Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliland جمهورية أرض الصومال Jumhūrīyat Arḍ Aṣ-ṣūmālِ Republic of Somaliland
Flag National Emblem
Motto: لا إله إلا الله محمد رسول الله  (Arabic) Lā ilāhā illā-llāhu; muhammadun rasūlu-llāhi  (transliteration) "There is no God but Allah; Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah" And also : Somaliland is the name of the unrecognised, de facto sovereign, state formerly known as British Somaliland and now generally known as Somaliland. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Somaliland. ... Image File history File links Somaliland_COA.gif Licensing File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Flag of Somaliland The old flag The current flag of Somaliland, the former British part of Somalia, was introduced on October 14, 1996, when it was approved by the National Conference. ... Coat of Arms of Somaliland The Emblem of Somaliland, the former British protectorate of Somalia, was introduced on 14 October 1996 along with the Flag of Somaliland, when it was approved by the National Conference. ... For other uses, see Motto (disambiguation). ... , // Shāhāda is a town in the northwest corner of Maharashtra state in India, now in Nandurbār District (formerly in Dhule District). ... Arabic redirects here. ... Transliteration is the practice of transcribing a word or text written in one writing system into another writing system. ... "Justice, Peace, Freedom, Democracy and Success for All"
Anthem: Saamo ku waar
Capital		Hargeisa 9°33′N, 44°03′E
Official languages		Somali and Arabic
Government		Representative democracy
-	President	Dahir Riyale Kahin
-	Vice-President	Ahmed Yusuf Yasin
Independence		from Somalia
-	Proclaimed	18 May 1991
-	Recognition	Unrecognized
Area
-	Total	134,000 km²  51,738 sq mi
Population
-	2005 estimate	3.5 million [citation needed]
-	Density	26/km²  67.3/sq mi
Currency		Somaliland shilling (SLSH)
Time zone		EAT (UTC+3)
-	Summer (DST)	not observed (UTC+3)
Internet TLD		none
Calling code		+252
Rankings may not be available because of its unrecognized de facto state. Developments in the eastern half of the country have made area and population estimates unreliable until the situation settles.

Somaliland (Somali: Soomaaliland) is the former territory ruled by Great Britain before becoming independent on June 26, 1960 and uniting with Italian Somalia to form the Somali Republic. It is a de facto independent republic located in the Horn of Africa within the internationally recognized borders of Somalia. On May 18, 1991, the people of Somaliland declared independence from Somalia. However, it was not recognized by any other country or international organization. A national anthem is a generally patriotic musical composition that evokes and eulogizes the history, traditions and struggles of its people, recognized either by a countrys government as the official national song, or by convention through use by the people. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Not to be confused with capitol. ... Hargeisa (Somali: Hargeysa, Arabic: هرجيسا) is a city in Northwestern Somalia and the second largest city in Somalia. ... An official language is a language that is given a special legal status in the countries, states, and other territories. ... Arabic redirects here. ... Representative democracy is a form of government founded on the principles of popular sovereignty by the peoples representatives. ... This is a list of presidents of Somaliland. ... Dahir Rayale Kahin (Somali: Daahir Rayaale Kaahin, born 1952) is the President of the self-declared Republic of Somaliland. ... Ahmed Yusud Yasin is the current Vice-President of Somaliland, serving from 2001. ... Ahmed Yusud Yasin is the current Vice-President of Somaliland, serving from 2001. ... is the 138th day of the year (139th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1991 (MCMXCI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the 1991 Gregorian calendar). ... The list of unrecognized countries enumerates those geo-political entities which lack general diplomatic recognition, but wish to be recognized as sovereign states. ... This article is about the physical quantity. ... To help compare orders of magnitude of different geographical regions, we list here surface areas between 100,000 km² and 1,000,000 km². See also areas of other orders of magnitude. ... A square mile is an English unit of area equal to that of a square with sides each 1 statute mile (≈1,609 m) in length. ... Population density per square kilometre by country, 2006 Population density map of the world in 1994. ... ISO 4217 Code None User(s) Somaliland Symbol Sl. ... ISO 4217 is the international standard describing three letter codes (also known as the currency code) to define the names of currencies established by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). ... Timezone and TimeZone redirect here. ... Time zones of Africa: Striped colours indicate countries observing daylight saving East Africa Time, or EAT, is a time zone used in eastern Africa. ... UTC redirects here. ... Although DST is common in Europe and North America, most of the worlds people do not use it. ... UTC redirects here. ... A country code top-level domain (ccTLD) is a top-level domain used and reserved for a country or a dependent territory. ... This is a list of country calling codes defined by ITU-T recommendation E.164. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... De facto is a Latin expression that means in fact or in practice. It is commonly used as opposed to de jure (meaning by law) when referring to matters of law or governance or technique (such as standards), that are found in the common experience as created or developed without... Look up republic in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The Horn of Africa. ... is the 138th day of the year (139th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1991 (MCMXCI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the 1991 Gregorian calendar). ...

