NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Solanum lycopersicum

The tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is a plant in the Solanaceae or nightshade family, as are its close cousins tobacco, chili peppers, potato, and eggplant. The tomato is native to Central, South, and southern North America from Mexico to Peru. It is a perennial, often grown outdoors in temperate climates as an annual, typically reaching to 1–3 m (3 to 10 ft) in height, with a weak, woody stem that often vines over other plants. Lactose is a disaccharide found in milk. ... Dietary fibers are the indigestible portion of plant foods that move food through the digestive system, absorbing water and making defecation easier. ... In chemistry, especially biochemistry, a fatty acid is a carboxylic acid often with a long unbranched aliphatic tail (chain), which is either saturated or unsaturated. ... A representation of the 3D structure of myoglobin, showing coloured alpha helices. ... This article is about the nutrient. ... Reference Daily Intake (RDI) is the daily dietary intake level of a nutrient considered sufficient to meet the requirements of nearly all (97â€“98%) healthy individuals in each life-stage and gender group. ... For other uses, see Plant (disambiguation). ... â€œNightshadeâ€ redirects here. ... Species See text Solanum is a genus of annuals, perennials, sub-shrubs, shrubs and climbers. ... Species See text Nicotiana refers to a genus of short-leafed plants of the nightshade family indigenous to North and South America. ... The chili pepper, or more simply just chili, is the fruit of species of the plant Capsicum from the nightshade family, Solanaceae. ... For other uses, see Potato (disambiguation). ... Binomial name L. The eggplant, aubergine or brinjal (Solanum melongena) is a solanaceous plant bearing a fruit of the same name, commonly used as a vegetable in cooking. ... For other uses, see Central America (disambiguation). ... South America South America is a continent crossed by the equator, with most of its area in the Southern Hemisphere. ... North America North America is a continent[1] in the Earths northern hemisphere and (chiefly) western hemisphere. ... Red Valerian, a perennial plant. ... Peas are an annual plant. ...

The leaves are 10–25 cm long, pinnate, with 5–9 leaflets, each leaflet up to 8 cm long, with a serrated margin; both the stem and leaves are densely glandular-hairy. The flowers are 1–2 cm across, yellow, with five pointed lobes on the corolla; they are borne in a cyme of 3–12 together. The word tomato derives from a word in the Nahuatl language, tomatl. The specific name, lycopersicum, means "wolf-peach" (compare the related species S. lycocarpum, whose scientific name means "wolf-fruit", common name "wolf-apple"). Look up foliage in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Look up flower in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Corolla can be: A Latin-language term for crown The Toyota Corolla, a model of automobile manufactured by Toyota The corolla is one whorl of the perianth of a flower and composed of petals The town of Corolla, North Carolina This is a disambiguation page, a list of pages that... Cyme can refer to: Cyme, a botanical term a for a class of flower clusters (see inflorescence) characterized by the terminal flower in the cluster blooming first. ... Nahuatl ( [1] is a term applied to a group of related languages and dialects of the Aztecan [2] branch of the Uto-Aztecan language family, indigenous to central Mexico. ... In zoological nomenclature, a specific name is the second part (second name) in the name of a species (a binomen). ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ...

History and distribution

Early history

According to Andrew F Smith's The Tomato in America,^[1] the tomato probably originated in the highlands of the west coast of South America. Smith notes there is no evidence the tomato was cultivated or even eaten before the Spanish arrived. Other researchers, however, have pointed out that this is not conclusive, as many other fruits in continuous cultivation in Peru are not present in the very limited historical record. Much horticultural knowledge was lost after the arrival of Europeans. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1168x1760, 244 KB) A selection of heirloom tomatoes. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1168x1760, 244 KB) A selection of heirloom tomatoes. ...

There is a competing theory that says the tomato, like the word "tomato", originated in Mexico, where one of the two apparently oldest "wild" types grows. It is entirely possible that domestication even arose in both regions independently.

In any case, by some means the tomato migrated to Central America. Maya and other peoples in the region used the fruit in their cooking, and it was being cultivated in southern Mexico and probably other areas, by the 16th century. It is thought that the Pueblo people believed those who witnessed the ingestion of tomato seeds were blessed with powers of divination. The large, lumpy tomato, a mutation from a smoother, smaller fruit, originated and was encouraged in Central America. Smith states this variant is the direct ancestor of some modern cultivated tomatoes. this article concerns in particular the contemporary indigenous peoples and cultures who descend from, or remain, speakers of the Mayan languages of southern Mesoamerica. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Pueblo Indians . ... For other uses, see Divination (disambiguation). ...

Two modern tomato cultivar groups, one represented by the Matt's Wild Cherry tomato, the other by currant tomatoes, both originate by recent domestication of the wild tomato plants apparently native to eastern Mexico. Binomial name Solanum pimpinellifolium Jusl. ...

Spanish distribution

After the Spanish colonization of the Americas, the Spanish distributed the tomato throughout their colonies in the Caribbean. They also took it to the Philippines, whence it moved to southeast Asia and then the entire Asian continent. The Spanish also brought the tomato to Europe. It grew easily in Mediterranean climates, and cultivation began in the 1540s. It was probably eaten shortly after it was introduced, though it was certainly being used as food by the early 1600s in Spain. The earliest discovered cookbook with tomato recipes was published in Naples in 1692, though the author had apparently obtained these recipes from Spanish sources. The Spanish colonization of the Americas began with the arrival in the Western Hemisphere of Christopher Columbus (CristÃ³bal ColÃ³n) in 1492. ... â€œWest Indianâ€ redirects here. ... Location of Southeast Asia Southeast Asia is a subregion of Asia. ... The Mediterranean Basin refers to the lands around and surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea. ... For other uses see, Naples (disambiguation) and Napoli (disambiguation) Location of the city of Naples (red dot) within Italy. ...

Tomatoes in Britain

The tomato plant was not grown in England until the 1590s, according to Smith. One of the earliest cultivators was John Gerard, a barber-surgeon. Gerard's Herbal, published in 1597 and largely plagiarized from continental sources, is also one of the earliest discussions of the tomato in England. Gerard knew that the tomato was eaten in both Spain and Italy. Nonetheless, he believed that it was poisonous (tomato leaves and stems contain poisonous glycoalkaloids, but the fruit is safe). Gerard's views were influential, and the tomato was considered unfit for eating (though not necessarily poisonous) for many years in Britain and its North American colonies. By the mid-1700s, however, tomatoes were widely eaten in Britain; and before the end of that century, the Encyclopædia Britannica stated that the tomato was "in daily use" in soups, broths, and as a garnish. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1600x1067, 796 KB) Tomato plants in a vegie garden File links The following pages link to this file: Tomato Vegetable ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1600x1067, 796 KB) Tomato plants in a vegie garden File links The following pages link to this file: Tomato Vegetable ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1600x1067, 389 KB) Tomato Seedling File links The following pages link to this file: Tomato ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1600x1067, 389 KB) Tomato Seedling File links The following pages link to this file: Tomato ... For other uses, see England (disambiguation). ... John Gerard John Gerard (1545 in Nantwich â€“ 1611/12 in London) was an English botanist famous for his herbal garden. ... Barbers were often recruited for the job of surgery in earlier military history. ... Glycoalkaloids are a family of poisons commonly found in the plant species Solanum dulcamara (nightshade). ... In 1775, the British claimed authority over the red and pink areas on this map and Spain ruled the orange. ... The EncyclopÃ¦dia Britannica is a general English-language encyclopaedia published by EncyclopÃ¦dia Britannica, Inc. ...

