The neutrality and factual accuracy of this article are disputed. Please see the relevant discussion on the talk page.

This T and O map, which abstracts that society's known world to a cross inscribed within an orb, remakes geography in the service of Christian iconography and identifies the three known continents as populated by descendents of Shem (Sem), Ham (Cham) and Japheth (Iafeth)

The Table of Nations is an extensive list of descendants of Noah appearing within the Torah at Genesis 10, representing an ethnology from an Iron Age Levantine perspective. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links Unbalanced_scales. ... Image File history File links Please see the file description page for further information. ... Image File history File links Please see the file description page for further information. ... Earliest printed example of a classical T and O map (by Guntherus Ziner, Augsburg, 1472), illustrating the first page of chapter XIV of the Etymologiae. ... Look up Iconography in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... It has been suggested that Tawrat be merged into this article or section. ... For other uses, see Genesis (disambiguation). ... Ethnology (from the Greek ethnos, meaning people) is the branch of anthropology that compares and analyses the origins, distribution, technology, religion, language, and social structure of the racial or national divisions of humanity. ... Iron Age Axe found on Gotland This article is about the archaeological period known as the Iron Age, for the mythological Iron Age see Iron Age (mythology). ... The Levant is an approximate historical geographical term referring to a large area in Southwest Asia south of the Taurus Mountains, bounded by the Mediterranean Sea in the west, and in the east, the north Arabian Desert and Mesopotamia. ...

There are disputes as to how many of the peoples of the Earth it was intended to cover, and as to its accuracy. Some have taken the table to define the lineages of all people on earth. In this interpretation, the sons of Noah correspond to three races: Europeans, Semites, and Africans. Others read it as a guide only to local ethnic groups.

The genealogies and their reputed nations

According to Genesis 10, the present population of the world was descended from Noah's three sons and their wives. Until the mid-19th century, this was taken by many as historical fact (see External links). They are still taken as historical by Orthodox Jews, Muslims, and many Christians. Shem (Hebrew: , Standard  Tiberian  ; Greek: Σημ, SÄ“m ; Arabic:  ; Geez: Sham ; renown; prosperity; name) was one of the sons of Noah in the Bible. ... Elam (עֵילָם) in the Hebrew Bible (Genesis 10:22, Ezra 4:9;) is said to be the oldest son of Shem, the son of Noah. ... The word Asshur can mean: Asshur (אַשּׁוּר), son of Shem, the son of Noah. ... The term Aram can refer to: Aram (אֲרָם or ), the son of Shem, according to the Table of nations of Genesis 10 in the Hebrew Bible. ... Arpachshad or Arphaxad or Arphacsad (אַרְפַּכְשַׁד / אַרְפַּכְשָׁד healer; releaser, Standard Hebrew , Tiberian Hebrew / ) was one of the five sons of Shem, the son of Noah (Genesis 10:22,24;11:12,13; 1 Chronicles 1:17,18). ... Lud was a Shemite grandson of Noah. ... Ham (Hebrew: , Standard  Tiberian ), according to the Genealogies of Genesis, was a son of Noah and the father of Cush, Mizraim, Phut, and Canaan. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Mizraim (Hebrew מצרים Mitzráyim or Miá¹£rāyim/Miá¹£ráyim; cf. ... Phut (cf. ... Canaan is a biblical figure who, according to the Old Testament, was the son of Ham and the grandson of the prophet Noah. ... Japheth (Hebrew. ... Gomer (גֹּמֶר, Standard Hebrew Gómer, Tiberian Hebrew Gōmer) is the eldest son of Japheth, and father of Ashkenaz, Riphath, and Togarmah mentioned in the Book of Genesis of the Hebrew Bible. ... Magog was one of the seven sons of Japheth mentioned in the Book of Genesis of the Hebrew Bible. ... Madai was a Japhethic grandson of Noah in the Biblical tradition. ... The Biblical character Javan (Hebrew יָוָן, Standard Hebrew Yavan, Tiberian Hebrew Yāwān) was the fourth son of Noahs son Japheth. ... Tubals (Tabals, Tibarenoi in Greek) were Luwian tribes of Asia Minor of the 3rd-1st millennias BC. Some modern Georgians claim descent from the Tubals and Meshechs commonly identified as Phrygians. ... Meshechs (Meshekhs/Mosokhs/Mushki, Mushku in Akkadian, Moschoi in Greek) were an ancient, non-Indo-European and non-Semitic, indigenous tribe of Asia Minor of the 3rd-1st millennias BC, said to be the offspring of Meshech, son of Japheth. ... Tiras was, according to Genesis 10, a son of Japheth. ... Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ... Orthodox Judaism is one of the three major branches of Judaism. ... There is also a collection of Hadith called Sahih Muslim A Muslim (Arabic: مسلم, Persian: Mosalman or Mosalmon Urdu: مسلمان, Turkish: Müslüman, Albanian: Mysliman, Bosnian: Musliman) is an adherent of the religion of Islam. ... For other uses, see Christian (disambiguation). ...

Critical scholarship rejects the traditional view of historicity, and holds instead that the genealogy is merely a traditional one, aimed at explaining the relations between the ethnic groups of the ancient Near East, perhaps re-edited at the time of the text's final composition in the 7th century BC. Overview map of the Ancient Near East The term Ancient Near East or Ancient Orient encompasses the early civilizations predating Classical Antiquity in the region roughly corresponding to that described by the modern term Middle East (Egypt, Iraq, Turkey), during the time roughly spanning the Bronze Age from the rise... (2nd millennium BC - 1st millennium BC - 1st millennium) The 7th century BC started on January 1, 700 BC and ended on December 31, 601 BC. // Overview Events Ashurbanipal, king of Assyria who created the the first systematically collected library at Nineveh A 16th century depiction of the Hanging Gardens of...

In the Biblical view, the listed children of Ham, Shem and Japheth correspond to various historic nations and peoples. Ham (חָם, Standard Hebrew , Tiberian Hebrew , , Geez Kam), according to the Genealogies of Genesis, was a son of Noah and the father of Cush, Mizraim, Phut, and Canaan. ... Shem (Hebrew: , Standard  Tiberian  ; Greek: Σημ, SÄ“m ; Arabic:  ; Geez: Sham ; renown; prosperity; name) was one of the sons of Noah in the Bible. ... Japheth (Hebrew. ...

• Elam, son of Shem. The Elamites called themselves the Haltamti and had an empire in what is now Khuzistan (capital Susa).

• Ashur, son of Shem. The Assyrians traced themselves to the god-ancestor Ashur and the city he founded by that name on the Tigris.

• Aram, son of Shem. The Aramaeans were known in earliest times as Aram-Naharaim, and were centered on the Balikh river in northwestern Mesopotamia (modern Turkey). His descendants settled in the city of Haran.

• Arpachshad, son of Shem. He or his immediate descendants are credited in Jewish tradition with founding the city of Ur of the Chaldees in Urfa-Kasid modern southeastern Turkey. Ur of the Chaldees has been mistaken for the Sumerian city of Ur on the south bank of the Euphrates. Arpachshad is the ancestor of the Hebrews and the Arabs.

• Cush, son of Ham. The Empire of Kush to the south of Egypt is known from at least 1970 BC, but this name has also been associated by some with the Kassites who inhabited the Zagros area of Mesopotamia, the Sumerian city of Kish, as well as the Hindu Kush.

• Mizraim, son of Ham. Mizraim is a name for Upper and Lower Egypt and literally translates as Ta-Wy in Ancient Egyptian ("The Two Lands"). The aim in Mizraim represent duality. Egyptians of today refer to their country as Miṣr.

• Phut, son of Ham. Ancient authorities are fairly universal in identifying Phut with the Libyans (Lebu and Pitu), the earliest neighbors of Egypt to the west. (Although more recent theories have tried to connect Phut with Phoenicia, or the currently unidentified Land of Punt.)