The Republic of Somaliland considers itself to be the successor state of the former British Somaliland protectorate, which had an area of about 137,600 km² (53,128 sq mi), briefly an independent country for five days in 1960. It is bordered by Ethiopia in the south and west, Djibouti in the northwest, the Gulf of Aden in the north, and the autonomous regions of Maakhir and Puntland in the east. Flag Capital Aden Religion Islam Political structure Protectorate History  - Established 1884  - Independence June 26, 1960  - Somaliland established 18 May, 1991 Currency British pound British Somaliland was a British protectorate in the north part of the Horn of Africa, and later part of Somalia and presently the unrecognized Republic of Somaliland. ... This article is about states protected and/or dominated by a foreign power. ... Square kilometre (U.S. spelling: square kilometer), symbol km², is a decimal multiple of SI unit of surface area square metre, one of the SI derived units. ... A square mile is an English unit of area equal to that of a square with sides each 1 statute mile (≈1,609 m) in length. ... Gulf of Aden in 1860 The Gulf of Aden (Arabic: خليج عدن; transliterated: Khalyj Adan) is located in the Indian Ocean between Yemen on the south coast of the Arabian Peninsula and Somalia in Africa. ... Anthem Somalia Tosow Capital (and largest city) Badhan Official languages Somali and English Government  -  President Jibrell Ali Salad Autonomy from Somaliland, Puntland and Somalia   -  Proclaimed July 1, 2007   -  Unrecognised  Area  -  Total 35,000 km²  13,514 sq mi  Population  -   estimate 700,000  Currency Somali shilling (SOS) Time zone EAT  -  Summer... Motto None Anthem Puntland Somali National Anthem Capital Garowe (Administrative), Bosaso (Commercial) Largest city Bosaso Official languages Somali and Arabic Government  -  President Mohamud Muse Hersi  -  Vice-President Hassan Dahir Mohamud Autonomy Inside Somalia   -  Declared 1998   -  Recognition   Area  -  Total 212,510 km km² (84th) n/a sq mi   -  Water (%) Negl. ...

Control over eastern borders of Somaliland is unclear, due to disputes with Puntland^[1] and separatist movements.^[2]

History

Main article: History of Somaliland

The origins of the Somalis and their time of entry into present-day Somaliland have been debated, with some Somalis claiming descent from Arab patriarchs who settled on the coast 1,000 years ago, although genetics do not bear this out and show Somalis to be for the most part native to the Horn of Africa. By the 12th century, the ancestors of some of the clan families were already established in their present territories, while others moved southward through the 19th century. The borders of Somalia were set at the end of the 19th century and a great number of Somalis were left out by the border placement, leaving them in eastern Ethiopia and northern Kenya. The History of Somaliland encompasses a wide range of historical Somali issues and archaeological sources which date back to Prehistoric times. ... Arabia redirects here. ... This 2002 CIA map shows the distribution of Somali clan populations across the Somali homelands, and their percentages within Somalia: Hawiye (25%), Isaaq (22%), Darod (20%), Rahanweyn (17%), Dir (7%), Digil (3%), and ethnic minorities (6%) Somali clan refers to the clan grouping of the Somali people. ...

Historical Somaliland

The Laas Geel cave paintings.

Evidence of early human habitation in what is modern-day Somaliland are the significant Neolithic cave paintings at Laas Gaal (Laas Geel), a site outside the capital Hargeisa. The paintings show people worshipping cattle, the cows wearing ceremonial robes while next to them are some of these people prostrating themselves in front of the animals. Paintings of giraffes, domesticated canines and wild antelopes are also present. The caves were discovered by a French archaeological team during November and December 2002, and have become a major tourist attraction and a national treasure. Image File history File links Laas_Geel. ... Image File history File links Laas_Geel. ... An array of Neolithic artifacts, including bracelets, axe heads, chisels, and polishing tools. ... Cave or Rock Paintings are paintings on cave or rock walls and ceilings, usually dating to prehistoric times. ... Some of the paintings in the Laas Geel caves Laas Gaal or Laas Geel (Somali Laas Geel) is a complex of caves and rock shelters in Somaliland famous for its recent discovery of cave paintings. ... Hargeisa (Somali: Hargeysa, Arabic: هرجيسا) is a city in Northwestern Somalia and the second largest city in Somalia. ... For general information about the genus, including other species of cattle, see Bos. ... Binomial name Linnaeus, 1758 Range map The giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) is an African even-toed ungulate mammal, the tallest of all land-living animal species. ... Genera Alopex Atelocynus Canis Cerdocyon Chrysocyon Cuon Cynotherium † Dusicyon † Dasycyon † Fennecus (Part of Vulpes) Lycalopex (Part of Pseudalopex) Lycaon Nyctereutes Otocyon Pseudalopex Speothos Urocyon Vulpes The Canidae (′kanə′dē, IPA: ) family is a part of the order Carnivora within the mammals (Class Mammalia). ... This article is about the herbivorous mammals. ...