In Victorian times, cultivation reached an industrial scale in glasshouses, most famously in Worthing. Pressure for housing land in the 1930s to 1960s saw the industry move west to Littlehampton, and to the market gardens south of Chichester. The British tomato industry has been decimated over the past fifteen years or so as cheap imports from Spain have flooded the supermarkets. For other uses, see Worthing (disambiguation). ... , Littlehampton is a seaside resort town in the Arun District of West Sussex, England. ... Operation Market Garden was an Allied military operation in World War II, which took place in September 1944. ... For the larger local government district, see Chichester (district). ...

North America

The earliest reference to tomatoes being grown in British North America is from 1710, when herbalist William Salmon reported seeing them in what is today South Carolina. They may have been introduced from the Caribbean. By the mid-18th century, they were cultivated on some Carolina plantations, and probably in other parts of the South as well. It is possible that some people continued to think tomatoes were poisonous at this time; and in general, they were grown more as ornamental plants than as food. Cultured people like Thomas Jefferson, who ate tomatoes in Paris and sent some seeds home, knew the tomato was edible, but many of the less well-educated did not. British North America was an informal term first used in 1783, but uncommon before the Report on the Affairs of British North America (1839), called the Durham Report. ... William Charles Salmon was an American politician and a member of the United States House of Representatives for the 7th congressional district of Tennessee. ... Official language(s) English Capital Charleston(1670-1789) Columbia(1790-present) Largest city Columbia Largest metro area Columbia Area Ranked 40th - Total 34,726 sq mi (82,965 kmÂ²) - Width 200 miles (320 km) - Length 260 miles (420 km) - % water 6 - Latitude 32Â° 2â€² N to 35Â° 13â€² N - Longitude... Petunia This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Thomas Jefferson (13 April 1743 N.S.â€“4 July 1826) was the third President of the United States (1801â€“09), the principal author of the Declaration of Independence (1776), and one of the most influential Founding Fathers for his promotion of the ideals of Republicanism in the United States. ... It has been suggested that List of visitor attractions in Paris be merged into this article or section. ...

Tomatoes in France

The tomato was introduced to France through Provence from Italy during the late 18th century and became a culinary symbol of the French Revolution due to its red color. They are widely eaten in French cuisine. Coat of arms of Provence Provence (ProvenÃ§al Occitan: ProvenÃ§a in classical norm or ProuvÃ¨nÃ§o in Mistralian norm) was a Roman province and now is a region of southeastern France on the Mediterranean Sea adjacent to Italy. ... The French Revolution (1789â€“1815) was a period of political and social upheaval in the political history of France and Europe as a whole, during which the French governmental structure, previously an absolute monarchy with feudal privileges for the aristocracy and Catholic clergy, underwent radical change to forms based on... French cuisine is considered to be one of the worlds most refined and elegant styles of cooking. ...

Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 351 pixelsFull resolution (1425 Ã— 625 pixel, file size: 60 KB, MIME type: image/png)This bubble map shows the global distribution of tomato output in 2005 as a percentage of the top producer (China - 31,644,040 tonnes). ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 351 pixelsFull resolution (1425 Ã— 625 pixel, file size: 60 KB, MIME type: image/png)This bubble map shows the global distribution of tomato output in 2005 as a percentage of the top producer (China - 31,644,040 tonnes). ...

Production trends

125 million tonnes of tomatoes were produced in the world in 2005, with China, the largest producer, accounting for about one-fourth of the global output followed by United States and Turkey.

According to FAOSTAT, the top producers of tomatoes (in tonnes) in 2005 were: The FAO Corporate Statistical Database is an on-line multilingual (Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Spanish, Russian) database currently containing over 3 million time-series records from over 210 countries and territories covering statistics on agriculture, nutrition, fisheries, forestry, food aid, land use and population. ... A tonne or metric ton (symbol t), sometimes referred to as a metric tonne, is a measurement of mass equal to 1,000 kilograms. ...

Image File history File links Flag_of_the_Peoples_Republic_of_China. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Turkey. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_India. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Egypt. ... FAO emblem With its headquarters in Rome, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations that works to raise levels of nutrition and standards of living; to improve the production, processing, marketing, and distribution of food and agricultural products; to promote rural development; and...

Cultivation and uses

The tomato is now grown worldwide for its edible fruits, with thousands of cultivars having been selected with varying fruit types, and for optimum growth in differing growing conditions. Cultivated tomatoes vary in size from cherry tomatoes, about the same 1–2 cm size as the wild tomato, up to beefsteak tomatoes 10 cm or more in diameter. The most widely grown commercial tomatoes tend to be in the 5–6 cm diameter range. Most cultivars produce red fruit; but a number of cultivars with yellow, orange, pink, purple, green, or white fruit are also available. Multicolored and striped fruit can also be quite striking. Tomatoes grown for canning are often elongated, 7–9 cm long and 4–5 cm diameter; they are known as plum tomatoes. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (2620x1812, 3870 KB) Summary Licensing File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Tomato Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (2620x1812, 3870 KB) Summary Licensing File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Tomato Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2048x1536, 666 KB) Please see the file description page for further information. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2048x1536, 666 KB) Please see the file description page for further information. ... For other uses, see Fruit (disambiguation). ... This Osteospermum Pink Whirls is a successful cultivar. ... A cherry tomato is a smaller garden variety of tomato. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... A plum tomato or paste tomato is a type of tomato bred for sauce and packing purposes. ...

Tomatoes are one of the most common garden fruits in the United States and, along with zucchini, have a reputation for outproducing the needs of the grower. Binomial name L. Zucchini (IPA: , in North American and Australian English) or courgette (IPA: , in New Zealand and British English) is a small summer squash. ...

As in most sectors of agriculture, there is increasing demand in developed countries for organic tomatoes, as well as heirloom tomatoes, to make up for flavor and texture faults in commercial tomatoes. Quite a few seed merchants and banks provide a large selection of heirloom seeds. Tomato seeds are occasionally organically produced as well, but only a small percentage of organic crop area is grown with organic seed. World map indicating Human Development Index (as of 2004). ... Organic farming is a form of agriculture which avoids or largely excludes the use of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides, plant growth regulators, and livestock feed additives. ... An heirloom tomato is an open-pollinated (non-hybrid) cultivar of tomato, which is not commonly grown nowadays. ...

Growing needs

For information on growing tomatoes, please see the relevant chapter in A Wikimanual of Gardening, and/or WikiHow: to Grow a Tomato Plant.

Cultivars

There are a great many tomato cultivars grown for various purposes. Heirloom cultivars are becoming increasingly popular, particularly among home gardeners and organic producers, since they tend to produce more interesting and flavorful crops at the possible cost of some disease resistance. Hybrid plants remain common, since they tend to be heavier producers and sometimes combine unusual characteristics of heirloom tomatoes with the ruggedness of conventional commercial tomatoes. This is a list of tomato varieties / cultivars / breeds. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (768x1024, 228 KB) Description: Solanum lycopersicum (SÃ¶dermanland, Sweden). ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (768x1024, 228 KB) Description: Solanum lycopersicum (SÃ¶dermanland, Sweden). ... This Osteospermum Pink Whirls is a successful cultivar. ...

Tomato cultivars are roughly divided into several categories, based mostly on shape and size. "Slicing" or "globe" tomatoes are the usual tomatoes of commerce; beefsteak are large tomatoes often used for sandwiches and similar applications - their kidney-bean shape makes commercial use impractical; oxheart tomatoes can range in size up to beefsteaks, and are shaped like large strawberries; plum tomatoes, or paste tomatoes, are bred with a higher solid content for use in tomato sauce and paste and are usually oblong shaped; cherry tomatoes are small and round, often sweet tomatoes generally eaten whole in salads; and grape tomatoes are smaller and oblong or pear-shaped, also used in salads. Beefsteak tomatoes are the largest varieties of cultivated tomatoes, sometimes weighing 1 lb (.5 kg) or more. ... A plum tomato or paste tomato is a type of tomato bred for sauce and packing purposes. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Tomato paste is a thick paste made from ripened tomatos with skin and seeds removed. ... A cherry tomato is a smaller garden variety of tomato. ...

