Somali Civil War
Mike Durant's helicopter "Super Six-Four" heading out over Mogadishu on 3 October 1993.
Date 1988 - current Location Somalia Result ongoing

The Somali Civil War is an armed conflict in Somalia that started in 1988. Michael Durants helicopter (Super64) heading out over Mogadishu on October 3, 1993. ... Michael Mike J. Durant is the American pilot that was held prisoner after a raid in Mogadishu, Somalia on October 3, 1993. ... October 3 is the 276th day of the year (277th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1993 (MCMXCIII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar and marked the Beginning of the International Decade to Combat Racism and Racial Discrimination (1993-2003). ... This article, image, template or category should belong in one or more categories. ... The Eritrean War of Independence started in 1962 when Emperor Haile Sellassie of Ethiopia unilaterally dissolved the Eritrean parliament and annexed the country. ... Combatants Ethiopia Cuba Somalia Commanders Mengistu Haile Mariam Siad Barre Strength Ethiopia 217,000 1,500 Soviet advisors 15,000 Cubans SNA 60,000 WSLF 15,000 Casualties Unknown 20,000 killed or wounded 3/4 of the Air Force was lost The Ogaden War was a conventional conflict between... Combatants Eritrea Ethiopia Commanders General Sebhat Ephrem General Samora Mohammed Yunis Casualties 19,000 (Eritrean official count); 20-50,000[1] up to 60,000. ... Combatants Islamic Courts Union Pro-Islamist militias Alleged:  Eritrea Foreign Mujahideen Transitional Government of Somalia  Ethiopia Puntland Galmudug Alleged:  Uganda[1] Maritime Patrol: United States [2][3] Commanders Hassan Aweys Sharif Ahmed Hasan Hersi Adan Ayrow Barre Adan Shire Hirale Abdi Qeybdid Adde Musa (Puntland) Meles Zenawi Strength 10,000... Combatants Somali National Army (SNA) under Siad Barre; after Barres exile and return forces later known as Somali National Front (SNF) Revolutionary groups: Somali National Movement (SNM) Somali Patriot Movement (SPM) United Somalia Congress (USC) Somali Democratic Front (SDF) Somali Salvation Democratic Front (SSDF) Commanders Siad Barre Ahmad Mahammad... Combatants USSOF UNOSOM II Somali militiamen Commanders Many Mohamed Farrah Aidid The United Nations intervention in Somalia (code-named Operation Restore Hope) was a United Nations–sanctioned United States military operation from 9 December 1992 to 4 May 1993. ... The downfall of Siad Barres government did not bring peace to the nation. ... Following the civil war and the ensuing anarchy, some factions managed to exert a degree of hegemonial authority over certain regions of Somalia where they maintained broad, clan-based support. ... Combatants Islamic Courts Union Pro-Islamist Militias Alleged: Eritrea Foreign Jihadists ARPCT, comprising Various Warlords Transitional Federal Government Puntland Autonomous Region Rahanweyn Resistance Army Ethiopia[1] Alleged:  Uganda[2] Commanders Muhammad Ibraheem Bilal Hasan Hersi Turki Yusuf Siad Inda-Addeh Mukhtar Robow Adan Ayrow Barre Adan Shire Hirale (Jubaland), Abdi... Combatants Islamic Courts Union Pro-Islamist militias Alleged:  Eritrea Foreign Mujahideen Transitional Government of Somalia  Ethiopia Puntland Galmudug Alleged:  Uganda[1] Maritime Patrol: United States [2][3] Commanders Hassan Aweys Sharif Ahmed Hasan Hersi Adan Ayrow Barre Adan Shire Hirale Abdi Qeybdid Adde Musa (Puntland) Meles Zenawi Strength 10,000... Operation Provide Relief (UNOSOM I) was a United Nation (UN) sponsored effort to provide humanitarian relief for the people of Somalia who were facing a severe famine, initiated and exacerbated by the ongoing Somoli civil war. ... Operation Deliverance was a Canadian Forces military operation initiated in 1992, supported by the United Nations. ... Combatants USSOF, UNOSOM II Somali National Alliance-affiliated militias Commanders William F. Garrison Mohamed Farrah Aidid Strength 160 2,000+ Casualties U.S. 18 killed 73 wounded 1 captured Malaysia 1 killed 7 wounded Pakistan 2 wounded Militia and civilians 1,000+ killed 3,000+ wounded Task Force Ranger achieved... Combatants Alliance for the Restoration of Peace and Counter-Terrorism Militia loyal to the Islamic Court Union Commanders Mohamed Qanyare, Muse Sudi, Nuur Daqle Sheikh Sharif Ahmed Strength unknown unknown Casualties unknown unknown The Second Battle of Mogadishu was a battle fought for control of Mogadishu, the capital city of... Combatants Islamic Courts Union Pro-Islamist Militias Foreign fighters Alleged:  Eritrea Transitional Federal Government Ethiopia[1] Casualties 700 dead or wounded (TFG claim) SomaliNet 400 killed (ICU claim) [1] The Battle of Baidoa began on December 20, 2006 when the Somali Transitional Federal Governments forces (TFG) allied with Ethiopian... A civil war is a war in which parties within the same culture, society or nationality fight against each other for the control of political power. ...