Islam was introduced in the 10th century into what are now the Afar-inhabited parts of Eritrea and Djibouti. A number of Islamic sultanates emerged in the following centuries, one of which was the Adal Sultanate, centred on the towns of Dakkar (and later Harar) the port of Zeila as its second city, and the regions of Saaxil and Maroodi Jeex. Another early coastal city is Berbera, first mentioned in the 13th century, but as I.M. Lewis notes, like Mayit to the east, its earliest history is obscure.^[3] For people named Islam, see Islam (name). ... Afar (or Danakil) are a tribal people who reside principally in the Danakil Desert in the Afar Region of Ethiopia and in Eritrea and Djibouti. ... For other uses, see Sultan (disambiguation). ... Adal was a sixteenth century province-cum-sultanate located in East Africa north of Ethiopia, in modern Eritrea and Djibouti. ... Harar (sometimes spelled Harrar, Hārer, or Harer) is an eastern city in Ethiopia, and the capital of the modern Harari ethno-political division (or kilil) of Ethiopia. ... Saylac (also Seyla`, Seelaac, Zeila, Zeyla, Zeylac, Zayla, Séyla‘, Seylac, 11. ... Saaxil (Sahel) is a region (gobolka) in northern Somaliland. ... Maroodi Jeex is a gobolka, one of the six regions of the self-proclaimed (but not internationally recognized) Republic of Somaliland, which lies within the internationally recognised borders of Somalia. ... Berbera (Somali Berbera) (coordinates:) is a city in the newly established Saaxil region of Somalia, and is currently part of the internationally unrecognized Republic of Somaliland. ...

These Islamic realms acknowledged the Christian Emperor of Ethiopia as their overlord in the 13th century, although they attempted to exert their independence periodically in the following centuries. In the mid 16th century Adal attempted a great conquest of Ethiopia from its capital of Harar, which ended in failure and led to the sultanate's collapse. The part of Western Somaliland centred around Zeila became part of the Ottoman province of Habesh. For other uses, see Christian (disambiguation). ... The Emperor (Geez ንጉሠ ነገሥት, , King of Kings) of Ethiopia was the hereditary ruler of Ethiopia until the abolition of the monarchy in 1975. ... Ottoman redirects here. ... Habesh (Turkish: ) was an Ottoman province that bordered the Red Sea. ...

Ottoman and Egyptian Rule

Main article: Ottoman Empire

Main article: History of Egypt under the Muhammad Ali dynasty

In 1546, the Ottoman Empire occupied the western regions of Somaliland and made Zeila the regional capital due to its strategic location on the Red Sea. The region became part of the province of Habesh. From 1630 to 1830, Ottoman Somaliland was under the rule of the Grand Sharifs of Mecca. Ottoman redirects here. ... The history of Egypt under the Muhammad Ali Pasha dynasty was a period of rapid reform and modernization that led to Egypt becoming one of the most developed states outside of Europe. ... Ottoman redirects here. ... Location of the Red Sea The Red Sea is an inlet of the Indian Ocean between Africa and Asia. ... The Sharif of Mecca (الشریف المکة) was the traditional steward of the holy cities of Mecca (Makkah) and Medina (Madinah). ...

Between 1830 to 1874, the Ottomans ruled Somaliland under de facto hereditary governors. The area was subsequently occupied and governed by Egypt, whose rule commenced on 7 September 1874. Though still nominally under Ottoman suzerainty, Egypt had been governed as an essentially independent state by the Muhammad Ali Dynasty since the beginning of the 19th Century, and its current ruler, Khedive Ismail I was eager to extend Egyptian control down the Red Sea coast. Ottoman and Egyptian buildings and houses can still be seen dotted all around Berbera, Zeila and Hargeisa. is the 250th day of the year (251st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1874 (MDCCCLXXIV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link with display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Suzerainty (pronounced or ) is a situation in which a region or people is a tributary to a more powerful entity which allows the tributary some limited domestic autonomy to control its foreign affairs. ... The Muhammad Ali Dynasty was the ruling dynasty of Egypt and Sudan from the 19th to the mid-20th Century. ... Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ... Ismail Pasha, known as Ismail the Magnificent (December 31, 1830–March 2, 1895) was khedive of Egypt from 1863 until he was removed at the behest of the British in 1879. ...

Colonial era

The Italian invasion of British Somaliland in august 1940

Main article: British Somaliland

During colonial times, Egyptian Somaliland was taken over by the British following their occupation of Egypt itself in 1882. The region now claimed by Somaliland was annexed and officially became the British Somaliland protectorate. Image File history File links File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Image File history File links File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Flag Capital Aden Religion Islam Political structure Protectorate History  - Established 1884  - Independence June 26, 1960  - Somaliland established 18 May, 1991 Currency British pound British Somaliland was a British protectorate in the north part of the Horn of Africa, and later part of Somalia and presently the unrecognized Republic of Somaliland. ... Cecil Rhodes: Cape-Cairo railway project. ... Year 1882 (MDCCCLXXXII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Friday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Ceremonies during the annexation of Hawaii. ... This article is about states protected and/or dominated by a foreign power. ...