Tomatoes are also commonly classified as determinate or indeterminate. Determinate, or bush, types bear a full crop all at once and top off at a specific height; they are often good choices for container growing. Determinate types are preferred by commercial growers who wish to harvest a whole field at one time, or home growers interested in canning. Indeterminate cultivars develop into vines that never top off and continue producing until killed by frost. They are preferred by home growers who wish ripe fruit throughout the season. As an intermediate form, there are plants sometimes known as "vigorous determinate" or "semi-determinate"; these top off like determinates but produce a second crop after the initial crop. Many, if not all, heirloom tomatoes are indeterminate. Tomato cultivars are commonly classified as determinate cultivars or indeterminate. ...

Commonly grown cultivars include: Image File history File links Size of this preview: 450 Ã— 600 pixelsFull resolution (600 Ã— 800 pixel, file size: 80 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg)These are tomatoes from my own garden. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 450 Ã— 600 pixelsFull resolution (600 Ã— 800 pixel, file size: 80 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg)These are tomatoes from my own garden. ... Brandywine is a cultivar of tomato, of the beefsteak type. ... This article is about the tomato cultivar. ...

Home Cultivars with exceptional taste include: Beefsteak tomatoes are the largest varieties of cultivated tomatoes, sometimes weighing 1 lb (.5 kg) or more. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Verticillium lecanii. ... Fusarium is a large genus of filamentous fungi widely distributed in soil and in association with plants. ... Classes Adenophorea Subclass Enoplia Subclass Chromadoria Secernentea Subclass Rhabditia Subclass Spiruria Subclass Diplogasteria Subclass Tylenchia The nematodes or roundworms (Phylum Nematoda from Greek (nema): thread + -ode like) are one of the most common phyla of animals, with over 20,000 different described species (over 15,000 are parasitic). ... Motto: ÐŸÑ€Ð¾Ñ†Ð²ÐµÑ‚Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ðµ Ð² ÐµÐ´Ð¸Ð½ÑÑ‚Ð²Ðµ - Prosperity in unity Anthem: ÐÐ¸Ð²Ñ‹ Ð¸ Ð³Ð¾Ñ€Ñ‹ Ñ‚Ð²Ð¾Ð¸ Ð²Ð¾Ð»ÑˆÐµÐ±Ð½Ñ‹, Ð Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ð½Ð° - Your fields and mounts are wonderful, Motherland Location of Crimea (red) on the map of Ukraine. ... Brandywine is a cultivar of tomato, of the beefsteak type. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... The Early Girl tomato is a small globe type tomato popular with home gardeners because of its early fruit ripening. ... This region consists of the southern part of France. ... Mortgage lifter is the name given to a cultivar of tomato developed by M.C. Byles, also known as Radiator Charlie, because he used it to save his house, selling it for a dollar per plant (back in the 1940s, when a dollar meant something) in order to pay off... Container garden on front porch Container gardening is the practice of growing plants exclusively in containers or pots, instead of planting them in the ground. ... Roma Tomato or Roma VF is a plum tomato and commonly found in supermarkets. ... A plum tomato or paste tomato is a type of tomato bred for sauce and packing purposes. ... San Marzano tomatoes, a variety of plum tomatoes, are considered by many chefs to be the best sauce tomatoes in the world. ... A grape tomato is a small, usually oblong tomato that combines the size and flavor of a small cherry tomato with the oblong shape of a plum tomato. ... This article is about the country. ... A European Pear. ...

An excellent source for additional varieties of homegrown cultivars is the Seed Savers Exchange. Brandywine is a cultivar of tomato, of the beefsteak type. ... Home-grown Cherokee purple tomatoes Cherokee purple is the name of a cultivar of tomato, unusual for the deep purple/red hue of its fruit. ... Mortgage lifter is the name given to a cultivar of tomato developed by M.C. Byles, also known as Radiator Charlie, because he used it to save his house, selling it for a dollar per plant (back in the 1940s, when a dollar meant something) in order to pay off... Seed Savers Exchange, or SSE, is a non-profit organization dedicated to preserving various heirloom plant varieties. ...

Most modern tomato cultivars are smooth surfaced but some older tomato cultivars and most modern beefsteaks often show pronounced ribbing, a feature that may have been common to virtually all pre-Columbian cultivars. In addition, some tomato cultivars produce fruit in colors other than red, including yellow, orange, pink, black, brown, and purple, though such fruit is not widely available in grocery stores, nor are their seedlings available in typical nurseries, but must be bought as seed, often via mail-order. Likewise, some less common varieties have fuzzy skin on the fruit, as is the case with the Fuzzy Peach tomato and Red Boar tomato plants. The pre-Columbian era incorporates all period subdivisions in the history and prehistory of the Americas before the appearance of significant European influences on the Americas continent. ... For other uses, see Red (disambiguation). ... A yellow Tulip. ... Look up orange in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The use of the word pink as a color first occurred in the 17th century to describe the light red flowers of pinks, flowering plants in the genus Dianthus. ... This article is about the color. ... The brown and orange disks of color are objectively identical, in identical gray surrounds, in this image; their perceived color categories depend on what white they are compared to. ... This article is about the color. ...

There is also a considerable gap between commercial and home-gardener cultivars; home cultivars are often bred for flavor to the exclusion of all other qualities, while commercial cultivars are bred for such factors as consistent size and shape, disease and pest resistance, and suitability for mechanized picking and shipping.

Diseases and pests

Tomato cultivars vary widely in their resistance to disease. Modern hybrids focus on improving disease resistance over the heirloom plants. One common tomato disease is tobacco mosaic virus, and for this reason smoking or use of tobacco products are discouraged around tomatoes, although there is some scientific debate over whether the virus could possibly survive being burned and converted into smoke.^[2] Various forms of mildew and blight are also common tomato afflictions, which is why tomato cultivars are often marked with a combination of letters which refer to specific disease resistance. The most common letters are: V - verticillium wilt, F - fusarium wilt strain I, FF - fusarium wilt strain I & II, N - nematodes, T - tobacco mosaic virus, and A - alternaria. This article is a list of diseases of tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum). ... // This article is about a biological term. ... Only a few of the many varieties of potato are commercially grown; others are heirlooms. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Shredded tobacco leaf for pipe smoking Tobacco can also be pressed into plugs and sliced into flakes Tobacco is an agricultural product processed from the fresh leaves of plants in genus Nicotiana. ... Mildew is a grey, mold-like growth caused by one of two different types of micro-organisms. ... Blight is the name for any of a number of diseases affecting many species of plants. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Verticillium lecanii. ... When bacteria or fungi clog a plants water-conducting or vascular system, they can cause permanent wilting and death. ... Fusarium is a large genus of filamentous fungi widely distributed in soil and in association with plants. ... Subkingdom/Phyla Chytridiomycota Blastocladiomycota Neocallimastigomycota Glomeromycota Zygomycota Dikarya (inc. ... Classes Adenophorea Subclass Enoplia Subclass Chromadoria Secernentea Subclass Rhabditia Subclass Spiruria Subclass Diplogasteria Subclass Tylenchia The nematodes or roundworms (Phylum Nematoda from Greek (nema): thread + -ode like) are one of the most common phyla of animals, with over 20,000 different described species (over 15,000 are parasitic). ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Species Many, see text Alternaria is a genus of ascomycete fungi. ...