• Canaan, son of Ham. This is known to be the name of a nation and people who settled the Eastern shore of the Mediterranean in what is now called Israel and Lebanon.

The following names are associated with entities whose earliest attestation is recorded somewhat later in history. Elam (עֵילָם) in the Hebrew Bible (Genesis 10:22, Ezra 4:9;) is said to be the oldest son of Shem, the son of Noah. ... External links Official website of Khuzestan Governorship Categories: Iran geography stubs | Provinces of Iran ... Winged sphinx from the palace of Darius the Great at Susa. ... Ashurism (Hebrew: ‎; Akkadian: ), was the second son of Shem, the son of Noah. ... For other uses, see Assyria (disambiguation). ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... The Tigris is the eastern member of the pair of great rivers that define Mesopotamia, along with the Euphrates, which flows from the mountains of Anatolia through Iraq. ... The term Aram can refer to: Aram (אֲרָם or ), the son of Shem, according to the Table of nations of Genesis 10 in the Hebrew Bible. ... The Aramaeans, or Arameans, were a Semitic, semi-nomadic and pastoralist people who originated and had lived in upper Mesopotamia and Syria. ... The Balikh River has its origins in Turkey, and ends up in Syria, on the very western part of Euphrates. ... For other uses, see Mesopotamia (disambiguation). ... Haran (הָרָן) was a son of Terah, and brother of Nahor and Abram. ... Arpachshad or Arphaxad or Arphacsad (אַרְפַּכְשַׁד / אַרְפַּכְשָׁד healer; releaser, Standard Hebrew , Tiberian Hebrew / ) was one of the five sons of Shem, the son of Noah (Genesis 10:22,24;11:12,13; 1 Chronicles 1:17,18). ... Ur (or Urim) was an ancient city in Mesopotamia, originally located near the mouth of the Euphrates and Tigris rivers on the Persian Gulf and close to Eridu. ... Sanli Urfa (in Turkish Şanlıurfa) is a city in eastern Turkey, and the provincial capital of Sanliurfa Province. ... Surfer Rosa The Euphrates (IPA: /juːˈfreɪtiːz/; Greek: EuphrátÄ“s; Akkadian: Pu-rat-tu; Hebrew: פְּרָת PÄ•rāth; Syriac: Prâth; Arabic: الفرات Al-Furāt; Turkish: Fırat; Kurdish: فرهات, Firhat, Ferhat, Azeri: FÉ™rat) is the western of the two great rivers that define Mesopotamia (the other... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Languages Arabic and other minority languages Religions Islam, Christianity, Druzism and Judaism An Arab (Arabic: , arabi) is a member of a complexly defined ethnic group who identifies as such on the basis of one or more of either genealogical, political, or linguistic grounds. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Aerial view of the pyramids at Meroë Kush or Cush was a civilization centered in the North African region of Nubia, located in what is today northern Sudan. ... // The Kassites were a Near-Eastern mountain tribe which migrated to the Zagros Mountains and Mesopotamia (present Doroud) in 3000 and 4000 BC.[1] They spoke a non-Indo-European, non-Semitic language. ... The Zagros Mountains (In Persian:رشته‌کوه‌های زاگرس) make up Irans second largest mountain range. ... Kish, an ancient city in Sumer, now in Iraq Kish, an Iranian island and city in the Persian Gulf Kish, a person in Bible The Kish Bank is a shallow in the Irish Sea, a fishing ground. ... The Hindu Kush or Hindukush (هندوکش in Persian) is a mountain range in Afghanistan as well as in the Northern Areas of Pakistan. ... Mizraim (Hebrew מצרים Mitzráyim or Miá¹£rāyim/Miá¹£ráyim; cf. ... Map of Lower and Upper Egypt Ancient Egypt was divided into two kingdoms, known as Upper and Lower Egypt. ... Dusty Skies over Southern California MISR (Multi-angle Imaging Spectro-Radiometer) is a scientific instrument on the Terra satellite launched by NASA in 1999. ... Phut (cf. ... Phoenicia (or Phenicia ,[1] from Biblical Phenice [1]) was an ancient civilization centered in the north of ancient Canaan, with its heartland along the coast of modern day Lebanon & Syria [2] Phoenician civilization was an enterprising maritime trading culture that spread across the Mediterranean during the first millennium BC, between... The Land of Punt, which the Ancient Egyptians called Ta Netjeru, meaning Land of the Gods, was a fabled and exotic site in eastern Africa, which carried on extensive trade with Ancient Egypt, China and Arabia. ... For other uses, see Canaan (disambiguation). ...

• Lud, son of Shem. Most ancient authorities assign this name to the Lydians of Eastern Anatolia (Luddu in Assyrian insciptions from ca. 700 BC). This name may also be connected with the earlier Luwians who lived in approximately the same area.

• Gomer, son of Japheth. Usually identified with the migratory Gimirru (Cimmerians) of Assyrian inscriptions, attested from about 720 BC).

• Madai, son of Japheth. The Medes of Northwest Iran first appear in Assyrian inscriptions as Amadai in about 844 BC.

• Javan, son of Japheth. This name is said to be connected with that of the Aegean state of Ionia, first appearing in records ca. 700 BC.

• Tubal, son of Japheth. He is connected with the Tabali, an Anatolian tribe, and both the Iberians of the Caucasus and those of the Iberian peninsula (modern Spain and Portugal), as well as Illyrians and Italics. In the book of Jubilees he was bequeathed the three 'tongues' of Europe.

• Meshech, son of Japheth. He is regarded as the eponym of the Mushki Phrygian tribe of Anatolia who, like the Tabali, contributed to the collapse of the Hittites ca. 1200 BC. The Mushki are considered one of the ancestors of the Georgians, but also became connected with the Sea Peoples who roved the Mediterranean Sea.

• Tiras, son of Japheth. This name is usually connected with that of Thracians, an ancient nation first appearing in written records around 700 BC. It has also been associated with some of the Sea Peoples such as Tursha and Tyrsenoi, with the river Tiras, and sometimes with the Anatolian region of Troas, dating to the later 13th century BC.