Downfall of Siad Barre (1986 - 1992)

Main article: Somalian Revolution (1986-1992)

The first phase of the civil war stemmed from the insurrections against the repressive regime of Siad Barre. After his ousting from power, a counter-revolution took place to attempt to reinstate him as leader of the country. Combatants Somali National Army (SNA) under Siad Barre; after Barres exile and return forces later known as Somali National Front (SNF) Revolutionary groups: Somali National Movement (SNM) Somali Patriot Movement (SPM) United Somalia Congress (USC) Somali Democratic Front (SDF) Somali Salvation Democratic Front (SSDF) Commanders Siad Barre Ahmad Mahammad... Mohamed Siad Barre (Somali: Maxamed Siyaad Barre) (1919 – January 2, 1995) was the Head of State of Somalia from 1969 to 1991. ...

The increasingly violent and chaotic situation evolved to a humanitarian crisis and to a state of anarchy.

UN Intervention (1992 - 1995)

Main articles: UNOSOM I, UNITAF, UNOSOM II, and Operation Restore Hope

UN Security Council Resolution 733 and UN Security Council Resolution 746 led to the creation of UNOSOM I, the first mission to provide humanitarian relief and help restore order in Somalia after the dissolution of its central government. Operation Provide Relief (UNOSOM I) was a United Nation (UN) sponsored effort to provide humanitarian relief for the people of Somalia who were facing a severe famine, initiated and exacerbated by the ongoing Somoli civil war. ... On December 3, 1992 the UN Security Council Resolution 794 was unanimously passed, creating the Unified Task Force (UNITAF), which was to work in coordination with UNOSOM. This was an unprecedented resolution because it authorized Member States to “use all necessary means to establish as soon as possible a secure... Operation Restore Hope was an American military operation with the support of the United Nations which was formed to deliver humanitarian aid and restore order to the African nation of Somalia which was suffering from a severe famine, general anarchy, and domination by a number of warlords following the collapse... Combatants USSOF UNOSOM II Somali militiamen Commanders Many Mohamed Farrah Aidid The United Nations intervention in Somalia (code-named Operation Restore Hope) was a United Nations–sanctioned United States military operation from 9 December 1992 to 4 May 1993. ... Operation Provide Relief (UNOSOM I) was a United Nation (UN) sponsored effort to provide humanitarian relief for the people of Somalia who were facing a severe famine, initiated and exacerbated by the ongoing Somoli civil war. ...

UN Security Council Resolution 794 was unanimously passed on December 3, 1992, which approved a coalition of United Nations peacekeepers led by the United States to form UNITAF, tasked with ensuring humanitarian aid being distributed and peace being established in Somalia. The UN humanitarian troops landed in 1993 and started a two-year effort (primarily in the south) to alleviate famine conditions. UN Security Council Resolution 794 created UNITAF in Somalia (1992). ... December 3 is the 337th (in leap years the 338th) day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1992 (MCMXCII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday. ... The United Nations (UN) is an international organization whose stated aims are to facilitate co-operation in international law, international security, economic development, and social equity. ... On December 3, 1992 the UN Security Council Resolution 794 was unanimously passed, creating the Unified Task Force (UNITAF), which was to work in coordination with UNOSOM. This was an unprecedented resolution because it authorized Member States to “use all necessary means to establish as soon as possible a secure...