Another particularly dreaded disease is curly top, carried by the beet leafhopper, which interrupts the lifecycle, ruining a nightshade plant as a crop. As the name implies, it has the symptom of making the top leaves of the plant wrinkle up and grow abnormally. Curly Top was a 1935 musical starring Shirley Temple, Rochelle Hudson, Jane Darwell, and John Boles. ... Binomial name Circulifer tenellus (Baker, 1896) The beet leafhopper is a species of leafhopper with a longer, thinner build than most. ...

Some common tomato pests are cutworms, tomato hornworms and tobacco hornworms, aphids, cabbage loopers, whiteflies, tomato fruitworms, flea beetles, red spider mite, slugs,^[3] and Colorado potato beetles. The term cutworm is used for the larvae of many species of moth. ... Binomial name Manduca quinquemaculata Linnaeus, 1763 The Tomato hornworm (Manduca quinquemaculata L.) is a green caterpillar, the larval form of a moth of the Sphingidae (Sphinx) family common throughout the American continent. ... Binomial name Manduca sexta Linnaeus, 1763 Tobacco hornworms (Manduca sexta) are moths of the Sphingidae family common throughout the American continent. ... Families There are 10 families: Adelgidae Anoeciidae Aphididae Drepanosiphidae Homomasagymibutae Greenideidae Hormaphididae Lachnidae Mindaridae Pemphigidae Phloeomyzidae Phylloxeridae Thelaxidae Aphids, also known as greenfly, blackfly or plant lice, are minute plant-feeding insects in the superfamily Aphidoidea in the homopterous division of the order Hemiptera. ... The term cabbage worm is primarily used for any of three species of Lepidopteran whose larvae feed on cabbages and other cole crops. ... Whitefly Categories: Stub ... Binomial name Helicoverpa zea Boddie, 1850 The larva of the moth Helicoverpa zea is a major agricultural pest for cotton, where it is known as the cotton bollworm, corn, where it is known as the corn earworm, tomatoes, where it is the tomato fruitworm, and many other crops. ... Genera many; see text. ... Binomial name Tetranychus urticae C.L. Koch, 1836 The Red Spider Mite is a predatory mite found in dry environments, generally considered a pest. ... This article is about Terrestrial Slugs. ... Binomial name Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say, 1824 The Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata, also known as the Colorado beetle, ten-striped spearman, the ten-lined potato beetle) is an important pest of potato crops. ...

Pollination

In the wild, original state, tomatoes required cross-pollination; they were much more self-incompatible than domestic cultivars. As a floral device to reduce selfing, the pistils of wild tomatoes extended farther out of the flower than today's cultivars. The stamens were, and remain, entirely within the closed corolla. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1280x916, 174 KB) File links The following pages link to this file: Tomato ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1280x916, 174 KB) File links The following pages link to this file: Tomato ... A flower-fly pollinating a Common Daisy (Bellis perennis) Pollination is an important step in the reproduction of seed plants: the transfer of pollen grains (male gametes) to the plant carpel, the structure that contains the ovule (female gamete). ... Self-incompatibility (SI) is one of the most important means to prevent selfing and promote the generation of new genotypes in plants, and it is considered as one of the causes for the spread and success of the angiosperms, on our planet. ... The Pistil is the part of the flower made up of one or more carpels. ... Stamens of the Amaryllis with prominent anthers carrying pollen Insects, while collecting nectar, unintentionally transfer pollen from one flower to another, bringing about pollination The stamen (from Latin stamen meaning thread of the warp) is the male organ of a flower. ... It has been suggested that Corolla be merged into this article or section. ...

As tomatoes were moved from their native areas, their traditional pollinators, (probably a species of halictid bee) did not move with them. The trait of self-fertility (or self-pollenizing) became an advantage and domestic cultivars of tomato have been selected to maximize this trait. A pollinator is the agent that moves pollen from the male anthers of a flower to the female stigma of a flower to accomplish fertilization or syngamy of the female gamete in the ovule of the flower by the male gamete from the pollen grain. ... Subfamilies Halictinae Nomiinae Nomioidinae Rophitinae Halictidae is a cosmopolitan family of the order Hymenoptera consisting of small to midsize bees which are usually dark-colored and often metallic in appearance. ... For other uses, see Western honey bee and Bee (disambiguation). ... The words pollenizer (polleniser) and pollinator are often confused. ... This Osteospermum Pink Whirls is a successful cultivar. ...

This is not the same as self-pollination, despite the common claim that tomatoes do so. That tomatoes pollinate themselves poorly without outside aid is clearly shown in greenhouse situations where pollination must be aided by artificial wind, vibration of the plants (one brand of vibrator is a wand called an "electric bee" that is used manually), or more often today, by cultured bumblebees. Self-pollination is the activity that arises when a flower has both stamen and pistils. ... The Royal Greenhouses of Laeken. ... Species more than 250 species and subspecies in 37 subgenera Bumblebees (also spelled bumble bee, also known as humblebee) are flying insects of the genus Bombus in the family Apidae. ...

The anther of a tomato flower is shaped like a hollow tube, with the pollen produced within the structure rather than on the surface, as with most species. The pollen moves through pores in the anther, but very little pollen is shed without some kind of outside motion. Flower of the spider tree (Crateva religiosa) with its numerous conspicuous stamens The stamen is the male organ of a flower. ... SEM image of pollen grains from a variety of common plants: sunflower (Helianthus annuus), morning glory (Ipomoea purpurea), prairie hollyhock (Sidalcea malviflora), oriental lily (Lilium auratum), evening primrose (Oenothera fruticosa), and castor bean (Ricinus communis). ...

The best source of outside motion is a sonicating bee such as a bumblebee or the original wild halictid pollinator. In an outside setting, wind or biological agents provide sufficient motion to produce commercially viable crops. Some flowers are pollinated using buzz pollination. ... A sampling of Bacillus anthracisâ€”Anthrax A biological agent is an infectious disease that can be used in bioterrorism or biological warfare. ...

Hydroponic and greenhouse cultivation

Tomatoes are often grown in greenhouses in cooler climates, and indeed there are cultivars such as the British 'Moneymaker' and a number of cultivars grown in Siberia that are specifically bred for indoor growing. In more temperate climates, it is not uncommon to start seeds in greenhouses during the late winter for future transplant. With the transplanting of tomatoes, there is a process of hardening that the plant must go through before being able to be placed outside in order to have greater survival.^{[citation needed]}Hydroponic tomatoes are also available, and the technique is often used in hostile growing environments as well as high-density plantings. The Royal Greenhouses of Laeken. ... â€œSiberianâ€ redirects here. ... For the usage in virology, see temperate (virology). ... Hydroponics is the growing of plants without soil. ...

Picking and ripening

Tomatoes are often picked unripe (and thus green) and ripened in storage with ethylene. Ethylene is a hydrocarbon gas produced by many fruits that acts as the molecular cue to begin the ripening process. Tomatoes ripened in this way tend to keep longer but have poorer flavor and a mealier, starchier texture than tomatoes ripened on the plant. They may be recognized by their color, which is more pink or orange than the other ripe tomatoes' deep red. Tomato slices from http://www. ... Tomato slices from http://www. ... Ethylene (or IUPAC name ethene) is the chemical compound with the formula C2H4. ...

In 1994 Calgene introduced a genetically modified tomato called the 'FlavrSavr' which could be vine ripened without compromising shelf life. However, the product was not commercially successful (see main article for details) and was only sold until 1997. Transgenic plants are plants that have been genetically engineered, a breeding approach that uses recombinant DNA techniques to create plants with new characteristics. ... The FlavrSavrÂ® tomato was the first commercially grown genetically engineered food to be granted a licence for human consumption. ... Shelf-life is the length of time that corresponds to a tolerable loss in quality of a processed food. ...