The remaining of the 16 listed grandsons of Noah, Magog, has not been definitively linked to the name of any historical entity, although is claimed as an ancestor in both Irish and Hungarian medieval traditions. Flavius Josephus, followed by Jerome and Nennius, makes him ancestor of the Scythians who dwelt north of the Black Sea. Lud was a Shemite grandson of Noah. ... Lydia (Greek ) is a historic region of western Anatolia, congruent with Turkeys modern provinces of Ä°zmir and Manisa. ... Centuries: 9th century BC - 8th century BC - 7th century BC Decades: 750s BC 740s BC 730s BC 720s BC 710s BC - 700s BC - 690s BC 680s BC 670s BC 660s BC 650s BC Events and Trends 708 BC - Spartan immigrants found Taras (Tarentum, the modern Taranto) colony in southern Italy. ... Luwian (sometimes spelled Luwiyan) is an Anatolian language known in three forms: (1) Cuneiform Luwian, (2) Hieroglyphic-Luwian and (3), the somewhat later Lycian. ... Gomer (גֹּמֶר, Standard Hebrew Gómer, Tiberian Hebrew Gōmer) is the eldest son of Japheth, and father of Ashkenaz, Riphath, and Togarmah mentioned in the Book of Genesis of the Hebrew Bible. ... The Cimmerians (Greek: , Kimmerioi) were ancient equestrian nomads who, according to Herodotus, originally inhabited the region north of the Caucasus and the Black Sea, in what is now Russia and Ukraine, in the 8th and 7th century BC. Assyrian records, however, first place them in the region of what is... Centuries: 9th century BC - 8th century BC - 7th century BC Decades: 770s BC 760s BC 750s BC 740s BC 730s BC - 720s BC - 710s BC 700s BC 690s BC 680s BC 670s BC Events and Trends 728 BC - Piye invades Egypt, conquering Memphis and receives the submission of the rulers... Madai was a Japhethic grandson of Noah in the Biblical tradition. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Centuries: 10th century BC - 9th century BC - 8th century BC Decades: 890s BC 880s BC 870s BC 860s BC 850s BC - 840s BC - 830s BC 820s BC 810s BC 800s BC 790s BC Events and Trends 845 BC - Pherecles, King of Athens dies after a reign of 19 years and... The Biblical character Javan (Hebrew יָוָן, Standard Hebrew Yavan, Tiberian Hebrew Yāwān) was the fourth son of Noahs son Japheth. ... Look up Aegean Sea in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Location of Ionia Ionia (Greek Ιωνία; see also list of traditional Greek place names) was an ancient region of southwestern coastal Anatolia (in present-day Turkey, the region nearest Ä°zmir,) on the Aegean Sea. ... Tubals (Tabals, Tibarenoi in Greek) were Luwian tribes of Asia Minor of the 3rd-1st millennias BC. Some modern Georgians claim descent from the Tubals and Meshechs commonly identified as Phrygians. ... Tabal (Bib. ... The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe, and includes modern day Spain, Portugal, Andorra and Gibraltar. ... The Book of Jubilees (ספר היובלים), sometimes called the Lesser Genesis (Leptogenesis), is an ancient Jewish religious work. ... Meshechs (Meshekhs/Mosokhs/Mushki, Mushku in Akkadian, Moschoi in Greek) were an ancient, non-Indo-European and non-Semitic, indigenous tribe of Asia Minor of the 3rd-1st millennias BC, said to be the offspring of Meshech, son of Japheth. ... The Mushki (MuÅ¡ki) were an Iron Age people of Anatolia, known from and Assyrian sources. ... In antiquity, Phrygia (Greek: ) was a kingdom in the west central part of the Anatolian Highland, part of modern Turkey. ... The Hittites (also Hethites) and Children of Heth, translating Hebrew HTY and BNY-HT are the second of the eleven Canaanite nations in the Hebrew Bible. ... The Budgie People is the term used for a confederacy of seafaring raiders who sailed into the eastern shores of the Mediterranean, caused political unrest, and attempted to enter or control Egyptian territory during the late 19th dynasty, and especially during Year 8 of Ramesses III of the 20th Dynasty. ... Tiras was, according to Genesis 10, a son of Japheth. ... Thracian peltast, fifth to fourth century BC. Thracian Roman era heros (Sabazius) stele. ... The Dniester (Ukrainian: translit. ... Map of the Troas The Troas (Troad) is an ancient region in the northwestern part of Anatolia, bounded by the Hellespont to the northwest, the Aegean Sea to the west, and separated from the rest of Anatolia by the massif that forms Mount Ida. ... Magog was one of the seven sons of Japheth mentioned in the Book of Genesis of the Hebrew Bible. ... A fanciful representation of Flavius Josephus, in an engraving in William Whistons translation of his works Josephus (37 – sometime after 100 CE),[1] who became known, in his capacity as a Roman citizen, as Titus Flavius Josephus,[2] was a 1st-century Jewish historian and apologist of priestly and... “Saint Jerome” redirects here. ... Nennius, or Nemnivus, is the name of two shadowy personages traditionally associated with the history of Wales. ... Approximate extent of Scythia and Sarmatia in the 1st century BC (the orange background shows the spread of Eastern Iranian languages, among them Scytho-Sarmatian). ... For other uses, see Black Sea (disambiguation). ...

Table of nations

The table of nations in Genesis 10 begins by listing Noah's immediate children:

• Ham, forefather of the southern peoples (Hamitic Africa)
• Shem, forefather of the middle peoples (Semitic Arabia)
• Japheth, forefather of the northern peoples (Japhetic Europe)

The names of the Eponyms or children have meanings in the Hebrew language. Ham means "warm".^[1] Shem merely means "name".^[2] Japeth means "open".^[3] Ham (חָם, Standard Hebrew , Tiberian Hebrew , , Geez Kam), according to the Genealogies of Genesis, was a son of Noah and the father of Cush, Mizraim, Phut, and Canaan. ... Hamitic is an obsolete ethno-linguistic classification of some ethnic groups within the Afroasiatic (previously termed Semito-Hamitic) language family. ... A world map showing the continent of Africa Africa is the worlds second-largest and second most-populous continent, after Asia. ... Shem (Hebrew: , Standard  Tiberian  ; Greek: Σημ, SÄ“m ; Arabic:  ; Geez: Sham ; renown; prosperity; name) was one of the sons of Noah in the Bible. ... In linguistics and ethnology, Semitic (from the Biblical Shem, Hebrew: שם, translated as name, Arabic: سام) was first used to refer to a language family of largely Middle Eastern origin, now called the Semitic languages. ... The Arabian Peninsula Emirets towers in United Arab Emirates; the eastern part of Arabian Penisula The Arabian Peninsula (in Arabic: شبه الجزيرة العربية, or جزيرة العرب) is a peninsula in Southwest Asia at the junction of Africa and Asia consisting mainly of desert. ... Japheth (Hebrew. ... Japhetic is a term that refers to the supposed descendants of Japheth, one of the three sons of Noah in the Bible. ... For other uses, see Europe (disambiguation). ... An eponym is a person (real or fictitious) whose name has become identified with a particular object or activity. ... The word Hebrew most likely means to cross over, referring to the Semitic people crossing over the Euphrates River. ...

It then proceeds to detail their descendants.

The first generation

The first generation of descendants is given as:

• The sons of Japheth: Gomer, Magog, Madai, Javan, Tubal, Meshech and Tiras.
• The sons of Ham: Cush, Mizraim, Put, and Canaan.
• The sons of Shem: Elam, Asshur, Arpachshad, Lud and Aram.

Second generation

The identification of several of the first generation is aided by the inclusion of the second, although several of their identifications are less certain. (The copy of the table in Chronicles has occasional variations in the second generation, most likely caused by the similarity of Hebrew letters such as R and D). Note that all of the forms ending in -im are plurals, probably indicating names of peoples, and not intended as the name of a single person.

Descendants of Japheth

• Ashkenaz, son of Gomer. It has been conjectured that this name arose from a misprint in Hebrew for "Ashkuz", by reading a nun for a waw. Ashkuz and Ishkuz were names used for the Scythians, who first appear in Assyrian records in the late 8th century in the Caucasus region, and at times occupied vast areas of Europe and Asia. Additionally, in Medieval Hebrew, Germany is known as Ashkenaz, and is the origin of the term Ashkenazic Jews.
• Riphath (Diphath in Chronicles), son of Gomer. Identifaction with Paphlagonians of later antiquity has been proposed, but this is uncertain.
• Togarmah, son of Gomer. Some Armenian traditions have claimed descent from Togarmah; other authors have attempted to connect them with Turkic peoples.
• Elishah, son of Javan. Identifications have been proposed with various Aegean peoples such as Elis of northwestern Peloponnesos, or Ellis of Phthia.
• Tarshish (Tarshishah in Chronicles), son of Javan - has been variously connected with Tarsus in Anatolia or Tartessus in southern Spain.
• Kittim, offspring of Javan. Usually connected with Kition in Cyprus, but name appears in other texts with a variety of interpretations.
• Dodanim (Rodanim in Chronicles), offspring of Javan. Usually connected with large Aegean island of Rhodes near coast of Asia Minor.