In August of 1940, during World War II, as part of their East African Campaign Italy conquered Somaliland from Great Britain. This was the only victory of the Italian army - without German forces - against the Allies. One year later, in the summer of 1941, the British defeated the Italians in the horn of Africa and again occupied Berbera and all Somaliland. Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... Combatants United Kingdom Anglo-Egyptian Sudan British Somaliland British East Africa British India Gold Coast Nigeria N. Rhodesia S. Rhodesia Union of S. Africa Belgium Belgian Congo Free France Ethiopian irregulars Italy Italian East Africa German Motorized Company Commanders Archibald Wavell William Platt Alan Cunningham Duke of Aosta Guglielmo Nasi... This article is about the independent states that comprised the Allies. ... Berbera (Somali Berbera) (coordinates:) is a city in the newly established Saaxil region of Somalia, and is currently part of the internationally unrecognized Republic of Somaliland. ...

British Somaliland became independent on 26 June 1960 as the State of Somaliland, and Italian Somaliland's independence came four days later, whereupon the two entities immediately merged on 1 July 1960 as the Somali Republic. The first minister of the State of Somaliland, Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal, became a minister of the new Somali Republic. is the 177th day of the year (178th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1960 (MCMLX) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Italian Somaliland was an Italian colony that lasted, apart from a brief interlude of British rule, from the late 19th century until 1960 in the territory of the modern-day East African nation of Somalia. ... is the 182nd day of the year (183rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1960 (MCMLX) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Anthem:  Somalia, Wake Up Capital (and largest city) Mogadishu[1] Official languages Somali1 Demonym Somali Government Transitional Federal Government  -  President Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed  -  Prime Minister Nur Hassan Hussein Independence from the UK and Italy   -  Date June 26 & July 1, 1960  Area  -  Total 637,661 km² (42nd) 246,201 sq mi... Mudane Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal (Somali: ) (born August 15, 1922 in Odweyne, British Somaliland - died May 3, 2002 in Pretoria, South Africa) was a Somali politician. ...

Merger into Somalia

Somaliland was a legal part of the Somali Republic from July 1, 1960. As an administrative entity, Somaliland was dissolved after its merger with Somalia, and its area was divided or incorporated into provinces. The Isaaq and Majeerteen clans suffered from repression under the regime of Siad Barre, who came into power through a coup d'état in the late 1960's. The regime of Siad Barre, however, did not last and collapsed during the Somali Civil War, paving the way for the creation of the Second Republic of Somaliland. is the 182nd day of the year (183rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1960 (MCMLX) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The tomb of Sheikh Isaq, the father of the Isaq tribe The Isaaq (also Isaq, Ishaak) (Somali language: Reer Sheik Isaxaaq); is one of the main Somali clans. ... Main article: Somali clan Language(s) Somali and Arabic Religion(s) Islam (Sunni) Related ethnic groups Dhulbahante, Mehri, Warsangeli and other Harti and Darod groups. ... Mohamed Siad Barre (Somali: Maxamed Siyaad Barre) (1919 – January 2, 1995) was the Head of State of Somalia from 1969 to 1991. ... Coup redirects here. ... The Somali Civil War is an armed conflict in Somalia that started in 1988. ...

Second Republic

In 1991, after the collapse of the central government in Somalia, main part of the territory asserted its independence as the Republic of Somaliland in May 18, 1991. It regarded itself as the successor state to the briefly-independent State of Somaliland, but did not receive any international diplomatic recognition. is the 138th day of the year (139th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1991 (MCMXCI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the 1991 Gregorian calendar). ... Diplomatic recognition is a political act by which one state acknowledges an act or status of another state or government, thereby according it legitimacy and expressing its intent to bring into force the domestic and international legal consequences of recognition. ...

The economic and military infrastructure left behind by Somalia has been largely destroyed by war. The people of Somaliland had rebelled against the Siad Barre dictatorship in Mogadishu, which prompted a massive reaction by the government. Forms of government Part of the Politics series Politics Portal This box:      A dictatorship is an autocratic form of government in which the government is ruled by a dictator. ... Mogadishu (Somali: Muqdisho, popularly Xamar; Arabic: ; Italian: ) is the largest city in Somalia, and its capital. ...

The late Abdirahman Ahmed Ali Tuur was the first president of Somaliland. Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal was appointed his successor in 1993 by the Grand Conference of National Reconciliation in Boorama (Borama), which met for four months and led not only to a gradual improvement in security, but solidified the fledgling state.^[4] Egal was re-appointed in 1997, and remained in power until his death on May 3, 2002. The vice president Dahir Riyale Kahin was sworn in as president shortly afterwards, and in 2003 Kahin became the first Somaliland president to be elected in a free and fair election. Boorama is a town in western Somalia, near the border with Ethiopia. ... is the 123rd day of the year (124th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Also see: 2002 (number). ... Dahir Rayale Kahin (Somali: Daahir Rayaale Kaahin, born 1952) is the President of the self-declared Republic of Somaliland. ...

