Apartheid in South Africa
| | Events and Projects | | Sharpeville Massacre · Soweto uprising
Treason Trial
Rivonia Trial · Church Street bombing
CODESA · St James Church massacre
A beach, in apartheid South Africa, 1982. ...
cropped from Image:Aprt-YStar. ...
The Sharpeville massacre, also known as the Sharpeville shootings, occurred on March 21, 1960, when South African police opened fire on a crowd of black protesters. ...
This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
The Treason Trial was a trial in which 156 people including Nelson Mandela were arrested in a raid and accussed of treason in 1956. ...
The Rivonia Trial was an infamous trial which took place in South Africa between 1963 and 1964, in which ten leaders of the African National Congress were tried for 221 acts of sabotage designed to ferment violent revolution. // Origins It was named after Rivonia, the suburb of Johannesburg where 19...
The Church Street bombing was a 1983 terrorist attack by the African National Congress in Pretoria, South Africa which killed 16 and wounded 130. ...
The apartheid system in South Africa was ended through a series of negotiations between 1990 and 1993. ...
The St James Church massacre was a massacre perpetrated at St James Church, Cape Town by the Azanian Peoples Liberation Army (APLA). ...
| | Organisations | | ANC · IFP · AWB · Black Sash · CCB
PP · RP ·PRP· PFP · HNP · MK · PAC · SACP · UDF
Broederbond · National Party · COSATU For political parties with similar names in other countries, see Northern Rhodesian African National Congress and Zambian African National Congress. ...
The Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP) is a political party in South Africa. ...
The flag of the Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging The Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging or AWB, is a political and paramilitary group in South Africa under the leadership of Eugène TerreBlanche. ...
The Black Sash was a non-violent white womens resistance organisation founded in 1955 in South Africa by Jean Sinclair. ...
The Civil Cooperation Bureau (CCB) was a covert South African apartheid-era hit squad[1]. Inaugurated in 1986, and fully functional by 1988 it was set up to eliminate anti-apartheid activists, destroy ANC facilities, and find means to circumvent the economic sanctions[1] imposed on that country. ...
The Progressive Party was a liberal South African party that opposed the ruling National Partys policies of apartheid. ...
The Reform Party was created by a group who left the United Party led by Harry Schwarz on February 11 1975. ...
The Progressive Reform Party was a South African party that was made on the 26 July 1976 by the fusion of the Reform Party and Progressive Party. ...
The Progressive Federal Party (PFP) was a South African political party formed in 1977. ...
The Herstigte Nasionale Party van Suid-Afrika (Refounded National Party of South Africa) was formed as a right wing splinter group of the South African National Party. ...
For other uses of Umkhonto, see Umkhonto (disambiguation) Umkhonto we Sizwe (or MK), translated Spear of the Nation, was the military wing of the African National Congress (ANC). ...
PAC symbol This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
SACP symbol South African Communist Party (SACP) is a political party in South Africa. ...
The United Democratic Front (UDF) was one of the most important anti-apartheid organisations of the 1980s. ...
The Afrikanerbond or, formerly, the Afrikaner Broederbond, is an organisation which promotes the interests of the Afrikaners. ...
The National Party (Afrikaans: Nasionale Party) (with its members sometimes known as Nationalists or Nats) was the governing party of South Africa from June 4th 1948 until May 9th 1994, and was disbanded in 2005. ...
The Congress of South African Trade Unions (COSATU) is a trade union federation in South Africa. ...
| | People | | PW Botha · Oupa Gqozo · DF Malan
Nelson Mandela · Walter Sisulu
Helen Suzman · Harry Schwarz · Andries Treurnicht
HF Verwoerd · Oliver Tambo · BJ Vorster
Kaiser Matanzima · Jimmy Kruger · Steve Biko
P.W. Botha Pieter Willem Botha, (born January 12, 1916) commonly known as P.W. and as die groot krokodil (the great crocodile) was Prime Minister of South Africa from 1978 to 1984 and State President of South Africa from 1984 to 1989. ...
Joshua Oupa Gqozo (10 March 1952 - ) was a former Ciskei military ruler. ...
Daniel François Malan (May 22, 1874 - February 7, 1959) is seen as the champion of South African nationalism. ...
Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela (IPA pronunciation: //) (born July 18, 1918) was the first President of South Africa to be elected in fully-representative democratic elections. ...
Walter Max Ulyate Sisulu Walter Max Ulyate Sisulu (May 18, 1912 – May 5, 2003) was a South African anti-apartheid activist and member of the African National Congress (ANC). ...