Ashkenazi (אַשְׁכֲּנָזִי, Standard Hebrew Aškanazi, Tiberian Hebrew ʾAškănāzî) Jews or Ashkenazic Jews, also called Ashkenazim (אַשְׁכֲּנָזִי&#1501... → [Nun] is the 14th letter of many Semitic abjads, including Phoenician, Aramaic, Hebrew and Arabic alphabet (in abjadi order). ...   Vav or waw is the sixth letter of many Semitic alphabets, including Phoenician, Hebrew, Aramaic, and Arabic in abjadi order; it is the twenty-seventh in modern Arabic order. ... Approximate extent of Scythia and Sarmatia in the 1st century BC (the orange background shows the spread of Eastern Iranian languages, among them Scytho-Sarmatian). ... (7th century — 8th century — 9th century — other centuries) Events The Iberian peninsula is taken by Arab and Berber Muslims, thus ending the Visigothic rule, and starting almost 8 centuries of Muslim presence there. ... The word Hebrew most likely means to cross over, referring to the Semitic people crossing over the Euphrates River. ... Riphath - a crusher, Gomers second son (Gen. ... Paphlagonia was an ancient area on the Black Sea coast of north central Anatolia, situated between Bithynia and Pontus, and separated from Phrygia (later, Galatia) by a prolongation to the east of the Bithynian Olympus. ... In the Torah, Togarmah is listed in the genealogy of nations as the son of Gomer, and grandson of Japheth (Gen. ... This article is about the various peoples speaking one of the Turkic languages. ... Some factual claims in this article or section need to be verified. ... Elis, or Eleia (Greek, Modern: Ήλιδα Ilida, Ancient/Katharevousa: Ήλις, also Ilis, Doric: Άλις) is an ancient district within the modern prefecture of Ilia. ... Peloponnesos (Greek: Πελοπόννησος, Pelops Island, sometime Latinized as Peloponnesus or Anglicized as The Peloponnese) is a large peninsula in Greece, forming the part of the country south of the Isthmus of Corinth. ... Phthia (Greek: Φθίη transliterations:, modern: Fthii, ancient: PhthiÄ“) is an ancient region of Greece, at the southern part of Magnesia, on the both sides of Othrys mountain. ... Tarshish occurs in the Hebrew Bible with these meanings: One of the sons of Javan. ... In tetrapods, the tarsi are the cluster of bones in the foot between the tibia and fibula and the metatarsus. ... Tartessos (also Tartessus) was a harbor city on the south coast of Spain, at the mouth of the Guadalquivir. ... Kittim is a name from ancient times that is linked to Cyprus. ... District Larnaka  - Mayor Andreas Moyseos Population (2001)  - City 72,000 Time zone EET (UTC+2) Website: http://www. ... Rodanim or Dodanim was, in the Book of Genesis, a son of Javan (thus, a great-grandson of Noah). ... Rhodes (Greek: Ρόδος Rhódhos; Italian Rodi; Ladino: Rodi or Rodes; Ottoman Turkish: Rodos) is the largest of the Dodecanese islands in terms of both land area and population, situated in eastern Aegean Sea. ...

Descendants of Ham

• Sheba, son of Cush. Has been connected with Sabaeans and peoples on either side of the narrowest part of the Red Sea, in both Yemen/South Arabia, and Eritrea/Ethiopia/Somalia.
• Seba, son of Cush. Like Sheba, has been connected with both Yemen and Eritrea, with much confusion between the two. (The Shibboleth-like division amongst the Sabaeans into Sheba and Seba is acknowledged elsewhere, for example in Psalm 72, leading scholars to suspect that this is not a mistaken duplication of the same name, but a genuine historical division. The significance of this division is not yet completely understood, though it may simply reflect which side of the sea each was on.)
• Havilah, son of Cush. Usually considered to be a part of the Arabian peninsula near the Red Sea.
• Sabta, son of Cush. Sometimes connected with Hadhramis (their ancient capital being Saubatha) in eastern Yemen.
• Raamah, son of Cush. Has been connected with Rhammanitae (their capital being Regmah) in southern Oman.
• Dedan, son of Cush. Apparently a region of the Tabuk Province of Saudi Arabia.
• Sabteca, son of Cush. Possibly Sabaiticum Ostium, Sabaeans living around a specific harbour in Eritrea.
• Nimrod, son of Cush, also identified as a mighty hunter before God, and the founder of ancient Babel, Akkad, Sumer, and possibly cities in Assyria. The Hebrew wording of Genesis 10:11 has led to some ambiguity as to whether Asshur here is the son of Shem or a city built by Nimrod; either interpretation can be found in various modern versions.
• Ludim, offspring of Mizraim. Sometimes considered a typographic error for Lubim, a reference to the Lebu of Eastern Libya.
• Anamim, offspring of Mizraim. There is a reference in an Assyrian inscription from Sargon II's time to Anami, a tribe located in Cyrene, Libya.
• Lehabim, offspring of Mizraim. Identification uncertain, possibly Libya.
• Naphtuhim, offspring of Mizraim. Has been connected with Na-Ptah, the Egyptian form of Memphis.
• Pathrusim, offspring of Mizraim. Possibly connected with Egyptian word Pa-To-Ris meaning southerners.
• Casluhim ("from whom came the Philistim"), offspring of Mizraim.
• Caphtorim, offspring of Mizraim, associated with Caphtor, probably Crete, Cyprus, or both.
• Sidon, firstborn son of Canaan, and name one of the oldest city-states on the Phoenician coast.
• Heth, son of Canaan, considered ancestor of "Hittites", a people of Canaan, possibly connected with Hatti, a powerful entity in Anatolia.
• "the Jebusite", offspring of Canaan, a tribe that lived around Jerusalem, that was formerly known as Jebus according to the Books of Kings.
• "the Amorite", offspring of Canaan, a people living between the Jordan and Euphrates rivers by at least 2000 BC, known as Amurru to the Akkadians and Egyptians.
• "the Girgasite", offspring of Canaan
• "the Hivite", offspring of Canaan
• "the Arkite", offspring of Canaan, probably city-state of Arqa in Phoenicia.
• "the Sinite", offspring of Canaan, possibly connected with the Wilderness of Sin.
• "the Arvadite", offspring of Canaan, refers to the Phoenician city-state of Arwad.
• "the Zemarite", offspring of Canaan, refers to the Phoenician city-state of Zemar.
• "the Hamathite", offspring of Canaan, refers to Syrian city of Hamath.