Recently, stores have begun selling "tomatoes on the vine", which are determinate varieties that are ripened or harvested with the fruits still connected to a piece of vine. These tend to have more flavor than artificially ripened tomatoes (at a price premium), but still may not be the equal of local garden produce.

Slow-ripening cultivars of tomato have been developed by crossing a non-ripening cultivar with ordinary tomato cultivars. Cultivars were selected whose fruits have a long shelf life and at least reasonable flavor.

Modern uses of tomatoes

Tomatoes are now eaten freely throughout the world, and their consumption is believed to benefit the heart among other things. Lycopene, one of nature's most powerful antioxidants, is present in tomatoes, and, especially when tomatoes are cooked, has been found beneficial in preventing prostate cancer.^[4] However, other research contradicts this claim. ^[5] Tomato extract branded as Lycomato is now also being promoted for treatment of high blood pressure. ^[6] Download high resolution version (800x1118, 270 KB)Tomatoes on the bush File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Download high resolution version (800x1118, 270 KB)Tomatoes on the bush File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Image File history File links Metadata No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links Metadata No higher resolution available. ... Note: This page or section contains IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. ... Lycopene is a bright red carotenoid pigment, a phytochemical found in tomatoes and other red fruits. ... Space-filling model of the antioxidant metabolite glutathione. ... Prostate cancer is a disease in which cancer develops in the prostate, a gland in the male reproductive system. ...

Though it is botanically a fruit, the tomato is nutritionally categorized as a vegetable (see below). Since "vegetable" is not a botanical term, there is no contradiction in a plant part being a fruit botanically while still being considered a vegetable. For other uses, see Fruit (disambiguation). ... A plate of vegetables Vegetable is a culinary term which generally refers to an edible part of a plant. ... For other uses, see Tomato (disambiguation). ...

Tomatoes are used extensively in Mediterranean and Middle Eastern cuisine, with Italian being the most notable. The tomato has an acidic property that is used to bring out other flavors. This same acidity makes tomatoes especially easy to preserve in home canning as tomato sauce or paste. The first to commercially can tomatoes was Harrison Woodhull Crosby in Jamesburg, New Jersey. Tomato juice is often canned and sold as a beverage. Unripe green tomatoes can also be used to make salsa, be breaded and fried, or pickled. The Mediterranean Basin refers to the lands around and surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea. ... A map showing countries commonly considered to be part of the Middle East The Middle East is a region comprising the lands around the southern and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Sea, a territory that extends from the eastern Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf. ... For other uses, see Acid (disambiguation). ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Harrison Woodhull Crosby of Jamesburg, New Jersey was the first to can tomatos commercially in 1847. ... The James Buckelew Mansion is a historic point of interest in Jamesburg. ... Tomato juice is a juice made from squeezed tomatoes. ... The word drink is primarily a verb, meaning to ingest liquids, see Drinking. ... Note: This page or section contains IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. ... Fried green tomatoes are a traditional side dish of the Southern United States, made from unripe (green) tomatoes coated with meal and deep fried. ...

The town of Buñol, Spain, annually celebrates La Tomatina, a festival centered on an enormous tomato fight. Tomatoes are also a popular "non-lethal" throwing weapon in mass protests; and there is a common tradition of throwing rotten tomatoes at bad performers on a stage, although this tradition is more symbolic today. Embracing it for this protest connotation, the Dutch Socialist party adopted the tomato as their logo. BuÃ±ol is a small-sized (112 kmÂ²) industrial and agricultural (Carob trees, almond trees, fruit trees, olive trees and grapes. ... La Tomatina is a festival held on the last Wednesday of August at Buñol, Valencia, Spain. ... The Socialist Party (SP, Dutch: Socialistische Partij) is a Dutch socialist political party. ...

Known for its tomato growth and production, the Mexican state of Sinaloa takes the tomato as its symbol.^[7] Sinaloa is a state in northwestern Mexico. ...

Image File history File linksMetadata Unripe_tomatoes. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Unripe_tomatoes. ... Tomato paste is a thick paste made from ripened tomatos with skin and seeds removed. ... Tomato purÃ©e is a processed food product, usually consisting of only tomatoes, but can also be found in pre-seasoned form. ... Tomato pie is a pizza-like food that is common in Italian-American populations, usually served at room temperature instead of hot. ... Gazpacho with blended ingredients. ... Andalucian cuisine is rather varied, corresponding to a region that is itself extensive and varied. ... A bottle of Heinz Organic Ketchup Ketchup (or less commonly catsup) also known as Red Sauce or Tomato Sauce is a condiment, usually made with ripened tomatoes. ... Pa amb tomÃ quet (bread with tomato) is a typical preparation of Catalan cuisine that consists of bread -optionally toasted- with tomato rubbed over and seasoned with olive oil and salt. ... Catalan cuisine refers to the cuisine of Catalonia, the Balearic Islands, and the Comunidad de Valencia in Spain; as well as French Roussillon. ... For other uses, see Pizza (disambiguation). ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Although Italian cuisine does have defining features that are found throughout the country, it is composed of highly varied regional cuisines. ...

Storage

Most tomatoes today are picked before fully ripe. They are bred to continue ripening, but the enzyme that ripens tomatoes stops working when it reaches temperatures below 12.5 °C (54.5 °F). Once an unripe tomato drops below that temperature, it will not continue to ripen. Once fully ripe, tomatoes can be stored in the refrigerator but are best kept and eaten at room temperature. Tomatoes stored in the refrigerator tend to lose flavor, but will still be edible;^[8] thus the "Never Refrigerate" stickers sometimes placed on tomatoes in supermarkets.^[9] â€œFreezerâ€ redirects here. ... Room temperature describes a certain temperature within enclosed space that is uses for various purposes by human beings. ...

Botanical Description

Tomato plants are vines, initially decumbant, typically growing six feet or more above the ground if supported, although erect bush varieties have been bred, generally three feet tall or shorter. It is a "tender" perennial, dying annually in temperate climates (to which it is not native). Tomato plants are dicots, and grow as a series of branching stems, with a terminal bud at the tip that does the actual growing. When that tip eventually stops growing, whether because of pruning or flowering, lateral buds take over and grow into other, fully functional, vines[2]. Orders see text Dicotyledons or dicots are flowering plants whose seed contains two embryonic leaves or cotyledons. ...

Tomato plant vines are typically pubescent, covered with tiny hairs. These hairs facilitate the vining process, turning into roots wherever the plant is in contact with the ground and moisture, especially if there is some issue with the vine's contact to its original root. Pubescent has several meanings: A pubescent person is a young individual who is undergoing the physical and mental changes associated with puberty. ...

Tomato plants generally have compound leaves, known as Regular Leaf (RL) plants. Some cultivars, though, have simple leaves known as potato leaf style because of their resemblance to that close cousin. Of regular leaf varieties, there are variations, such as rugose leaves, which are deeply grooved, angora leaves, which are pubescent (hairy), and variegated, which have additional colors where a genetic flaw excludes chlorophyll from the leaves[3]. Image of a brandywine tomato plant, showing the smooth potato-leaves Potato leaf, or PL, is one of two major styles of leaves which various tomato plants may have, the other kind simply being called regular leaf, or RL. Each is broken down into a number of subcategories, but most... Look up rugose in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Angora was the name of the city of Ankara and the surrounding Ankara Province (vilayet) in Turkey and the Ottoman Empire prior to 1930. ... Variegation is the appearance of differently coloured zones in the leaves, and sometimes the stems, of plants. ... Chlorophyll gives leaves their green color Space-filling model of the chlorophyll molecule Chlorophyll is a green pigment found in most plants, algae, and cyanobacteria. ...

Their flowers, appearing on the apical meristem, have the anthers fused along the edges, forming a column surrounded by the pistil's style. These tend to be self-fertilizing. This is because they are native to the Americas; all plants from the New World evolved without honeybees (which are native to the old world, only), and have other specific means of fertilization[4].