Critics of US involvement pointed out that "just before pro-U.S. President Mohamed Siad Barre was overthrown in 1991, nearly two-thirds of the country's territory had been granted as oil concessions to Conoco, Amoco, Chevron and Phillips. Conoco even lent its Mogadishu corporate compound to the U.S. embassy a few days before the Marines landed, with the first Bush administration's special envoy using it as his temporary headquarters."^[1][2][3] Categories: Companies traded on NYSE | Corporation stubs | Oil companies of the United States | Fortune 500 companies | Companies based in Texas ... Amoco Oil Corporation was founded in 1889 by John Rockefeller and first incorporated as Standard Oil of Indiana, formed from the breakup of gasoline giant Standard Oil. ... Chevron may refer to: Chevron, a V-shaped pattern seen in military or police insigna, heraldry, flag design, and architectural frets Chevron, a series of bones on the underside of the tail of reptiles Chevron Corporation, a petrochemical company Chevron Cars, an advertising campaign of the Chevron Corporation including stylized... Phillips can refer to: // People Antony Phillips resident of Worcester, Famous actor and well known celebrity Cory Michael Phillips, singer-songwriter, originally from McAllen, Texas Ethan Phillips, American actor, playwright and author Henry F. Phillips, American businessman and inventor John George Phillips (wireless officer), Senior Wireless operator on the RMS...

Many Somalis opposed the foreign presence. In October, several gun battles in Mogadishu between local gunmen and peacekeepers resulted in the death of 24 Pakistanis and 19 US soldiers (total US deaths were 31). Most of the Americans were killed in the Battle of Mogadishu. The incident later became the basis for the book and movie Black Hawk Down. The UN withdrew on March 3, 1995, having suffered more significant casualties. Order in Somalia still had not been restored. Combatants USSOF, UNOSOM II Somali National Alliance-affiliated militias Commanders William F. Garrison Mohamed Farrah Aidid Strength 160 2,000+ Casualties U.S. 18 killed 73 wounded 1 captured Malaysia 1 killed 7 wounded Pakistan 2 wounded Militia and civilians 1,000+ killed 3,000+ wounded Task Force Ranger achieved... Black Hawk Down is a 2001 film by Ridley Scott, based on the book Black Hawk Down: A Story of Modern War by Mark Bowden. ... March 3 is the 62nd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (63rd in leap years). ... 1995 (MCMXCV) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Independence and Autonomy Movements (1991 - 2002)

In 1991, the Republic of Somaliland, comprising the north eastern section of the country, declared itself independent, though it was not formally recognized as such by the international community. Capital Hargeisa Somali, Arabic and English Government Republic Independence From Somalia and United Kingdom   - Declared May 18, 1991 . ...

Another secession from Somalia took place in the northeastern region. The self-proclaimed state took the name Puntland after declaring "temporary" independence in 1998, with the intention that it would participate in any Somali reconciliation to form a new central government. Motto: None Anthem(s): Puntland Somalian National Anthem Capital Garowe Largest city Bosaso Official language(s) Somali and Arabic Government  - President Mohamud Muse Hersi  - Vice-President Hasan Dahir Independence From Somalia   - Declared 1998   - Recognition none  Area  - Total ~250,000 km² (not ranked) n/a sq mi   - Water (%) Negl. ...

A third secession occurred in 1998 with the declaration of the state of Jubaland. The territory of Jubaland is now encompassed by the state of Southwestern Somalia and its status is unclear. Jubaland (also Jubbaland, Trans-Juba, It: Oltre Giuba) is the southwesternmost part of Somalia, on the far side of the Jubba River (thus the trans- name), bordering on Kenya. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

A fourth self-proclaimed entity led by the Rahanweyn Resistance Army (RRA) was set up in 1999, along the lines of the Puntland. That "temporary" secession was reasserted in 2002. This led to the autonomy of Southwestern Somalia. The RRA had originally set up an autonomous administration over the Bay and Bakool regions of south and central Somalia in 1999. It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Rahanwein Resistance Army. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Bay is a region (gobolka) in southern Somalia. ... Bakool is a region (gobolka) in central Somalia. ...