Helen Suzman was born Helen Gavronsky on 7th November 1917 in Germiston, South Africa as the daughter of Lithuanian-Jewish immigrants. ...
Harry H. Schwarz (born Cologne, Germany, May 13, 1924), is a South African politician, diplomat, and jurist. ...
Andries Treurnicht (1921-1993) was the founder and the leader of the Conservative Party in South Africa. ...
Hendrik Frensch Verwoerd Hendrik Frensch Verwoerd (8 September 1901 - 6 September 1966) was Prime Minister of South Africa from 1958 to 1966, when he was assassinated. ...
Oliver Reginald Tambo (27 October 1917 - 24 April 1993) was a South African anti-apartheid politician and a central figure in the African National Congress (ANC). ...
B. J. Vorster Balthazar Johannes Vorster (December 13, 1915 - September 10, 1983), better known as John Vorster, was Prime Minister of South Africa from 1966 to 1978, and President from 1978 to 1979. ...
Kaiser Daliwonga Matanzima (June 15, 1915 - June 15, 2003) was a former leader of the then-bantustan of Transkei in South Africa; He led Transkei to self-government in 1964 and to an internationally unrecognised indepedence in October, 1976. ...
James Thomas Jimmy Kruger (1917 - 1987) was a South African politician who rose to the position of Minister of Justice and the Police in the cabinet of Prime Minister John Vorster from 1974 to 1979. ...
Stephen Biko Stephen Bantu Biko (18 December 1946 – 12 September 1977) was a noted nonviolent anti-apartheid activist in South Africa in the 1960s and early 1970s. ...
| | Places | | Bantustan · District Six · Robben Island
Sophiatown · South-West Africa
Soweto · Vlakplaas Map of the black homelands in South Africa as of 1986 Map of the black homelands in Namibia as of 1978 Bantustan is a territory designated as a tribal homeland for black South Africans and Namibians during the apartheid era. ...
District Six is the name of a former neighborhood of Cape Town, South Africa, best known for the forced removal of its inhabitants during the 1970s. ...
Prison buildings on Robben Island. ...
Sophiatown was a lively, mostly-black suburb of Johannesburg, South Africa. ...
South-West Africa is the former name (1884-1990) of Namibia under German (as German South-West Africa, Deutsch Süd-West Afrika) and (from 1915) South African administration when it was conquered from the Germans during World War I. Following the war, the Treaty of Versailles declared the territory...
Johannesburg, including Soweto, from the International Space Station Soweto is an urban area in the City of Johannesburg, in Gauteng, South Africa. ...
Vlakplaas is a farm that served as the headquarters of a counterinsurgency unit working for the apartheid government in South Africa. ...
| | Other aspects | | Apartheid laws · Freedom Charter
Sullivan Principles · Kairos Document
Disinvestment campaign
South African Police The Apartheid Legislation in South Africa was a series of different laws and acts which were to help the apartheid-government to enforce the segregation of different races and cement the power and the dominance by the Whites, of substantially European descent, over the other race groups. ...
The Freedom Charter was adopted at the Congress of the People in Kliptown, South Africa on 26 June 1955 by the African National Congress and its allies. ...
The Sullivan Principles were developed in 1977 by the Rev. ...
The Kairos Document (KD) is a provocative theological statement issued by an anonymous group of theologians mostly based in the black townships of Soweto, South Africa, in 1985. ...
The campaign gained prominence in the mid-1980s on university campuses in the US. The debate headlined the October 1985 issue (above) of Vassar Colleges student newspaper. ...
The South African Police Service is the national police force of South Africa. ...
| | This box: view • talk • edit | The South African Defence Force (SADF) were the South African armed forces from 1957 until 1994. The former Union Defence Force was renamed to the South African Defence Force in the Defence Act (No. 44) of 1957. The SADF was superseded by the South African National Defence Force in 1994. The armed forces of a state are its government sponsored defense and fighting forces and organizations. ...
The South African National Defence Force (SANDF) is the name of the armed forces of South Africa. ...
Year 1994 (MCMXCIV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1994 Gregorian calendar). ...
The SADF was involved in the South African Border War and in the Angolan Civil War on the side of UNITA and Angola rebel leader Jonas Savimbi. Combatants Republic of Angola, Republic of Cuba, SWAPO, USSR, GDR, Republic of Zambia Republic of South Africa, UNITA Scope of operations Operational Area: The South African Border War The South African Border War refers to the conflict that took place from 1966 to 1989 in South-West Africa (now Namibia...
Combatants MPLA SWAPO Republic of Cuba U.S.S.R. AAF Mozambique[1] UNITA FNLA COMIRA Portugal Republic of South Africa Republic of Zaire U.S.A. France Commanders José Eduardo dos Santos Jonas Savimbi Casualties Civilians killed = hundreds of thousands The Angolan Civil War was a conflict that devastated...