Its fruit is classified, botanically, as a berry. As a true fruit, it develops from the ovary of the plant after fertilization, its flesh comprising the pericarp walls. The fruit contains hollow spaces full of seeds and moisture, called locular cavities. These vary, among cultivated species, according to type. Some smaller tomatoes have two cavities, globe-shaped typically have three to five, and beefsteak having a great number of smaller ones, while paste tomatoes have very few, very small cavities.

The seeds need to come from a mature fruit, and be dried/fermented before germination.

Myths of the tomato

There are many legends about the tomato. For example, it has been claimed that tomatoes were not widely eaten in the U.S. until the late 1800s. It has sometimes been claimed that tomatoes were considered aphrodisiacs and so were shunned by the Puritans. Other claims center on the supposed fear that tomatoes were poisonous, based on the fact that they belong to the Solanales Order, or "Nightshade" family, which contains many toxic plants. Many legends also maintain that the tomato was introduced into the U.S. from South America by one particular person; Thomas Jefferson is sometimes mentioned. Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... An aphrodisiac is an agent which is used to increase sexual desire [1]. The name comes from the Greek goddess of Sensuality Aphrodite. ... The Puritans were members of a group of radical Protestants which developed in England after the Reformation. ... Families at least the following: Solanaceae Convolvulaceae and others, varying between classification systems; for details see text The Solanales are an order of flowering plants, included in the asterid group of dicotyledons. ... â€œNightshadeâ€ redirects here. ... South America South America is a continent crossed by the equator, with most of its area in the Southern Hemisphere. ... Thomas Jefferson (13 April 1743 N.S.â€“4 July 1826) was the third President of the United States (1801â€“09), the principal author of the Declaration of Independence (1776), and one of the most influential Founding Fathers for his promotion of the ideals of Republicanism in the United States. ...

Tomatoes' status as an aphrodisiac may be due to a mistranslation. Legend has it a Frenchman on his travels ate a meal with tomatoes in it and was fascinated with the new taste. He went back to the chef, who was Italian, and asked him what this new ingredient was. The chef said "Pomme de Maure" (Apple of the Moors), but the Frenchman misunderstood and thought he said "Pomme d'amour" (apple of love). The modern Italian word for tomato is "pomodoro." For other uses, see moor. ...

In the United States, the most famous legend of this sort was introduced by Joseph S. Sickler in the mid-1900s, and became the subject of a CBS broadcast of You Are There in 1949. The story goes that the lingering doubts about the safety of the tomato in the United States were largely put to rest in 1820, when Colonel Robert Gibbon Johnson announced that at noon on September 26, he would eat a basket of tomatoes in front of the Salem, New Jersey courthouse. Reportedly, a crowd of more than 2,000 persons gathered in front of the courthouse to watch the poor man die after eating the poisonous fruits, and were shocked when he lived. In his book Smith notes that there is little, if any, historical evidence for any of these legends, and that they continue to be repeated largely because they are entertaining stories. is the 269th day of the year (270th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The City of Salem highlighted in Salem County. ...

It is also said that the tomato became popular in France during the French Revolution, because the revolutionaries' iconic color was red; and at one point it was suggested that they should eat red food as a show of loyalty. Since European royalty was still leery of the nightshade-related tomato, it apparently was the perfect choice. This may also be why the first reported use of the tomato in the U.S. was in New Orleans, Louisiana in 1812, because of the French influence in that region. The French Revolution (1789â€“1815) was a period of political and social upheaval in the political history of France and Europe as a whole, during which the French governmental structure, previously an absolute monarchy with feudal privileges for the aristocracy and Catholic clergy, underwent radical change to forms based on... NOLA redirects here. ...

There is also a story which claims that an agent for Britain attempted to kill General George Washington by feeding him a dish laced with tomatoes during the American Revolution. George Washington (February 22, 1732 â€“ December 14, 1799)[1] led Americas Continental Army to victory over Britain in the American Revolutionary War (1775â€“1783), and in 1789 was elected the first President of the United States of America. ... John Trumbulls Declaration of Independence, showing the five-man committee in charge of drafting the Declaration in 1776 as it presents its work to the Second Continental Congress in Philadelphia The American Revolution refers to the period during the last half of the 18th century in which the Thirteen...

"Tomato" also has been used as a slang word for an attractive woman. This use was most common from the 1920s through the 1940s and only within the USA. Slang is the use of highly informal words and expressions that are not considered standard in the speakers dialect or language. ...

Controversies

Botanical classification

In 1753 the tomato was placed in the genus Solanum by Linnaeus as Solanum lycopersicum L. (derivation, 'lyco', wolf, plus 'persicum', peach, i.e., "wolf-peach"). However, in 1768 Philip Miller placed it in its own genus, and he named it Lycopersicon esculentum. This name came into wide use but was in breach of the plant naming rules. Technically, the combination Lycopersicon lycopersicum (L.) H.Karst. would be more correct, but this name (published in 1881) has hardly ever been used. Therefore, it was decided to conserve the well-known Lycopersicon esculentum, making this the correct name for the tomato when it is placed in the genus Lycopersicon. Species See text. ... Carl Linnaeus, Latinized as Carolus Linnaeus, also known after his ennoblement as , (May 23, 1707[1] â€“ January 10, 1778), was a Swedish botanist, physician and zoologist[2] who laid the foundations for the modern scheme of nomenclature. ... Wolf Wolf Man Mount Wolf Wolf Prizes Wolf Spider Wolf 424 Wolf 359 Wolf Point Wolf-herring Frank Wolf Friedrich Wolf Friedrich August Wolf Hugo Wolf Johannes Wolf Julius Wolf Max Franz Joseph Cornelius Wolf Maximilian Wolf Rudolf Wolf Thomas Wolf As Name Wolf Breidenbach Wolf Hirshorn Other The call... Binomial name (L.) Batsch Percentages are relative to US recommendations for adults. ... Philip Miller (1691 - December 18, 1771) was a botanist of Scottish descent. ... The International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN) is the set of rules that governs plant nomenclature, i. ... Gustav Karl Wilhelm Hermann Karsten (1817 â€“ 1908) was a German botanist and geologist. ... In botanical nomenclature, conservation is a nomenclatural procedure governed by Art. ... In botany, the correct name is the one and only botanical name that is to be used for a particular taxon, when that taxon has a particular taxonomic placement. ...

However, genetic evidence (e.g., Peralta & Spooner 2001) has now shown that Linnaeus was correct in the placement of the tomato in the genus Solanum, making the Linnaean name correct; if Lycopersicon is excluded from Solanum, Solanum is left as a paraphyletic taxon. Despite this, it is likely that the exact taxonomic placement of the tomato will be controversial for some time to come, with both names found in the literature. This article is about the general scientific term. ... Scientific classification or biological classification is a method by which biologists group and categorize species of organisms. ... In phylogenetics, a grouping of organisms is said to be paraphyletic (Greek para = near and phyle = race) if all the members of the group have a common ancestor, but the group does not include all the descendants of the most recent common ancestor of all group members. ...

The Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research began sequencing the tomato genome in 2004 and is creating a database of genomic sequences and information on the tomato and related plants.^[10] A draft version of the full genome expected to be published by 2008. The genomes of its organelles (mitochondria and chloroplast) are also expected to be published as part of the project. The Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research is an renown research and education organization currently located on the campus of Cornell University in Ithaca, New York. ... In biology the genome of an organism is the whole hereditary information of an organism that is encoded in the DNA (or, for some viruses, RNA). ... In cell biology, an organelle is one of several structures with specialized functions, suspended in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell. ... In cell biology, a mitochondrion is an organelle found in the cells of most eukaryotes. ... Chloroplasts are organelles found in plant cells and eukaryotic algae that conduct photosynthesis. ...