Rise of the ICU, War with the ARPCT, TFG and Ethiopia (2006-present)

Main articles: Somali Civil War (2006-present), War in Somalia (2006–present), Transitional Federal Government, ARPCT, and Islamic Courts Union

In 2004, the Transitional Federal Government (TFG) was founded in Nairobi, Kenya. Matters were still too chaotic inside Somalia to convene in Mogadishu. In early 2006, the TFG moved to establish a temporary seat of government in Baidoa. To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article may require cleanup. ... Combatants Islamic Courts Union Pro-Islamist militias Alleged:  Eritrea Foreign Mujahideen Transitional Government of Somalia  Ethiopia Puntland Galmudug Alleged:  Uganda[1] Maritime Patrol: United States [2][3] Commanders Hassan Aweys Sharif Ahmed Hasan Hersi Adan Ayrow Barre Adan Shire Hirale Abdi Qeybdid Adde Musa (Puntland) Meles Zenawi Strength 10,000... The Transitional Federal Parliament is an interim parliament of Somalia formed in neighbouring Kenya in 2004. ... The Alliance for the Restoration of Peace and Counter-Terrorism (ARPCT) is a Somali alliance made by powerfull warlords and businesspeople, while some of them were ministers in the transitional federal government of Somalia. ... Motto: none Anthem: none Capital formerly Mogadishu and Kismayu Largest city n/a Official languages Somali and Arabic Government Sharia Krytocracy  - Executive Chairman Sharif Sheikh Ahmed  - Shura Chairman Hassan Dahir Aweys Civil War Faction Has not declared autonomy or independence   - Established June 6th 2006 in Mogadishu  Area  - Total not finalized... 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Transitional Federal Parliament is an interim parliament of Somalia formed in neighbouring Kenya in 2004. ... Nairobi (pronounced )is the capital of Kenya. ... Baidoa (Somali: Baydhabo) is a city in south-central Somalia, situated 256 kilometers (159 miles) by road northwest of the capital Mogadishu. ...

During the early part of 2006, the Alliance for the Restoration of Peace and Counter-Terrorism (ARPCT) was formed as an alliance of mostly-secular Mogadishu-based warlords. They were opposed to the rise of the Sharia-law oriented Islamic Courts Union (ICU), which had been rapidly consolidating power. They were backed by funding from the US CIA.^[4] This led to increasing conflict in the capital. The Alliance for the Restoration of Peace and Counter-Terrorism (ARPCT) is a Somali alliance made by powerfull warlords and businesspeople, while some of them were ministers in the transitional federal government of Somalia. ... Motto: none Anthem: none Capital formerly Mogadishu and Kismayu Largest city n/a Official languages Somali and Arabic Government Sharia Krytocracy  - Executive Chairman Sharif Sheikh Ahmed  - Shura Chairman Hassan Dahir Aweys Civil War Faction Has not declared autonomy or independence   - Established June 6th 2006 in Mogadishu  Area  - Total not finalized... The CIA Seal The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) is an American intelligence agency, responsible for obtaining and analyzing information about foreign governments, corporations, and individuals, and reporting such information to the various branches of the U.S. Government. ...