UNITA sticker The União Nacional para a Independência Total de Angola (UNITA) is an Angolan political faction. ...
Jonas Malheiro Savimbi (August 3, 1934–February 22, 2002) was a rebel leader in Angola who founded the UNITA movement in 1966, and ultimately proved a central figure in 20th century Cold War politics. ...
Within South Africa, the SADF was also widely used in the suppression of opposition to apartheid. For the legal definition of apartheid, see Crime of apartheid. ...
The SADF implemented conscription of white men, opposed by organisations such as the End Conscription Campaign. The End Conscription Campaign was an anti-apartheid organisation of conscientious objectors in South Africa. ...
Organization
The State President was the Commander-in-Chief of the SADF with: - Chief of the Defence Staff - overall senior command officer
- Chief of the Army
- Chief of the Air Force
- Chief of the Navy
- Surgeon General
- Joint Forces Commander
Staff Divisions under the Chief of Defence Staff included: - Personnel
- Intelligence
- Operations
- Logistics
- Finance
Other Support Services commands included: - Inspector General of the SADF
- Chaplain General of the SADF
A list of Chiefs of Defence Staff of the SADF: - General A.J. Liebenberg, SSA, SD, SOE, SM, MMM
- General Constand Viljoen, SSA, SD, SOE, SM
- General J.J. Geldenhuys, SSA, SD, SOE, SM
- General Magnus Malan, SSA, OMSG, SD, SM
Other senior officers: General Constand Viljoen SSA SD SOE SM (b 1933) was a South African military commander. ...
General Magnus Malan (b. ...
- Lieutenant General D.P. Knobel, SSAS, SD, SOE, SM, MMM, K St J
- Vice Admiral G. Syndercombe, SAA, SD, SOE, SM, Chief of SAN
- Colonel N.C. Parkins
- Brigader Philip Schalkwyk
- Major General D.R. Marais
Personnel - Permanent Forces - Active members
- National Servicemen - called up for 2 years national service and were generally fully trained for operational duty within the space of 12 months
- Citizen Forces - fully trained part-time members
- Commando Forces - fully trained members
- Special forces - including 32 Battalion and the Civil Co-operation Bureau
- Voluntary Term Service - created in 1992 to replace the National Service
- Service Volunteers - non-permanent full time members
- Auxiliary Service
Prior to the dissolution, the SADF had 2.9 million personnel: The Permanent Force was an integral part of both the South African Defence Force and the South West Africa Territorial Force and other British Commonwealth militaries. ...
National service is a common name for compulsory or voluntary military service programs. ...
The Citizen Force was an integral component of the South African Defence Force and the South West Africa Territorial Force. ...
This article does not cite its references or sources. ...
The Civil Cooperation Bureau (CCB) was a covert apartheid South African hit squad[1]. Inaugurated in 1986, and fully functional by 1988 it was set up to eliminate anti-apartheid activists, destroy ANC facilities, and find means to circumvent the economic sanctions[1] imposed on that country. ...
- Full-time - 40 000 Volunteer Service, 5 000 National Service
- auxiliaries - 16 000
- civilians - 24 000
- Part-time - 500 000
- Citizen Force (approximately 120 000)
- Commando Force (approximately 130 000)
- Reserves (approximately 180 0000)
Four armed services Four armed services made up the forces of the SADF: The South African Army is the army of South Africa. ...
The South African Air Force roundel The South African Air Force (SAAF) (Afrikaans: Suid-Afrikaanse Lugmag) is the air force of South Africa. ...
South African Navy Ensign The South African Navy (SAN), is the navy of South Africa. ...
The South African Military Health Service is the branch of the South African National Defence Force responsible for medical facilities and the training and deployment of all medical personnel within the force. ...
Nuclear weapons -
South Africa at one time possessed weapons of mass destruction, including nuclear weapons, but its stockpile was dismantled during the political transition of the early 1990s. There have been no reported attempts to build more nuclear weapons. South Africa developed six or seven gun-type fission nuclear weapons in the 1980s. ...
The mushroom cloud of the atomic bombing of Nagasaki, Japan, 1945, rose some 18 km (11 mi) above the epicenter. ...
Integration At the end of apartheid in 1994, the SADF was amalgamated with the defence forces of a number of formerly independent homelands as well as personnel from the former anti-apartheid guerrilla forces such as the African National Congress's Umkhonto we Sizwe, the Pan Africanist Congress's APLA and the Self-Protection Units of the Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP). The new integrated force became known as the South African National Defence Force. Year 1994 (MCMXCIV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1994 Gregorian calendar). ...