Fruit or vegetable?

Botanically, a tomato is the ovary, together with its seeds, of a flowering plant: a fruit or, more precisely, a berry. However, the tomato is not as sweet as those foodstuffs usually called fruits and, from a culinary standpoint, it is typically served as part of a salad or main course of a meal, as are vegetables, rather than at dessert, as are fruits. As noted above, the term "vegetable" has no botanical meaning and is purely a culinary term. Tomato plant with grass backdrop File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Tomato plant with grass backdrop File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Longitudinal section of female flower of squash showing ovary, ovules, pistil, and petals In the flowering plants, an ovary is a part of the female reproductive organ of the flower or gynoecium. ... Classes Magnoliopsida - Dicots Liliopsida - Monocots The flowering plants or angiosperms are the most widespread group of land plants. ... For other uses, see Fruit (disambiguation). ... Several types of berries from the market. ... The main course is the main dish of a multidished meal. ... A plate of vegetables Vegetable is a culinary term which generally refers to an edible part of a plant. ... Not to be confused with Desert. ...

This argument has had legal implications in the United States. In 1887, U.S. tariff laws that imposed a duty on vegetables but not on fruits caused the tomato's status to become a matter of legal importance. The U.S. Supreme Court settled the controversy in 1893 by declaring that the tomato is a vegetable, based on the popular definition that classifies vegetables by use, that they are generally served with dinner and not dessert (Nix v. Hedden (149 U.S. 304)). The holding of the case applies only to the interpretation of the Tariff Act of March 3, 1883, and the court did not purport to reclassify the tomato for botanical or other purposes other than paying a tax under a tariff act. This article does not cite any references or sources. ... In economics, a duty is a kind of tax, often associated with customs, a payment due to the revenue of a state, levied by force of law. ... Federal courts Supreme Court Circuit Courts of Appeal District Courts Elections Presidential elections Midterm elections Political Parties Democratic Republican Third parties State & Local government Governors Legislatures (List) State Courts Local Government Other countries Atlas Politics Portal The Supreme Court of the United States (sometimes colloquially referred to by the acronym... Holding That a tomato is legally a vegetable, not a fruit. ...

The tomato has been designated the state vegetable of New Jersey. Arkansas took both sides by declaring the "South Arkansas Vine Ripe Pink Tomato" to be both the state fruit and the state vegetable in the same law, citing both its botanical and culinary classifications. In 2006, the Ohio House of Representatives passed a law that would have declared the tomato to be the official state fruit, but the bill died when the Ohio Senate failed to act on it. Tomato juice has been the official beverage of Ohio since 1965. A.W. Livingston, of Reynoldsburg, Ohio played a large part in popularizing the tomato in the late 1800's. Official language(s) English de facto Capital Trenton Largest city Newark Area Ranked 47th - Total 8,729 sq mi (22,608 kmÂ²) - Width 70 miles (110 km) - Length 150 miles (240 km) - % water 14. ... Official language(s) English Capital Little Rock Largest city Little Rock Largest metro area Little Rock Metropolitan Area Area Ranked 29th - Total 53,179 sq mi (137,002 kmÂ²) - Width 239 miles (385 km) - Length 261 miles (420 km) - % water 2. ... Ohio has a bicameral legislature, the Ohio General Assembly, consisting a House of Representatives and Senate (the Ohio State Senate), based on its constitution of 1851. ... The Ohio Senate is the upper house in Ohios bicameral legislature, the Ohio General Assembly; the lower house is the Ohio House of Representatives. ... Reynoldsburg is a city in Fairfield, Franklin, and Licking counties in Ohio. ...

But due to the scientific definition of a fruit, the tomato remains a fruit when not dealing with US tariffs. Nor is it the only culinary vegetable that is a botanical fruit: eggplants, cucumbers, and squashes of all kinds (such as zucchini and pumpkins) share the same ambiguity. Binomial name L. The eggplant, aubergine or brinjal (Solanum melongena) is a solanaceous plant bearing a fruit of the same name, commonly used as a vegetable in cooking. ... Binomial name L. The cucumber (Cucumis sativus) is a widely cultivated plant in the gourd family Cucurbitaceae, which includes squash, and in the same genus as the muskmelon. ... Species - hubbard squash, buttercup squash - cushaw squash C. moschata- butternut squash C. pepo- most pumpkins, acorn squash, summer squash References: ITIS 223652002-11-06 Hortus Third Squashes are four species of the genus Cucurbita, also called pumpkins and marrows depending on variety or the nationality of the speaker. ... Binomial name L. Zucchini (IPA: , in North American and Australian English) or courgette (IPA: , in New Zealand and British English) is a small summer squash. ... For the film, see Pumpkin (film). ...

Pronunciation

The pronunciation of tomato differs in different English-speaking countries; the two most common variants are /təˈmɑːtəʊ/ and /təˈmeɪtoʊ/. Speakers from the British Isles, most of the Commonwealth, and older generations among speakers of Southern American English typically say /təˈmɑːtəʊ/, while most American and Canadian speakers usually say /təˈmeɪtoʊ/. Most or all languages, apart from American English, have a word that corresponds more to the former pronunciation, including the original Nahuatl word from which they are all taken. Differences in pronunciation between American English (AmE) and British English (BrE) can be divided into: differences in accent (i. ... The following is a list of sovereign states and territories where English is an official language, in order of population. ... This article describes the archipelago in north-Western Europe. ... The Commonwealth of Nations as of 2006 Headquarters Marlborough House, London, UK Official languages English Membership 53 sovereign states Leaders - Queen Elizabeth II - Secretary-General Don McKinnon (since 1 April 2000) Establishment - Balfour Declaration 18 November 1926 - Statute of Westminster 11 December 1931 - London Declaration 28 April 1949 Area - Total... Southern American English as defined by the monophthongization of to before obstruents (Labov, Ash, and Boberg 2006:126). ... For other uses, see American English (disambiguation). ...

The word's dual pronunciations were immortalized in Ira and George Gershwin's 1937 song "Let's Call the Whole Thing Off" (You like /pəˈteɪtoʊ/ and I like /pəˈtɑːtəʊ/ / You like /təˈmeɪtoʊ/ and I like /təˈmɑːtəʊ/) and have become a symbol for nitpicking pronunciation disputes. In this capacity it has even become an American slang term: saying /təˈmeɪtoʊ, təˈmɑːtəʊ/ when presented with two choices can mean "What's the difference?" or "It's all the same to me." Free variation in linguistics is the phenomenon of two (or more) sounds or forms appearing in the same environment without a change in meaning and without being considered incorrect by native speakers. ... Ira Gershwin (6 December 1896 â€“ 17 August 1983) was an American lyricist who collaborated with his younger brother, composer George Gershwin, to create some of the most memorable songs of the 20th century. ... This article includes a list of works cited or a list of external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks in-text citations. ... Lets Call the Whole Thing Off is a song written by George Gershwin and Ira Gershwin for the 1937 film Shall We Dance. ... Nitpicking is the sport of finding, often trivial, mistakes in movies and television shows. ...