Height of ICU Power

Main articles: Second Battle of Mogadishu and Battle of Baidoa

By June 2006, the ICU succeeded in capturing the capital, Mogadishu, in the Second Battle of Mogadishu. They drove the ARPCT out of Mogadishu, and succeeded in persuading or forcing other warlords to join their faction. Their power base grew as they expanded to the borders of Puntland and took over southern and middle Jubaland. Combatants Alliance for the Restoration of Peace and Counter-Terrorism Militia loyal to the Islamic Court Union Commanders Mohamed Qanyare, Muse Sudi, Nuur Daqle Sheikh Sharif Ahmed Strength unknown unknown Casualties unknown unknown The Second Battle of Mogadishu was a battle fought for control of Mogadishu, the capital city of... Combatants Islamic Courts Union Pro-Islamist Militias Foreign fighters Alleged:  Eritrea Transitional Federal Government Ethiopia[1] Casualties 700 dead or wounded (TFG claim) SomaliNet 400 killed (ICU claim) [1] The Battle of Baidoa began on December 20, 2006 when the Somali Transitional Federal Governments forces (TFG) allied with Ethiopian... June is the sixth month of the year in the Gregorian calendar, with a length of 30 days. ... 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Mogadishus location in Somalia Mogadishu (Somali: Muqdisho, popularly Xamar; Arabic: ‎ ; Italian: ), is the largest city in Somalia, and its nominal capital. ... Combatants Alliance for the Restoration of Peace and Counter-Terrorism Militia loyal to the Islamic Court Union Commanders Mohamed Qanyare, Muse Sudi, Nuur Daqle Sheikh Sharif Ahmed Strength unknown unknown Casualties unknown unknown The Second Battle of Mogadishu was a battle fought for control of Mogadishu, the capital city of... Motto: None Anthem(s): Puntland Somalian National Anthem Capital Garowe Largest city Bosaso Official language(s) Somali and Arabic Government  - President Mohamud Muse Hersi  - Vice-President Hasan Dahir Independence From Somalia   - Declared 1998   - Recognition none  Area  - Total ~250,000 km² (not ranked) n/a sq mi   - Water (%) Negl. ... Jubaland (also Jubbaland, Trans-Juba, It: Oltre Giuba) is the southwesternmost part of Somalia, on the far side of the Jubba River (thus the trans- name), bordering on Kenya. ...

The Islamic movement's growing power base and militancy led to a conflict with the Transitional Federal Government (TFG), as well as Ethiopia, who supported the TFG. The ICU allegedly obtained the support of Ethiopia's rival, Eritrea, and declared Jihad against Ethiopia in response to its occupation of Gedo and deployment in Baidoa. The Transitional Federal Parliament is an interim parliament of Somalia formed in neighbouring Kenya in 2004. ... Jihad, sometimes spelled Jawwad, Jahad, Jehad, Jihaad, Jiaad, Djehad, or Cihad, (Arabic: ‎ ) is an Islamic term, meaning to strive or struggle in the way of God, and is sometimes referred to as the sixth pillar of Islam, although it has no official status. ... Location of Gedo in Somalia Gedo is also the stage name of Japanese professional wrestler Keiji Takayama, and the name of a fictional high school in the film Battlefield Baseball Gedo (Somali: Gedo; Arabic: ‎ ) is an administrative region (gobolka) in southwestern Somalia. ... Baidoa (Somali: Baydhabo) is a city in south-central Somalia, situated 256 kilometers (159 miles) by road northwest of the capital Mogadishu. ...

Collapse of the ICU

Main articles: Battle of Bandiradley, Battle of Beledweyne, Battle of Jowhar, and Fall of Mogadishu