Sheba (from the English transcription of the Hebrew name shva and Saba, Arabic: سبأ, also Saba, Amharic: ሳባ, Tigrinya: ሳባ) was a southern kingdom mentioned in the Jewish scriptures (Old Testament) and the Quran. ... What is left of Awam Temple or the Sun temple in Marib. ... Location of the Red Sea The Red Sea is an inlet of the Indian Ocean between Africa and Asia. ... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Psalms (Tehilim תהילים, in Hebrew) is a book of the Hebrew Bible or Tanakh, and of the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. ... Havilah is a Biblical place-name mentioned in Genesis 2:11: The name of the first [river] is the Pishon; it is the one that winds through the whole land of Havilah, where there is gold. ... The Arabian Peninsula Emirets towers in United Arab Emirates; the eastern part of Arabian Penisula The Arabian Peninsula (in Arabic: شبه الجزيرة العربية, or جزيرة العرب) is a peninsula in Southwest Asia at the junction of Africa and Asia consisting mainly of desert. ... Capital Official language(s) Spanish Area  â€“ Total  â€“ % of Spain Ranked  28 km²   Population  â€“ Total (2006)  â€“ % of Spain  â€“ Density Ranked  75,861    2,709. ... Region close to Sayun in the Hadhramaut Valley An ancient sculpture of a griffon from the royal palace at shabwa, the capital city of Hadhramaut Hadhramaut, Hadhramout or Hadramawt (Arabic: ‎ []) is a historical region of the south Arabian Peninsula along the Gulf of Aden in the Arabian Sea, extending eastwards... Ramaah means thunder in ???. Used in the Bible, it has two meanings: A son of Cush, mentioned in Gen. ... Dedan - low ground. ... Tabuk (also spelled Tabouk) is a province of Saudi Arabia, located along the north-west coast of the country, facing Egypt across the Red Sea. ... In the Bible and in legend, Nimrod (Standard Hebrew נִמְרוֹד Nimrod, Tiberian Hebrew נִמְרֹד Nimrōḏ), son of Cush, grandson of Ham, great-grandson of Noah, was a Mesopotamian monarch and a mighty hunter before Yahweh. He is mentioned in the Table of Nations (Genesis 10), in the First Book of Chronicles, and... Babel (Hebrew: ; Bavel) (Arabic|بابل: Babel) is the name used in the Hebrew Bible and the Quran for the city of Babylon (Akkadian Babilu), notable in Genesis as the location of the Tower of Babel. ... For the Egyptian writer, see Abbas Al-Akkad. ... Ludim is the Hebrew term for Lydia used in Jeremiah and Ezekiel. ... A typographical error, or typo, is a mistake made during the typing process. ... The Lebou (Lébou) are an ethnic group of Senegal, West Africa, living on the peninsula of Cap-Vert. ... Anamim is, according to the Bible, either a son of Hams son Mizraim or the name of a people descending from him. ... Sargon II (right), king of Assyria (r. ... Cyrene can refer to: The USS Cyrene (AGP-13), a motor torpedo boat tender Cyrene, a figure from Greek mythology Cyrene, a Greek colony in Libya (north Africa) 133 Cyrene, an asteroid Cyrene, fictional character who is the mother of Xena in the series Xena: Warrior Princess See also: Cyrenaica... This article is about Libya, the country in North Africa. ... Noph or Moph was the Hebrew name for the ancient Egyptian city of Memphis, which stood on the Nile near the site of modern-day Cairo. ... For other uses, see Memphis. ... Pathrusim is the name by some scholars of southern(upper) Egypt. ... Casluhim is a Mizraite tribe that originated the Philistines with the Pathrusim according to Jasher. ... Map showing the location of Philistine land and cities of Gaza, Ashdod, and Ashkelon Map of the southern Levant, c. ... Caphtor is the land of the Biblical Caphtorim (Egyptian Keftiu, Mari Kaptara). ... Caphtor is the land of the Biblical Caphtorim (Egyptian Keftiu, Mari Kaptara), said in Gen. ... For other uses, see Crete (disambiguation). ... View of the new city the Sea Castle. ... Phoenicia (or Phenicia ,[1] from Biblical Phenice [1]) was an ancient civilization centered in the north of ancient Canaan, with its heartland along the coast of modern day Lebanon & Syria [2] Phoenician civilization was an enterprising maritime trading culture that spread across the Mediterranean during the first millennium BC, between... The Hittites (also Hethites) and Children of Heth, translating Hebrew HTY and BNY-HT are the second of the eleven Canaanite nations in the Hebrew Bible. ... The Hittites (also Hethites) and Children of Heth, translating Hebrew HTY and BNY-HT are the second of the eleven Canaanite nations in the Hebrew Bible. ... Hatti is the reconstructed ancient name of a region in Anatolia inhabited by the Hattians between the 3rd and 2nd millennia BC, and later by the Hittites, who were at the height of their power ca 1400 BC–1200 BC. The capital city of both peoples was Hattusa (modern... According to the Hebrew Bible the Jebusites (Hebrew יְבוּסִי, Standard Hebrew YÉ™vusi, Tiberian Hebrew Yəḇûsî) were a Canaänite tribe who inhabited the region around Jerusalem in pre-biblical times (second millennium BC). ... For other uses, see Jerusalem (disambiguation). ... The Books of Kings (Hebrew: Sefer Melachim ספר מלכים) is a part of Judaisms Tanakh, the Hebrew Bible. ... For the language, see Amorite language. ... The Hivites were one of the sons of Canaan according to the Table of Nations in Genesis 10. ... Arqa (originally Irqata, Arkite in the Bible) is a village near Miniara in the Akkar district of northern Lebanon, 22 km northeast of Tripoli, near the coast. ... Arqa (originally Irqata, Arkite in the Bible) is a village near Miniara in the Akkar district of northern Lebanon, 22 km northeast of Tripoli, near the coast. ... By some scholars the Sinites were the Chinese tribes. ... In the Bible the Wilderness of Sin is an area lying between Elim and Sinai. ... Harbor in Arwad Arwad viewed from the air Arwad – formerly Arado (Greek: Άραδο), Arados (Greek: Άραδος), Arvad, Arpad, Arphad, Antiochia in Pieria (Greek: Αντιόχεια της Πιερίας), Latin: Aradus, and also transliterated from the Arabic as Ar-Ruad – located in the Mediterranean Sea, is the only island in Syria. ... Zemar (Egypt. ... Hama is a province of Syria with currently approximately 350,000 inhabitants. ...

Descendants of Shem

• Uz, son of Aram. Jordanians and Nabataeans; also mentioned in book of Job.
• Hul, son of Aram. Unknown; possible connection with Lake known in Aramaic as Hulata.
• Gether, son of Aram. Father of Thamud in Arabic tradition.
• Mash, son of Aram (Chronicles has Meshech). Unknown; suggestions include Mashu, an unknown region of cedars mentioned in the Epic of Gilgamesh (possibly Lebanon), and E-Mash-Mash, the main temple at Ninevah in Assyria.
• Salah, son of Arphaxad.

Uz is one of the sons of Aram according to Genesis 10:23. ... Al Khazneh, Petra (the Nabataean capital) Shivta The Nabataeans, Arabic (الأنباط) Al-Anbaat, were an ancient trading people of southern Jordan, Canaan and the northern part of Arabia- whose oasis settlements in the time of Josephus gave the name of Nabatene to the borderland between Syria and Arabia, from the Euphrates... The Book of Job (איוב) is one of the books of the Hebrew Bible. ... Hul is the son of Aram in the Book of Genesis and the eponym of a Hebrew tribe. ... // Hula Valley, seen from the Golan Heights. ... Gether (Jathiar in Arabic) was the third son of Aram mentioned in the table of nations in the Book of Genesis in the Hebrew Bible. ... The Thamud are a people mentioned in the Quran as rejecting their Prophet Saleh. ... Look up Mash in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The Mashu is a great mountain which Gilgamesh passes through (via a tunnel) on his journey after leaving the cedar land, a forest of ten thousand leagues. ... The Epic of Gilgamesh is an epic poem from Babylonia and is among the earliest known literary works. ... This article is about the ancient Middle Eastern city of Nineveh. ... It has been suggested that Salat of Quran be merged into this article or section. ...

Arphaxad's family

The table proceeds to list a genealogy from Arphaxad to a man named Eber and his sons, who is implicitly indicated as the eponymous ancestor of the Arabs and Hebrews: An eponym is the name of a person, whether real or fictitious, who has (or is thought to have) given rise to the name of a particular place, tribe, discovery, or other item. ... Languages Arabic other minority languages Religions Predominantly Sunni Islam, as well as Shia Islam, Greek Orthodoxy, Greek Catholicism, Roman Catholicism, Alawite Islam, Druzism, Ibadi Islam, and Judaism Footnotes a Mainly in Antakya. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ...