The 2006 War in Somalia between the Islamic Courts Union and the forces of Ethiopia and Somalia's transitional government has not directly affected Somaliland. Combatants Islamic Courts Union Hizbul Shabaab al-Itihaad al-Islamiya Alleged: Foreign Mujahideen al-Qaeda  Eritrea  Ethiopia TFG Galmudug Puntland After the invasion: AMISOM United States Commanders Hassan Aweys Sharif Ahmed Hasan Hersi Adan Ayrow Abdikadir Adan Shire Abdi Hasan Awale Mohamud Muse Hersi Meles Zenawi Patrick M. Walsh Strength... Motto: none Anthem: none Capital formerly Mogadishu and Kismayu Largest city n/a Official languages Somali and Arabic Government Sharia Krytocracy  - Executive Chairman Sharif Sheikh Ahmed  - Shura Chairman Hassan Dahir Aweys Civil War Faction Has not declared autonomy or independence   - Established June 6th 2006 in Mogadishu  Area  - Total not finalized...

Politics and government

Main article: Politics and Government of Somaliland

Somaliland has formed a hybrid system of governance under the Constitution of Somaliland, combining traditional and western institutions. In a series of inter-clan conferences, culminating in the Boorama Conference in 1993, a qabil (clan or community) system of government was constructed, which consisted of an Executive, with a President, Vice President, and Council of Ministers, a bicameral Legislature, and an independent judiciary. The traditional Somali council of elders (guurti) was incorporated into the governance structure and formed the upper house, responsible for selecting a President as well as managing internal conflicts. Government became in essence a "power-sharing coalition of Somaliland's main clans", with seats in the Upper and Lower houses proportionally allocated to clans according to a predetermined formula. In 2002, after several extensions of this interim government, Somaliland finally made the transition to multi-party democracy, with district council elections contested by six parties, considered the most peaceful in Africa for twenty years.^[5] The tone or style of this article or section may not be appropriate for Wikipedia. ... The Constitution of Somaliland was adopted by the Houses of Parliament on 30th April 2000. ... This article is about bicameralism in government. ...

Foreign relations

Main article: Foreign relations of Somaliland

Somaliland border dispute with Puntland. As of July 1, 2007, part of the disputed territory declared the state of Maakhir.

Somaliland has political contacts with the United Kingdom,^[6][7] Ethiopia,^[7] Belgium,^[7] Ghana,^[7] South Africa,^[7] Sweden^[7] and Djibouti (until 2006).^[8] On January 17, 2007, the European Union sent a delegation for foreign affairs to discuss future cooperation.^[9] The African Union has also sent a foreign minister to discuss the future of international acknowledgment, and on January 29 and 30, 2007, the minsters said that they would discuss acknowledgement with other member states ^[10] In June 2007, the Prime Minister of Ethiopia, Meles Zenawi held a conference with President Kahin during which he was referred to in an official communique by the Ethiopian Foreign Ministry as the President of Somaliland, the first time that Somaliland has been officially acknowledged as a sovereign state by another government. While this is not claimed as a move to official recognition by Ethiopia, it is seen as a possible step towards a unilateral declaration by Ethiopia in the event of the African Union failing to move its recognition of Somaliland forward. ^[7] Due to its unrecognized status, The Republic of Somaliland has no official contacts with any other nation. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... is the 182nd day of the year (183rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... Anthem Somalia Tosow Capital (and largest city) Badhan Official languages Somali and English Government  -  President Jibrell Ali Salad Autonomy from Somaliland, Puntland and Somalia   -  Proclaimed July 1, 2007   -  Unrecognised  Area  -  Total 35,000 km²  13,514 sq mi  Population  -   estimate 700,000  Currency Somali shilling (SOS) Time zone EAT  -  Summer... is the 17th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... Anthem Let Us All Unite and Celebrate Together [1] Administrative Centre Largest city Cairo, Egypt Working languages Arabic English French Portuguese Swahili Membership 53 African states Leaders  -  Chairman John Kufuor  -  Alpha Oumar Konaré Establishment  -  as the OAU May 25, 1963   -  as the African Union July 9, 2002  Area  -  Total 29... For other uses, see June (disambiguation). ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... List of Heads of Government of Ethiopia (Dates in italics indicate de facto continuation of office) Affiliations:- See also Ethiopia Rulers and Heads of State of Ethiopia List of Presidents of Ethiopia Lists of office-holders ... Meles Zenawi (Geez መለስ ዜናዊ meles zÄ“nāwÄ«, b. ... This is a list of presidents of Somaliland. ...

On November 21, 2007 Somaliland has been invited officially at Commonwealth's Summit in Uganda is the 325th day of the year (326th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... For other uses, see Commonwealth (disambiguation). ...