Safety

On October 30, 2006 the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) announced that tomatoes might be the source of a salmonella outbreak causing 172 illnesses in 18 states [5]. The affected states include Arkansas, Connecticut, Georgia, Indiana, Kentucky, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, North Carolina, New Hampshire, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Tennessee, Virginia, Vermont and Wisconsin. Tomatoes have been linked to seven salmonella outbreaks since 1990 (from the Food Safety Network).^[11] Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 600 pixelsFull resolution (2592 Ã— 1944 pixel, file size: 803 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 600 pixelsFull resolution (2592 Ã— 1944 pixel, file size: 803 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in Atlanta, Georgia, is recognized as the leading United States agency for protecting the public health and safety of people. ... Species Salmonella bongori Salmonella enterica Salmonella arizonae Salmonella enteritidis Salmonella typhi Salmonella typhimurium Salmonella is a genus of rod-shaped Gram-negative enterobacteria that causes typhoid fever, paratyphoid fever, and foodborne illness. ... Official language(s) English Capital Little Rock Largest city Little Rock Largest metro area Little Rock Metropolitan Area Area Ranked 29th - Total 53,179 sq mi (137,002 kmÂ²) - Width 239 miles (385 km) - Length 261 miles (420 km) - % water 2. ... Official language(s) English Capital Hartford Largest city Bridgeport Largest metro area Hartford Area Ranked 48th - Total 5,543[2] sq mi (14,356 kmÂ²) - Width 70 miles (113 km) - Length 110 miles (177 km) - % water 12. ... Official language(s) English Capital Indianapolis Largest city Indianapolis Area Ranked 38th - Total 36,418 sq mi (94,321 kmÂ²) - Width 140 miles (225 km) - Length 270 miles (435 km) - % water 1. ... Official language(s) English[1] Capital Frankfort Largest city Louisville Area Ranked 37th - Total 40,444 sq mi (104,749 kmÂ²) - Width 140 miles (225 km) - Length 379 miles (610 km) - % water 1. ... Official language(s) None (English and French de facto) Capital Augusta Largest city Portland Area Ranked 39th - Total 33,414 sq mi (86,542 kmÂ²) - Width 210 miles (338 km) - Length 320 miles (515 km) - % water 13. ... This article is about the U.S. State. ... Official language(s) None (English, de-facto) Capital Lansing Largest city Detroit Largest metro area Metro Detroit Area Ranked 11th - Total 97,990 sq mi (253,793 kmÂ²) - Width 239 miles (385 km) - Length 491 miles (790 km) - % water 41. ... Capital Saint Paul Largest city Minneapolis Area Ranked 12th - Total 87,014 sq mi (225,365 kmÂ²) - Width 250 miles (400 km) - Length 400 miles (645 km) - % water 8. ... Official language(s) English Capital Raleigh Largest city Charlotte Area Ranked 28th - Total 53,865 sq mi (139,509 kmÂ²) - Width 150 miles (240 km) - Length 560[1] miles (901 km) - % water 9. ... Official language(s) English Capital Concord Largest city Manchester Area Ranked 46th - Total 9,350 sq mi (24,217 kmÂ²) - Width 68 miles (110 km) - Length 190 miles (305 km) - % water 4. ... Official language(s) None Capital Columbus Largest city Columbus Largest metro area Cleveland Area Ranked 34th - Total 44,825 sq mi (116,096 kmÂ²) - Width 220 miles (355 km) - Length 220 miles (355 km) - % water 8. ... Capital Harrisburg Largest city Philadelphia Area Ranked 33rd - Total 46,055 sq mi (119,283 kmÂ²) - Width 280 miles (455 km) - Length 160 miles (255 km) - % water 2. ... â€œRIâ€ redirects here. ... Official language(s) English Capital Nashville Largest city Memphis Largest metro area Nashville Area Ranked 36th - Total 42,169 sq mi (109,247 kmÂ²) - Width 120 miles (195 km) - Length 440 miles (710 km) - % water 2. ... This article is about the U.S. state. ... Official language(s) None Capital Montpelier Largest city Burlington Area Ranked 45th - Total 9,620 sq mi (24,923 kmÂ²) - Width 80 miles (130 km) - Length 160 miles (260 km) - % water 3. ... Official language(s) None Capital Madison Largest city Milwaukee Area Ranked 23rd - Total 65,498 sq mi (169,790 kmÂ²) - Width 260 miles (420 km) - Length 310 miles (500 km) - % water 17 - Latitude 42Â° 30â€² N to 47Â° 05â€² N - Longitude 86Â° 46â€² W to 92Â° 53â€² W Population Ranked... An editor has expressed a concern that the subject of the article does not satisfy the notability guideline or one of the following guidelines for inclusion on Wikipedia: Biographies, Books, Companies, Fiction, Music, Neologisms, Numbers, Web content, or several proposals for new guidelines. ...

Tomato records

The heaviest tomato ever was one of 3.51 kg (7 lb 12 oz), of the cultivar 'Delicious', grown by Gordon Graham of Edmond, Oklahoma in 1986.^{[citation needed]} The largest tomato plant grown was of the cultivar 'Sungold' and reached 19.8 m (65 ft) length, grown by Nutriculture Ltd (UK) of Mawdesley, Lancashire, UK, in 2000.^{[citation needed]} Gordon Graham is an American journalist. ... It has been suggested that Settlers Crossing be merged into this article or section. ...

The massive "tomato tree" growing inside the Walt Disney World Resort's experimental greenhouses in Lake Buena Vista, Florida may be the largest single tomato plant in the world. The plant has been recognized as a Guinness World Record Holder, with a harvest of more than 32,000 tomatoes and a total weight of 1,151.84 pounds. This one-of-a-kind plant yields thousands of tomatoes at one time from a single vine. Yong Huang, Epcot's manager of agricultural science discovered the unique plant in Beijing, China. Huang brought its seeds to Epcot and created the specialized greenhouse for the fruit to grow. The vine grows golf ball-sized tomatoes which are served at Walt Disney World restaurants. The world record-setting tomato tree can be seen by guests along the Living With the Land boat ride at Epcot. Cinderella Castle is the symbol of Magic Kingdom The Spaceship Earth geodesic sphere is the symbol of Epcot The Sorcerers Hat is the symbol of Disney-MGM Studios The Tree of Life is the symbol of Disneys Animal Kingdom Walt Disney World Resort, often referred to as simply... Lake Buena Vista is a city located in Orange County, Florida, U.S., at the 2000 census the population was 16. ... This article is about the Epcot theme park. ... A demonstration of non-traditional agriculture in the greenhouse of The Land pavilion, as seen from Living with the Land. ...

On august 30, 2007, 40,000 spaniards gathered in Bunol to throw 115,000 kilograms of tomatoes at each other in the yearly Tomatina festival. Bare-chested tourists also included hundreds of British, French and Germans.^[12] Bu ol is a small-sized (112 km ) industrial and agricultural (Carob trees, almond trees, fruit trees, olive trees and grapes. ... Binomial name Solanumlycopersicum Linnaeus ref. ... La Tomatina La Tomatina is a food fight festival held on a the last Wednesday of August each year in the town of BuÃ±ol in the Valencia region in Spain. ... For other uses, see Festival (disambiguation). ...

Contents

History and distribution

Early history

Spanish distribution

Tomatoes in Britain

North America

Tomatoes in France

Production trends

Cultivation and uses

Growing needs

Cultivars

Diseases and pests

Pollination

Hydroponic and greenhouse cultivation

Picking and ripening

Modern uses of tomatoes

Storage

Botanical Description

Myths of the tomato

Controversies

Botanical classification

Fruit or vegetable?

Pronunciation

Safety

Tomato records

See also

Notes

References

External links

Contents

History and distribution GA_googleFillSlot("encyclopedia_square");

Early history

Spanish distribution

Tomatoes in Britain

North America

Tomatoes in France

Production trends

Cultivation and uses

Growing needs

Cultivars

Diseases and pests

Pollination

Hydroponic and greenhouse cultivation

Picking and ripening

Modern uses of tomatoes

Storage

Botanical Description

Myths of the tomato

Controversies

Botanical classification

Fruit or vegetable?

Pronunciation

Safety

Tomato records

See also

Notes

References

External links

History and distribution