• Arphaxad
  • Cainan
    • Salah
      • Eber
        • Peleg
        • Joktan

Of these names, Salah is usually considered to be completely unidentified, Joktan is generally identified with Jectan, an ancient town near Mecca, and Peleg is generally connected to Phalgu, an ancient town located where the Euphrates and Chaboras meet. In the table, it is said that the earth was divided in the days of Peleg, often considered a reference to the incident involving the Tower of Babel. Peleg is later indicated to be a distant ancestor of Abraham. Cainan is omitted in the Mesoretic text but the Septuagint and St. Luke 3:36 include the name. (Flavius Josephus wrote in the Antiquities of the Jews that the history of the Jewish race "embraces a period of five thousand years, and was written by me in Greek on the basis of our sacred books." The figure of five thousand years in based upon the record contained in the Septuagint.) Joktan or Yoktan (Arabic: قحطان Qahtan ) (יָקְטָן little, Standard Hebrew Yoqtan, Tiberian Hebrew Yoqṭān) was the second of the two sons of Eber (Gen. ... This article is about the city in Saudi Arabia. ... Surfer Rosa The Euphrates (IPA: /juːˈfreɪtiːz/; Greek: Euphrátēs; Akkadian: Pu-rat-tu; Hebrew: פְּרָת Pĕrāth; Syriac: Prâth; Arabic: الفرات Al-Furāt; Turkish: Fırat; Kurdish: فرهات, Firhat, Ferhat, Azeri: Fərat) is the western of the two great rivers that define Mesopotamia (the other... This article is about the Biblical story. ... An angel prevents the sacrifice of Isaac. ... Antiquities of the Jews was a work published by the Jewish historian Flavius Josephus in the year A.D. 93. ...

The sons of Joktan

The table ends by listing the sons of Joktan:

Sanaá (Arabic صنعاء, romanized as , and also known as Sana or Sanaa), population 1,303,000 (2000), is the capital of Yemen. ... The Tigris is the eastern member of the pair of great rivers that define Mesopotamia, along with the Euphrates, which flows from the mountains of Anatolia through Iraq. ... Transliteration is the practice of transcribing a word or text written in one writing system into another writing system. ... This article is about the city in Saudi Arabia. ...

The table and its geographical context

The near universal view of the table is that each of the names within is intended to represent a group of peoples, nation, or tribe. Thus several criticisms concerning its accuracy in reflecting the ethnological relationship between identifiable peoples, have been raised by anthropologists, archaeologists, linguists, and others:

• Elam is listed as a son of Shem, but the Elamite language was not related to Semitic languages.
• Rather than being more closely related to languages of the other sons of Ham, the Canaanite language was Semitic, and virtually identical to Ancient Hebrew.
• Lud is listed as a son of Shem; but the classical Lydian language, as a descendant of Hittite, was completely Indo-European, and not Semitic.
• There is no suggestion amongst historians and archaeologists for any theory of Nubian origin for the cities said to be have been founded by Nimrod.

In addition, several of the groups involved in the table do not appear in known historical records until the first millennium BC. The table is thus seen by critical scholarship as dating from the 7th century BC, and representing the beliefs of its authors concerning the interrelatedness of the nations known to them. The relation between Nimrod and Cush is seen simply as a mistake caused by conflating the African nation of Cush with unrelated Mesopotamian Kassites (Cush-ites). The identification of Elamites as Semitic is similarly regarded as an error, based on its closer superficial similarity to Semitic than to Indo-European languages. The identification of the Lydians as Semitic is also regarded as odd; so it may be the case that the generally agreed interpretation that Lud is a reference to Lydia, is simply wrong.^{[citation needed]} Elamite is an extinct language, which was spoken by the ancient Elamites (also known as Ilamids). ... 14th century BC diplomatic letter in Akkadian, found in Tell Amarna. ... The Canaanite languages are a subfamily of the Semitic languages, spoken by the ancient Canaanite peoples. ... Lydian was an Indo-European language, one of the Anatolian languages, that was spoken in the state of Lydia in Anatolia, present day Turkey. ... Hittite is the extinct language once spoken by the Hittites, a people who created an empire centered on ancient Hattusas (modern BoÄŸazkale) in north-central Anatolia (modern Turkey). ... // The Kassites were a Near-Eastern mountain tribe which migrated to the Zagros Mountains and Mesopotamia (present Doroud) in 3000 and 4000 BC.[1] They spoke a non-Indo-European, non-Semitic language. ...

The table and the wider world

One of the most noticeable features of the table is that it describes nations far beyond Canaan, as far as East Africa, Georgia, Thrace, Ukraine, etc. Some Mediterranean trading nations, usually sea merchants, are also mentioned. The table implies that all nations have descended from those it lists, since all other possible lines of descent were apparently wiped out in a great flood; thus the region of Shinar (Mesopotamia) is traditionally seen, in Jewish, Christian, and Islamic thought, as the cradle of civilization. The traditional view is that, for example, French, Zulus, and Australian Aborigines are all descended from one or another of the people or nations named within the table. Shinar (Hebrew Šin`ar, Septuagint Σεννααρ Sennaar) is a broad designation applied to Mesopotamia, occurring eight times in the Hebrew Bible. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Languages Zulu Religions Christian, African Traditional Religion Related ethnic groups Bantu Nguni Basotho Xhosa Swazi Matabele Khoisan The Zulu (South African English and isiZulu: amaZulu) are a South African ethnic group of an estimated 17-22 million people who live mainly in the province of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. ... Australian Aborigines are the main indigenous people of Australia. ...

Africans are thus anciently understood to be the sons of Ham, particularly his descendant Cush, as Cushites are referred to throughout scripture as being the inhabitants of East Africa, and they and the Yoruba still trace their ancestry through Ham today. Beginning in the 9th century with the Jewish grammarian Judah ibn Quraysh, a relationship between the Semitic and Cushitic languages was seen; modern linguists group these two families, along with the Egyptian, Berber, Chadic, and Omotic language groups into the larger Afro-Asiatic linguistic family. In addition, the southern half of Africa is now seen as being part of a distinct language family independent of the Afro-Asiatic languages. Some now discarded Hamitic theories have become viewed as racist; in particular a theory proposed in the 19th century by Speke, that the Tutsi were Hamitic and thus inherently superior, (while the Hutu were just Bantu) is regarded by some^[4][5][6] as having ultimately led to the Rwandan Genocide. The Yoruba (Yorùbá in Yoruba orthography) are a large ethno-linguistic group or ethnic nation in Africa; the majority of them speak the Yoruba language (èdèe Yorùbá; èdè = language). ... 14th century BC diplomatic letter in Akkadian, found in Tell Amarna. ... The Cushitic languages are a subgroup of the Afro-Asiatic languages, named after the Biblical figure Cush by analogy with Semitic. ... The Berber languages (or Tamazight) are a group of closely related languages mainly spoken in Morocco and Algeria. ... The Chadic languages are a language family spoken across northern Nigeria, Niger, Chad, Central African Republic and Cameroon, belonging to the Afro-Asiatic phylum. ... The Omotic languages are Afro-Asiatic languages spoken in northeast Africa. ... The Afro-Asiatic languages constitute a language family (Languages of Africa) with about 375 languages (SIL estimate) and more than 300 million speakers spread throughout North Africa, East Africa, West Africa, Central Africa, and Southwest Asia (including some 200 million speakers of Arabic). ... The Afro-Asiatic languages constitute a language family (Languages of Africa) with about 375 languages (SIL estimate) and more than 300 million speakers spread throughout North Africa, East Africa, West Africa, Central Africa, and Southwest Asia (including some 200 million speakers of Arabic). ... Hamitic is an obsolete ethno-linguistic classification of some ethnic groups within the Afroasiatic (previously termed Semito-Hamitic) language family. ... The Rwandan Genocide was the 1994 mass killing of hundreds of thousands of ethnic Tutsis and moderate Hutu sympathizers in Rwanda and was the largest atrocity during the Rwandan Civil War. ...