Border disputes

The Republic of Somaliland continues to claim the entire area of the former British Somaliland. Somaliland is currently in control of the western half of the former British Somaliland, with northeastern Maakhir having declared a separate, unrecognized autonomous state within Somalia on July 1, 2007^[2] and southeastern Sool disputed with Puntland, who has been in de facto control over it since 2003.^[1] A separatist movement exists also in the westernmost Awdal province.^[11] Flag Capital Aden Religion Islam Political structure Protectorate History  - Established 1884  - Independence June 26, 1960  - Somaliland established 18 May, 1991 Currency British pound British Somaliland was a British protectorate in the north part of the Horn of Africa, and later part of Somalia and presently the unrecognized Republic of Somaliland. ... Anthem Somalia Tosow Capital (and largest city) Badhan Official languages Somali and English Government  -  President Jibrell Ali Salad Autonomy from Somaliland, Puntland and Somalia   -  Proclaimed July 1, 2007   -  Unrecognised  Area  -  Total 35,000 km²  13,514 sq mi  Population  -   estimate 700,000  Currency Somali shilling (SOS) Time zone EAT  -  Summer... is the 182nd day of the year (183rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... Location of Sool in Somaliland/Somalia Sool (Somali: Sool; Arabic: ‎ ) is an administrative region (gobolka) in northern Somalia and is claimed by the two self-proclaimed, but internationally unrecognized, states of Somaliland and Puntland, its ruled by Puntland. ... Motto None Anthem Puntland Somali National Anthem Capital Garowe (Administrative), Bosaso (Commercial) Largest city Bosaso Official languages Somali and Arabic Government  -  President Mohamud Muse Hersi  -  Vice-President Hassan Dahir Mohamud Autonomy Inside Somalia   -  Declared 1998   -  Recognition   Area  -  Total 212,510 km km² (84th) n/a sq mi   -  Water (%) Negl. ... Location of Awdal in Somalia Awdal (Somali: Awdal; Arabic: ) is an administrative region in Somalia. ...

Further complicating the situation may be the probable future declaration of the autonomous region of Darwiishland in Sool.^[12] Darwiishland is a proposed autonomous state in what is now the disputed Sool and Cayn regions of Somalia between the self-declared Republic of Somaliland and State of Puntland. ...

Tensions heightened to a violent clash between Puntland and Somaliland in October, 2007, when Somaliland forces captured Las Anod, the capital of the disputed region of Sool.^[13] Combatants Somaliland Puntland Commanders Unknown Casualties 10–20 killed The Battle of Las Anod occurred on October 15, 2007 when a Somaliland force attacked the town of Las Anod, which was under Puntland forces control. ... Laascaanood or Lasanod is the administrative city of Sool, Somalia. ...

Military

Main article: Military of Somaliland

Operational BM-21 used by the Somaliland armed forces

The Somaliland Armed Forces are the main military system in the unrecognised Republic of Somaliland. They consist of three main military services: the Army, the Navy and Air Defence Forces. Also, the Somaliland Police Force are part of the internal security forces and are subordinate to the military. Currently around 20 000 personnel are active in Somaliland. The Somaliland Armed Forces takes the biggest share of the government's budget with the police and security forces. The current person in charge of Somaliland's Armed Forces is the Minister of Defence Mudane Adan Mire Mohammed MP. This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... Naval redirects here. ... American troops man an anti-aircraft gun near the Algerian coastline in 1943 Anti-aircraft warfare, or air defense, is any method of engaging military aircraft in combat from the ground. ... A defence minister (Commonwealth English) or defense minister (American English) is a cabinet portfolio (position) which regulates the armed forces in a sovereign nation. ... Look up Excellence, Excellency, excellency in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

Some military facilities were bought during Egal's administration to assist the military's usual duties and the necessary movements. The army is organised into 12 divisions which comprise of 4 tank brigades, 45 mechanized and infantry brigades, 4 commando brigades, surface-to-air missile brigade, 3 artillery brigades, 300 field battalions, and an air defense battalion.

Administrative divisions

Map of Somaliland

Main article: Regions of Somaliland

Regions of Somaliland under control of the Republic of Somaliland: Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 515 pixelsFull resolution‎ (1,236 × 796 pixels, file size: 69 KB, MIME type: image/png) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 515 pixelsFull resolution‎ (1,236 × 796 pixels, file size: 69 KB, MIME type: image/png) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... Map showing the regions of Somalia, with those in Somaliland in green The regions of Somaliland are (capitals in parentheses): Awdal (Baki) Saaxil (Berbera) Sanaag (Erigavo) Sool (Laascaanood) Togdheer (Burao) Woqooyi Galbeed (Hargeisa) See also Regions of Somalia Category: ...