Map of the black homelands in South Africa as of 1986 Map of the black homelands in Namibia as of 1978 Bantustan is a territory designated as a tribal homeland for black South Africans and Namibians during the apartheid era. ...
For political parties with similar names in other countries, see Northern Rhodesian African National Congress and Zambian African National Congress. ...
For other uses of Umkhonto, see Umkhonto (disambiguation) Umkhonto we Sizwe (or MK), translated Spear of the Nation, was the military wing of the African National Congress (ANC). ...
PAC symbol The Pan Africanist Congress (PAC) (later the Pan Africanist Congress of Azania), was a South African liberation movement, that is now a minor political party. ...
The Azanian Peoples Liberation Army (APLA) was the military wing of the Pan Africanist Congress. ...
The Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP) is a political party in South Africa. ...
The South African National Defence Force (SANDF) is the name of the armed forces of South Africa. ...
See also The military history of South Africa chronicles a vast time period and complex events from the dawn of history until the present time. ...
The South African Police Service is the national police force of the Republic of South Africa. ...
SWATF is an abbreviation for the South West African Territorial Force. ...
South African Orders, Decorations and Medals are those military and civilian orders, decorations and medals issued by the Government of South Africa. ...
The South African National Defence Force (SANDF) is the name of the armed forces of South Africa. ...
Reference - Overview of the changing of the SADF
v • d • e Militaries of African countries Algeria · Angola · Benin · Botswana · Burkina Faso · Burundi · Cameroon · Cape Verde · Central African Republic · Chad · Comoros · Democratic Republic of the Congo · Republic of the Congo · Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast) · Djibouti · Egypt · Equatorial Guinea · Eritrea · Ethiopia · Gabon · The Gambia · Ghana · Guinea · Guinea-Bissau · Kenya · Lesotho · Liberia · Libya · Madagascar · Malawi · Mali · Mauritania · Mauritius · Morocco · Mozambique · Namibia · Niger · Nigeria · Rwanda · Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic · São Tomé and Príncipe · Senegal · Seychelles · Sierra Leone · Somalia · South Africa · Sudan · Swaziland · Tanzania · Togo · Tunisia · Uganda · Zambia · Zimbabwe South Africa History History of South Africa Events Zulu War (see also Anglo-Zulu War) Boer War Pretoria Convention Sharpeville Massacre Rivonia Trial Historical Groups Azanian Peoples Liberation Army Democratic Party (South Africa) (DP) Dutch East India Company National Party Umkhonto we Sizwe Places Robben Island Bantustan Bophuthatswana Ciskei QwaQwa...
The history of South Africa is viewed differently by various scholars and by its various population groups because South Africa is a multicultural country. ...
History of Cape Colony via a written history of the area known as Cape Colony, and later Cape Province in South Africa began when Bartolomeu Dias, a Portuguese navigator, discovered the Cape of Good Hope in 1488. ...
Flag of the Orange Free State Capital Bloemfontein Language(s) Afrikaans, English Religion Dutch Reformed Church Government Republic President - 1854 - 1855 Josias P. Hoffman - 1855 - 1859 Jacobus Nicolaas Boshoff - 1859 - 1863 Marthinus Wessel Pretorius (also President of the South African Republic from 1857 to 1871). ...
Anthem Transvaalse Volkslied Location of the Transvaal in pre-1994 South Afica Capital Pretoria Language(s) Dutch, English, Afrikaans Religion Dutch Reformed Church Government Republic President - 1857-1863 Marthinus Wessel Pretorius - 1883-1902 Paul Kruger - 1900-1902 Schalk Willem Burger (acting) History - Established June 27, 1857 - British annexation 1877-1881...
For the legal definition of apartheid, see Crime of apartheid. ...
Foreign Relations of South Africa South African forces fought on the Allied side in both World War I and World War II, and it participated in the postwar United Nations force in the Korean War. ...
South Africa developed six or seven gun-type fission nuclear weapons in the 1980s. ...
Image File history File links Coat_of_arms_of_South_Africa. ...
See Also: List of cities and towns in the Eastern Cape, List of cities and towns in the Free State, List of cities and towns in Gauteng, List of cities and towns in KwaZulu-Natal, List of cities and towns in Limpopo, List of cities and towns in Mpumalanga, List...
There are officially nine cities in South Africa (members of the South African cities network). ...
Most of South Africas national parks are maintained by South Africa National Parks (SANPark) while the parks in KwaZulu-Natal are managed by Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife (an amalgamation of the former Natal Parks Board and KwaZulu Directorate of Nature Conservation). ...