In December 2006, the ICU and TFG began the Battle of Baidoa. Fighting also broke out around the Somali town of Bandiradley in Mudug and Beledweyn in Hiran region. The ICU aimed to force the Ethiopians off Somali soil. However, they were defeated in all major battles and forced to withdraw to Mogadishu. After the brief final action at the Battle of Jowhar on December 27, the leaders of the ICU resigned. Combatants Islamic Courts Union Ethiopia Puntland Galmudug (Abdi Qeybdid) Commanders Puntland: Abdulrahman Said Dhegaweyne Galmudug: Col. ... Combatants Islamic Courts Union  Ethiopia Casualties 60 killed [1] 12 taken prisoner The Battle of Beledweyne occured on December 24 to December 25, 2006 when Ethiopian troops seized that Somalian town from Islamic Courts Union fighters, according to some news agencies. ... Combatants Islamic Courts Union Pro-Islamist Militias Foreign fighters Transitional Federal Government Ethiopia[1][2] The Battle of Jowhar was a battle between the Somalian Islamic Courts Union and Transitional Federal Government during the Somali Civil War. ... Combatants Islamic Courts Union Pro-Islamist Militias Foreign fighters Transitional Federal Government Ethiopia[1][2] The Fall of Mogadishu began on December 27, 2006, when the militaries of Somalias United Nations-approved Transitional Federal Government and Ethiopia surrounded the Somalian capital of Mogadishu after a swift string of TFG... Look up December in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Combatants Islamic Courts Union Pro-Islamist Militias Foreign fighters Alleged:  Eritrea Transitional Federal Government Ethiopia[1] Casualties 700 dead or wounded (TFG claim) SomaliNet 400 killed (ICU claim) [1] The Battle of Baidoa began on December 20, 2006 when the Somali Transitional Federal Governments forces (TFG) allied with Ethiopian... Bandiiradley is one of the largest towns in the Mudug region of Somalia. ... Location of Mudug in Somalia Mudug (Somali: Mudug; Arabic: ‎ ) is an administrative region (gobolka) in central Somalia. ... Beledweyne (also transliterated as Belet Uen or Belet Weyne) is a city in Somalia. ... Location of Hiiraan in Somalia Hiiraan (Somali: Hiiraan; Arabic: ‎ ) is an administrative region (gobolka) in central Somalia. ... Combatants Islamic Courts Union Pro-Islamist Militias Foreign fighters Transitional Federal Government Ethiopia[1][2] The Battle of Jowhar was a battle between the Somalian Islamic Courts Union and Transitional Federal Government during the Somali Civil War. ... December 27 is the 361st day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (362nd in leap years). ... Motto: none Anthem: none Capital formerly Mogadishu and Kismayu Largest city n/a Official languages Somali and Arabic Government Sharia Krytocracy  - Executive Chairman Sharif Sheikh Ahmed  - Shura Chairman Hassan Dahir Aweys Civil War Faction Has not declared autonomy or independence   - Established June 6th 2006 in Mogadishu  Area  - Total not finalized...

Main articles: Battle of Jilib and Fall of Kismayo

Following the Battle of Jilib, fought December 31, 2006, Kismayo fell to the TFG and Ethiopian forces, on January 1, 2007. Combatants Islamic Courts Union Pro-Islamist Militias Foreign fighters Transitional Federal Government (TFG) Ethiopia Commanders Sharif Sheik Ahmed Yusuf Hassan TFG: Barre Adan Shire Hiiraale Strength 3,000 Islamic militia and foreign mujahideen 60 technicals Ethiopian tanks, artillery, MiG fighter-bombers The Battle of Jilib was a battle in the... Combatants Islamic Courts Union Pro-Islamist Militias Foreign fighters Transitional Federal Government (TFG) Ethiopia Commanders Sharif Sheik Ahmed Yusuf Hassan TFG: Barre Adan Shire Hiiraale The Fall of Kismayo occurred on January 1, 2007, when the militaries of Somalias Transitional Federal Government (TFG) and Ethiopian troops entered the Somali... Combatants Islamic Courts Union Pro-Islamist Militias Foreign fighters Transitional Federal Government (TFG) Ethiopia Commanders Sharif Sheik Ahmed Yusuf Hassan TFG: Barre Adan Shire Hiiraale Strength 3,000 Islamic militia and foreign mujahideen 60 technicals Ethiopian tanks, artillery, MiG fighter-bombers The Battle of Jilib was a battle in the... December 31 is the 365th day of the year (366th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... January 1 is the first day of the calendar year in both the Julian and Gregorian calendars. ... 2007 (MMVII) is a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Prime Minister Ali Mohammed Ghedi called for the country to begin disarming. Ali Mohammed Ghedi Ali Mohammed Ghedi or Mohammed Ali Ghedi (Somali: ; born 1952) is the Prime Minister of the Transitional Federal Government (TFG) of Somalia. ... A technical in Somalia after the Fall of Mogadishu, December, 2006 Further information: Diplomatic and humanitarian efforts in the Somali Civil War After the Fall of Mogadishu and Kismayo to the Transitional Federal Government (TFG) of Somalia, in late 2006, the country took steps to disarm the militias of the...

Notes

The Final Call is a newspaper published in Chicago. ...

See also

• Factions in the Somali Civil War

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