• Awdal
• Maroodi Jeex
• Saaxil
• Togdheer
• Sool (Status still unclear)
• Western Sanaag (eastern Sanaag declared its own state as Maakhir in July 1, 2007)

The main cities and towns in the Republic of Somaliland are: Location of Awdal in Somalia Awdal (Somali: Awdal; Arabic: ) is an administrative region in Somalia. ... Maroodi Jeex is a gobolka, one of the six regions of the self-proclaimed (but not internationally recognized) Republic of Somaliland, which lies within the internationally recognised borders of Somalia. ... Saaxil (Sahel) is a region (gobolka) in northern Somaliland. ... Togdheer is a region (gobolka) in Somalia. ... Location of Sool in Somaliland/Somalia Sool (Somali: Sool; Arabic: ‎ ) is an administrative region (gobolka) in northern Somalia and is claimed by the two self-proclaimed, but internationally unrecognized, states of Somaliland and Puntland, its ruled by Puntland. ... Location of Sanaag in northern Somalia Sanaag (Somali: Sanaag; Arabic: سناغ‎ Sanāgh) is a region (gobol) in northern Somalia. ... Anthem Somalia Tosow Capital (and largest city) Badhan Official languages Somali and English Government  -  President Jibrell Ali Salad Autonomy from Somaliland, Puntland and Somalia   -  Proclaimed July 1, 2007   -  Unrecognised  Area  -  Total 35,000 km²  13,514 sq mi  Population  -   estimate 700,000  Currency Somali shilling (SOS) Time zone EAT  -  Summer...

• Hargeisa (Hargeysa), capital
• Burco (Burao)
• Berbera
• Boorama (Borama)
• Ceerigaabo (Erigabo)
• Laascaanood (Las Anod)
• Gabiley
• Zeila (Saylac)
• Odweyne

Hargeisa (Somali: Hargeysa, Arabic: هرجيسا) is a city in Northwestern Somalia and the second largest city in Somalia. ... Burao (Somali: Burco, Arabic: برعو) is the capital city of the Togdheer region in Somaliland and the third largest city in the country after Hargeisa and Berbera. ... Berbera (Somali Berbera) (coordinates:) is a city in the newly established Saaxil region of Somalia, and is currently part of the internationally unrecognized Republic of Somaliland. ... Boorama is a town in western Somalia, near the border with Ethiopia. ... Erigabo or Erigavo (Somali: Ceerigaabo) is the administrative capital of Sanaag, a region in Somalia, which has an estimated population of just over 100,000. ... Las anod town Las Anod, Lasanod, or Laascaanood is the administrative capital of regional state Sool, in Somalia and comes under Somaliland regional government. ... Gabiley is a town in the province of Hargeisa, Somaliland. ... Saylac (also Seyla`, Seelaac, Zeila, Zeyla, Zeylac, Zayla, Séyla‘, Seylac, 11. ...

Geography

Hargeisa countryside

Somaliland is situated on the eastern horn of Africa and lies between the 08°00' - 11°30' parallel north of the equator and between 42°30' - 49°00' meridian east of Greenwich. It shares borders with the Republic of Djibouti to the west, the Federal Republic of Ethiopia to the south, the Puntland region to the northeast and Somalia to the southeast. Somaliland has 460 miles (740 km) of coast with the majority along the Red Sea. Somaliland is slightly larger than England with an area of 137 600 km² (53 100 sq miles). Image File history File linksMetadata Hargeisa_countryside. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Hargeisa_countryside. ... Motto None Anthem Puntland Somali National Anthem Capital Garowe (Administrative), Bosaso (Commercial) Largest city Bosaso Official languages Somali and Arabic Government  -  President Mohamud Muse Hersi  -  Vice-President Hassan Dahir Mohamud Autonomy Inside Somalia   -  Declared 1998   -  Recognition   Area  -  Total 212,510 km km² (84th) n/a sq mi   -  Water (%) Negl. ... Location of the Red Sea The Red Sea is an inlet of the Indian Ocean between Africa and Asia. ... For other uses, see England (disambiguation). ...

The Zeila coastline is situated in the Awdal region of Somaliland

Somaliland's climate is a mixture of wet and dry. The northern part of the country is hilly and in many places the altitude ranges between 900 and 2,100 metres (3,000-7,000 ft) above sea level. The Awdal, Saaxil and Maroodi Jeex regions are fertile and mountainous, while the Togdheer is rather semi-desert with a few fertile greenery around. The Awdal region is known for its offshore islands, coral reefs and mangroves. Image File history File links Saaylac. ... Image File history File links Saaylac. ... Saylac (also Seyla`, Seelaac, Zeila, Zeyla, Zeylac, Zayla, Séyla‘, Seylac, 11. ... Location of Awdal in Somalia Awdal (Somali: Awdal; Arabic: ) is an administrative region in Somalia. ... Location of Awdal in Somalia Awdal (Somali: Awdal; Arabic: ) is an administrative region in Somalia. ... Saaxil (Sahel) is a region (gobolka) in northern Somaliland. ... Maroodi Jeex is a gobolka, one of the six regions of the self-proclaimed (but not internationally recognized) Republic of Somaliland, which lies within the internationally recognised borders of Somalia. ... Togdheer is a region (gobolka) in Somalia. ... Semi-arid generally describes regions that receive low annual rainfall (25 to 50 cm /10 to 20 in) and generally have scrub or grass vegetation. ... Some of the biodiversity of a coral reef, in this case the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. ... Above and below water view at the edge of the mangal. ...