Post Codes were introduced in South Africa in 1975, with the introduction of automated sorting. ...
South Africa has switched to a closed numbering system, although as of 2005 it still isnt mandatory to dial the three-digit area code. ...
// Constitution Following the 1994 elections, South Africa was governed under an interim constitution. ...
Political parties in South Africa lists political parties in South Africa. ...
Elections in South Africa take place on national, provincial, and local levels. ...
A map of the nine provinces of South Africa South Africa is currently divided into nine provinces. ...
This is a list of South African Municipalities. ...
There is no single Culture of South Africa. ...
art forms of southern africa, is beautifully painted vases and wood made into animals Categories: Africa-related stubs ...
Cookery practised by indigenous people of South Africa such as the Khoisan and Xhosa- and Sotho-speaking people Settler cookery introduced during the colonial period by people of Afrikaner and British descent and their slaves and servants - this includes the cuisine of the Cape Malay people, which has many characteristics...
Islam in South Africa probably predates the colonial period, and consisted of isolated contact with Arab and East African traders. ...
South Africa has a diverse literary history. ...
The South African music scene includes both popular (jive) and folk forms. ...
// Lionel Abrahams Tatamkulu Afrika Ingrid Andersen Shabbir Banoobhai Robert Berold Sinclair Beiles Vonani Bila Roy Blumenthal Breyten Breytenbach Dennis Brutus Frederick Guy Butler Roy Campbell Jack Cope Jeremy Cronin Patrick Cullinan Gary Cummiskey Sheila Cussons Achmat Dangor Ingrid de Kok Sandile Dikeni Modikwe Dikobe Isobel Dixon Susann Deysel CJ Driver...
Holidays in South Africa: The Public Holidays Act (Act No 36 of 1994) determines that whenever any public holiday falls on a Sunday, the Monday following it will be a public holiday. ...
The following is a partial list of South African television series. ...
The South African Scout Association is the World Organization of the Scout Movement recognized Scouting association in South Africa. ...
South Africa History History of South Africa Events Zulu War (see also Anglo-Zulu War) Boer War Pretoria Convention Sharpeville Massacre Rivonia Trial Historical Groups Azanian Peoples Liberation Army Democratic Party (South Africa) (DP) Dutch East India Company National Party Umkhonto we Sizwe Places Robben Island Bantustan Bophuthatswana Ciskei QwaQwa...
This is a list of notable South Africans with Wikipedia articles. ...
HIV and AIDS in South Africa are a major health concern. ...
// Telephone Telephones - main lines in use: 4. ...
This is a list of companies in South Africa. ...
Military branches: Army, Air Force, National Gendarmerie, National Police, Peoples Militia Military manpower - availability: males age 15-49: 2,688,072 (2002 est. ...
Military branches: Army, Coast Guard Military manpower - availability: males age 15-49: 92,486 (2002 est. ...
The military of the Central African Republic (Forces armées centrafricaines or FACA), currently numbers at approximately 2,000, and military expenditures amount to 1. ...
The military of the Democratic Republic of Congo is currently in the rebuilding process after the Second Congo War officially ended in July 2003. ...
The 17,000-man Ivorian Armed Forces (FANCI) include an army, navy, air force, and gendarmerie. ...
The military of Equatorial Guinea was reorganized in 1979. ...
The island nation of São Tomé and PrÃncipe off the coast of West Africa maintains a very small military, consisting of four branches: the Army, the Coast Guard, the Presidential Guard, and the National Guard. ...
Military branches:Army (RSLAF) Military manpower - availability: males age 15-49: 1,228,664 (2003 est. ...
Military branches: South African National Defence Force or SANDF (includes Army, Navy, Air Force, and Medical Service), South African Police Service (SAPS) Military manpower - military age: 18 years of age Military manpower - availability: males age 15-49: 11,924,500 (2004 est. ...
Dependencies and other territories
Canary Islands · Ceuta · Mayotte · Melilla · Puntland · Réunion · St. Helena · Socotra · Somaliland · Western Sahara A dependent territory, dependent area or dependency is a territory that does not possess full political independence or sovereignty as a State. ...
Types of administrative and/or political territories include: A legally administered territory, which is a non-sovereign geographic area that has come under the authority of another government. ...
Military - note: defense is the responsibility of the UK See also : Saint Helena Refer to Saint Helena Article. ...
This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
Western Sahara (EH in ISO 3166-1) is a region of northwestern Africa, bordering Morocco on the north, Algeria on the northeast, Mauritania to the east and south, and the Atlantic Ocean on the west. ...
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