Japheth is traditionally seen as the ancestor of Europeans, as well as some more eastern nations; thus Japhetic has been used as a synonym for Caucasians. Caucasian itself derives in part from the assumption that the tribe of Japheth developed its distinctive racial characteristics in the Caucasus, where Mount Ararat is located. The term Japhetic was also applied by the early linguists (brothers Grimm, William Jones, Rasmus C. Rask and others) to what later became known as the Indo-European language group, on the assumption that, if descended from Japheth, the principal languages of Europe would have a common origin, which apart from Finno-Ugric, Kartvelian, Pontic, Nakh, Dagestan, Hattic, and Basque, appears to be the case. In a conflicting sense, the term was also used by the Soviet linguist Nikolai Marr in his Japhetic theory intended to demonstrate that the languages of the Caucasus formed part of a once-widespread pre-Indo-European language group. For the peoples actually from the Caucasus, see Peoples of the Caucasus. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Caucasus Mountains. ... Mount Ararat (Turkish: , Armenian: , Kurdish: , Greek: , Persian: , Russian: , Hebrew: , Tiberian Hebrew: ) is the tallest peak in Turkey. ... Linguistics is the scientific study of language, which can be theoretical or applied. ... For information about the other uses of the name, see Brothers Grimm (disambiguation). ... William Jones is a common name, especially in Wales, and there have been several well-known individuals of this name, including: // Academics and authors William Jones (historian) (1860–1932) Sir William Jones (mathematician) (~1675–1749), father of Sir William Jones (philologist) Sir William Jones (philologist) (1746–1794) son of Sir... Rasmus Christian Rask Rasmus Christian Rask (November 22, 1787 - November 14, 1832), Danish scholar and philologist, was born at Brandekilde in the island of Funen or Fyn in Denmark. ... The Indo-European languages comprise a family of several hundred related languages and dialects [1], including most of the major languages of Europe, as well as many spoken in the Indian subcontinent (South Asia), the Iranian plateau (Southwest Asia), and Central Asia. ... Approximate geographical distribution of areas where indigenous Finno-Ugric languages are spoken. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... The Northwest Caucasian languages, also called Pontic or Abkhaz-Adyg/Circassian, are a group of languages spoken in Caucasian Russia, Turkey, Jordan, Kabardino-Balkaria (an autonomous republic in Russia) and Abkhazia ( de facto independent formally an autonomous republic in Georgia). ... The North Central Caucasian languages (also Nakh languages or Vaynakh languages) are a family of languages spoken mostly in Russia (Chechnya and Ingushetia) and Georgia. ... The Northeast Caucasian languages, also called East Caucasian, Caspian, Nakh-Dagestanian, or Dagestanian, are a family of languages spoken mostly in the Dagestan, Chechnya, and Ingushetia regions of Russia, in Northern Azerbaijan, and in Georgia. ... Hattic was a non-Indo-European language spoken in Asia Minor between the 3rd and the 2nd millennia BC, before the appearance of the Hittites. ... Basque (native name: euskara) is the language spoken by the Basque people who inhabit the Pyrenees in North-Central Spain and the adjoining region of South-Western France. ... Soviet redirects here. ... Nikolay Yakovlevich Marr (1864-1934) was a controversial Soviet scholar whose monogenetic theory of language constituted the officially approved ideology of Soviet linguists until 1950, when Joseph Stalin personally slammed it as anti-scientific. ... Japhetic theory is a term used to describe a linguistic theory developed by the Soviet linguist Nikolay Yakovlevich Marr (1864-1934). ...

In classical times, and among a minority of modern students, arguments have been proposed that Jupiter was actually a deified Japheth, and that the Greeks knew him as 'Iapetos', the Indian Sanskrit as 'Pra-Japati', and the Romans as 'Iu-Pater', a hypothesised antecedent to 'Jupiter'. However, scholars of linguistics disagree, for while they agree on a shared origin for many Indo-European gods, etymology indicates that these gods derive from Dyeus, sometimes referred to as Dyeus Pater ("sky father"). Linguistically, Dyeus became Jupiter to the Romans, as well as the word Deus meaning simply God, Zeus to the Greeks, Dyaus Pita to the pre-Hindu Vedic religion, Dia in Slavic mythology, and Tiwaz in Germanic and Scandinavian mythology, who later became Tyr, and Tiw, from whom we get the name of Tuesday. Most linguists assert that there is no linguistic connection between 'Pra-Japati', which translates as Lord of Creatures, and either Iapetos, Iu-Pater, meaning father Iu, a corruption of Dyeus Pater, or with Japheth, meaning beauty, and attempts to connect these deities with Japheth are regarded as poor scholarship and folk etymology. In Greek mythology Iapetus, or Iapetos, was a Titan, the son of Uranus and Gaia, and father (by an Oceanid named Clymene or Asia) of Atlas, Prometheus, Epimetheus, and Menoetius and through Prometheus and Epimetheus and Atlas an ancestor of the human race. ... The Sanskrit language ( , for short ) is a classical language of India, a liturgical language of Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, and Jainism, and one of the 23 official languages of India. ... Image:Pashupatiseal. ... A head of Minerva found in the ruins of the Roman baths in Bath Roman mythology, the mythological beliefs of the people of Ancient Rome, can be considered as having two parts. ... Jupiter et Thétis - by Jean Ingres, 1811. ... *Dyēus is the reconstructed chief god of the Proto-Indo-European pantheon. ... The Statue of Zeus at Olympia Phidias created the 12-m (40-ft) tall statue of Zeus at Olympia about 435 BC. The statue was perhaps the most famous sculpture in Ancient Greece, imagined here in a 16th century engraving Zeus (in Greek: nominative: Zeús, genitive: Diós), is... In the Vedic religion is Akasha, the Sky Father, husband of Prithvi and father of Agni and Indra (RV 4. ... This article discusses the adherents of Hinduism. ... This article discusses the historical religious practices in the Vedic time period; see Dharmic religions for details of contemporary religious practices. ... Rod, sometimes referred to simply as god (Div, Diy; in the Veda Slovena Diy or Dia), is probably the most ancient deity in the Slavic pantheon. ... This article is about Tyr, the god. ... Folk etymology is a term used in two distinct ways: A commonly held misunderstanding of the origin of a particular word, a false etymology. ...

During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, the Biblical statement that God shall enlarge Japheth (Genesis 9:27) was used by some Christians as a justification for the "enlargement" of European territories through Imperialism, interpreted as part of God's plan for the world. However, rather than being a prediction, the statement appears, in the eyes of scholars, to be a pun on Japheth's name meaning beauty, since the statement literally translates as God shall beautify Japheth. For the computer game, see Imperialism (computer game). ...

Religious Jews and Arabs consider themselves sons of Shem (thus, Semites). There is a current dispute over whether or not Ishmael was the legitimate son of Abraham. Nevertheless, though the term Semitic has come to be attached to their language group including Hebrew and Arabic, in the opposing term anti-Semitic it is generally regarded in modern times as referring solely to the Jews. While, apart from Lydia and Elam, the groups usually associated with Shem are also identified as having a shared origin, the groups of Japheth and Ham are not always agreed to, and most secular and religious scholars have abandoned all claims of absolute accuracy for the table. Hagar and Ishmael in the Wilderness, by Karel Dujardin Ishmael (Hebrew: יִשְׁמָעֵאל, Standard Tiberian ; Arabic: إسماعيل, Ismāīl) was Abrahams eldest son, born by his wifes handmaiden Hagar. ...

Nevertheless, a minority, including young earth creationists and Orthodox Christians, Jews and Muslims, retains the belief that the table applies to the entire people of earth, owing to holding the traditional reading of the Bible as historical. Young Earth creationism is the belief that the Earth and life on Earth were created by a direct action of God a relatively short time ago. ...