Ten kilometres to the north of Ceerigaabo are the remains of a juniper forest, running along the edge of the escarpment which looks down to the Gulf of Aden. The escarpment is approximately 2,000 metres above sea level, where the road from Ceerigaabo drops down to the coast. Two kilometres to the west it rises to the highest point in Somaliland and Somalia alike; At 2,416 metres high, it is known variously as (Somali Shimbiris or Shimbir Beris) meaning in English the abode of the birds. Erigabo or Erigavo (Somali: Ceerigaabo) is the administrative capital of Sanaag, a region in Somalia, which has an estimated population of just over 100,000. ... Species Junipers are coniferous plants in the genus Juniperus of the cypress family Cupressaceae. ... In geology, an escarpment is a transition zone between different physiogeographic provinces that involves an elevation differential, often involving high cliffs. ... Gulf of Aden in 1860 The Gulf of Aden (Arabic: خليج عدن; transliterated: Khalyj Adan) is located in the Indian Ocean between Yemen on the south coast of the Arabian Peninsula and Somalia in Africa. ... This article is about the unit of length. ... For considerations of sea level change, in particular rise associated with possible global warming, see sea level rise. ... Mount Shimbiris is the highest peak in all of Somalia, at 2450 m. ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ...

Due to the fertility and greenery of some of the regions of Somaliland, wild animals (e.g. zebras) come to the area; to either breed or graze on the grassland savanna. There are many animals which are native to Somaliland. The prominent animals found are the Kudu, wild boar, Somali Wild Ass, warthogs, antelopes, the Somali sheep, wild goats and camels. Moreover, many birds and different types of fish are also found in and around Somaliland. For other uses, see Zebra (disambiguation). ... Savannah redirects here. ... Male Greater Kudu Female Greater Kudu The Kudu are two species of antelope: Lesser Kudu, Tragelaphus imberbis Greater Kudu, Tragelaphus strepsiceros Kudu: has a symbolic role in Hindu and Buddhist architecture. ... Binomial name Linnaeus, 1758 The wild boar (Sus scrofa) is the wild ancestor of the domestic pig. ... Somali Wild Ass St. ... Binomial name (Pallas, 1766) This article is about the animal. ... This article is about the herbivorous mammals. ... Somali Sheep or occasionally known as the Berbera Blackhead is a hair sheep native to Somalia and the self-declared but internationally unrecognized Republic of Somaliland. ... Species See Species and subspecies The genus Capra is a genus of mammals composed of nine species, including the Ibex, the West Caucasian Tur, the East Caucasian Tur, the Markhor, and the Wild Goat. ... For other uses, see Camel (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Fish (disambiguation). ...

Economy

The obverse and reverse of the 100 Somaliland shilling note

Somaliland's economy is in its developing stages, as is the country itself. Image File history File links Somaliland_100_shillings. ... Image File history File links Somaliland_100_shillings. ... ISO 4217 Code None User(s) Somaliland Symbol Sl. ...

The Somaliland shilling, while stable, is not an internationally recognized currency and currently has no official exchange rate. It is regulated by the Bank of Somaliland, the central bank, which was established constitutionally in 1994. ISO 4217 Code None User(s) Somaliland Symbol Sl. ... The Bank of Somaliland (Baanka Somaliland) was established in 1994. ...

A ship docked at Berbera

The bulk of Somaliland's exports are of livestock, which has been estimated to be at 24 million. In 1996, 3 million heads of livestock were exported to the Middle East. In February 1998, this export was negatively impacted by a Saudi Arabian ban on imports of beef. The ban was eventually lifted on December, 2006, and thus, allowed the industry to recover. Other exports include hides, skins, myrrh, and frankincense. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Berbera (Somali Berbera) (coordinates:) is a city in the newly established Saaxil region of Somalia, and is currently part of the internationally unrecognized Republic of Somaliland. ... Sheep are commonly bred as livestock. ... A map showing countries commonly considered to be part of the Middle East The Middle East is a region comprising the lands around the southern and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Sea, a territory that extends from the eastern Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf. ... The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is a country on the Arabian Peninsula. ... Rawhide is a hide or animal skin that has not been exposed to tanning and thus is much lighter in color than treated animal hides. ... 100g of Myrrh. ... 100g of frankincense resin. ...

Agriculture is generally considered to be a potentially successful industry, especially in the production of cereals and horticulture. Mining also has potentials, although currently it consists solely of quarrying. Deposits of hugely diverse quantities of minerals are present.^[14] Grain redirects here. ... Horticu