks logo Wikibooks, previously called Wikimedia Free Textbook Project and Wikimedia-Textbooks, is a wiki for the creation of books. ... Biosalinity is the study and practice of using saline (salty) water for irrigating agricultural crops. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require restructuring. ... Edible salt is mostly sodium chloride (NaCl). ... For Halite Bittorrent client , see Halite Client. ... Annual mean sea surface salinity for the World Ocean. ... For other uses, see Soap (disambiguation). ... This article or section is missing references or citation of sources. ...

References

A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... For information on Wikipedia press releases, see Wikipedia:Press releases. ... For information on Wikipedia press releases, see Wikipedia:Press releases. ...

External links

• The Salt Manufacturers Association website
• Salt Institute website
• Salt Archive website
• Video of rotating rock salt unit cell (divx, 378kb)
• Salt United States Geological Survey Statistics and Information
• US Road Management website
• Salt Intake in Cold Weather