Doublets

There are some apparent doublets in the table, such as two separate lines of descent covering groups in Yemen and the surrounding region — one indicating descent via Cush, and hence Ham; the other via Joktan, and hence Shem. Groups such as the Sabaeans (under Sheba), Huwaila (under Havilah), and Hadhramaut (under Hazarmaveth, or Sabtah, a name representing its capital), appear to be in both lineages. Gen 10:11, translated in the KJV as "Out of that land went forth Asshur, and builded Niniveh, etc…", is taken by some interpretations of the Hebrew word-order to mean Asshur was listed as one of the cities that Nimrod built, causing another apparent 'doublet' with regard to confusion between Asshur (descendant of Shem) and Nimrod (descendant of Cush). Categories: Stub ...

In the documentary hypothesis, such doublets are seen as signs of multiple authorship; thus this theory identifies hypothetical Jahwist (J) and Priestly (P) sources as having two quite different genealogies later combined into the present table. It must be remembered that these hypothetical sources have never been archaeologically or otherwise attested, and are only reconstructions according to this theory. These sources are seen as originating some 150-300 years apart, with the later source, the Priestly, rewriting the Jahwist's account to reflect their own view concerning ethnology. While both sources are considered to have divided the groups into Shem, Ham, and Japheth, the descent beyond these is reconstructed as quite different. To the Jahwist are ascribed by such experts, the account of Nimrod and his cities, as well as the descendants of Joktan, Canaan, and Mizraim, while to the Priestly source are ascribed the account of the descendants of Cush and Japheth. A relational diagram describing the various versions postulated by the biblical documentary hypothesis. ... The Jahwist, also referred to as the Jehovist, Yahwist, or simply as J, is one of the sources of the Torah postulated by the documentary hypothesis. ... The Priestly Source (P) is one of the sources of the Torah postulated by the documentary hypothesis. ...

The Yahwist (J) would thus exhibit a worldview concerned heavily with Egypt, Mesopotamia, the Arab tribes viewed to have originated from around Mecca (a holy site since ancient times), and Canaan. Rather than a table, the Yahwist is reconstructed as presenting a more narrative structure. Preceded by the tale of the curse of Ham, the Yahwist reconstruction proceeds to describes his son fathering Nimrod, who is subsequently described as going on to found the great cities of Mesopotamia, then details the sons of Canaan and Mizraim. The Drunkenness of Noah by Giovanni Bellini, depicting Ham (center) laughing at his father, while Shem and Japheth cover him. ...

A more genealogical line is given by the Yahwist reconstruction for Shem, going down the generations in a straight line until Joktan is reached, and, like elsewhere in the Yahwist text, though Joktan is not on the line himself, as the son of Eber, a major Patriarch on the line (the eponymous founder of the Hebrews, Eberu), Joktan's own descendants are described. The name of Joktan's purported brother, Peleg, is etymologically related to the word Pulukku in Akkadian, meaning divided by boundaries, and by borders, and Palgu in Assyrian, meaning divided by canals, and by irrigation systems. While Peleg is believed by some to be present in the narrative to indicate origin via the city of Phalgu, the comment after his name, that in his day the earth was divided, is thought in critical circles to simply be a convenient pun in order to insert the story of the Tower of Babel into the Yahwist's narrative. In the Yahwist reconstruction, Japheth has previously been described, within the tale of Ham's curse, as going on to dwell in the tents of Shem, and hence is not indicated as having any children of his own. An eponym is the name of a person, whether real or fictitious, who has (or is thought to have) given rise to the name of a particular place, tribe, discovery, or other item. ... This article is about the Biblical story. ...

Over the years between the Yahwist and Priestly sources, according to the dates given by critical scholars, the areas of the Mediterranean and the Caucasus had become much more developed, and the Egyptians had become much more unified (having largely recovered from the Third Intermediate Period). Thus, while the reconstructed Priestly source does not include the subdivisions within Egypt, it does include details of groups in the eastern Mediterranean (Javan, Tubal, Meschech, Tiras) and Caucasus (Gomer, Madai), attaching them to Japheth, perhaps since his descendants are not identified by the Yahwist. Mesopotamia retained its importance, and the Priestly source, a text reconstructed with a favouritism for long dry lists, extends the detail concerning its genealogy given by the Yahwist, presenting a more complicated ethnological tree. The Arab groups of the Yemen area also seem to have been viewed as retaining importance, as the hypothetical Priestly source considered them still worth detailing, though presenting an origin for them in the more significant Nubia (via Cush), rather than from around Mecca. There is little narrative quality in the text usually ascribed to the priestly source; essentially it resembles simply a raw list of names, with the occasional indication of familial relationship. The Third Intermediate Period is a phrase used to refer the period of the history of Ancient Egypt from the death of pharaoh Rameses XI in 1070 BC to the foundation of the Twenty-sixth Dynasty by Psamtik I, following the expulsion of the Nubian rulers of the Twenty-fifth...

See also

• Wives aboard the Ark
• Nuwaubianism
• Genealogy
• Ethnography
• Comparative linguistics
• Mesopotamia
• Ancient Egypt
• Fertile crescent
• Garden of eden
• Antediluvian
• Human history
• 40th century BC
• Aggadah
• Continuity thesis

Although Genesis tells us next to nothing about the four women aboard the Ark, who had witnessed the days before the Flood, there exist substantial extra-biblical traditions regarding these women and their names. ... Nuwaubian flag as designed by Malachi Z. York The various doctrines and practices of the followers of Malachi Z. York are sometimes referred to as “Nuwaubu”/“Nuwaupu”, “Wu-Nuwaubu”, “Right Knowledge”, “Sound Right Reasoning”, “Overstanding”, and “Factology” but have had many other names through the years. ... Genealogy is the study and tracing of family pedigrees. ... Ethnography (from the Greek ethnos = people and graphein = writing) refers to the genre of writing that presents varying degrees of qualitative and quantitative descriptions of human social phenomena, based on fieldwork. ... Comparative linguistics (originally comparative philology) is a branch of historical linguistics that is concerned with comparing languages in order to establish their historical relatedness. ... For other uses, see Mesopotamia (disambiguation). ... Khafres Pyramid (4th dynasty) and Great Sphinx of Giza (c. ... This map shows the extent of the Fertile Crescent. ... For other uses, see Garden of Eden (disambiguation). ... According to the Bible, the only survivors from the antediluvian period were Noah and his family. ... History is often used as a generic term for information about the past, such as in geologic history of the Earth. When used as the name of a field of study, history refers to the study and interpretation of the record of human societies. ... Mythologically, the 40 Century BC relates to the beginning of primeval human civilization. ... Aggadah (Aramaic אגדה: tales, lore; pl. ... In the history of ideas, the continuity thesis is the hypothesis that there was no radical discontinuity between the intellectual development of the high Middle Ages, and the developments in the Renaissance and early modern period. ...

Notes

• Dillmann, A., Genesis: Critically and Exegetically Expounded, Vol. 1, Edinburgh, UK, T. and T. Clark, 1897, 314.
• Kautzsch, E.F.: quoted by James Orr, "The Early Narratives of Genesis," in The Fundamentals, Vol. 1, Los Angeles, CA, Biola Press, 1917.

Christian Friedrich August Dillmann (April 25, 1823 - 1894), was a German orientalist and biblical scholar. ... Emil Friedrich Kautzsch (1841-1910) was a German Hebrew scholar and biblical critic, born at Plausen (Saxony). ...

References

External links

• Latin Vulgate and English Douay-Rheims
• English Septuagint
• King James Version and Revised Standard Version
• Jewish Encyclopedia: Genealogy; the balanced scholarly modern view in 1901/6, (the early days of comparative linguistics and the documentary hypothesis).
• The connection of modern nations to the table according to a creationist source (with Europe as descended from the tribes of Israel, and the UK and USA from Joseph (but by different sons)).
• Custance, Arthur C., The Roots of the Nations.A more standard creationist account that associates Japheth with Europe.