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The Southeastern Anatolia Project (Turkish: Güneydoğu Anadolu Projesi, GAP) is a multi-sector integrated regional development project based on the concept of sustainable development for the 9 million people^[1] living in a region. GAP's basic aim is to eliminate regional development disparities by raising people's income level and living standards; and to contribute to such national development targets as social stability and economic growth by enhancing the productive and employment generating capacity of the rural sector. Total cost of the project is 36 billion YTL, which 21 billion YTL of this investment was realized.^[2] The real investment (corrected value) was 56% for the end of 2005. The project area covers 9 provinces (Adıyaman, Batman, Diyarbakır, Gaziantep, Kilis, Siirt, Şanlıurfa, Mardin, and Şırnak which are located in the basins of the Euphrates and Tigris and in Upper Mesopotamia. Traditional Turkish coffee The culture of Turkey is a diverse one, derived from various elements of the Ottoman Empire, European, and the Islamic traditions. ... Turkey is a successor state of the Ottoman Empire, a multi-ethnic empire consolidated by gradual conquest during medieval and early modern times (1300-1700). ... Politics of Turkey takes place in a framework of a secular parliamentary representative democratic republic, whereby the Prime Minister of Turkey is the head of government, and of a pluriform multi-party system. ... Map showing the location of Adıyaman Province in the Kurdish region of Turkey Adıyaman is a province in south-central Turkey. ... Location of Batman Province Batman is a Turkish province in the predominantly Kurdish[1][2] southeast of Anatolia, with a population of slightly less than 500,000. ... shows the Location of the Province Diyarbakır Diyarbakır is a province in eastern Turkey. ... Gaziantep is a province in south-central Turkey. ... Siirt is a province of Turkey, located in the southeast. ... Shows the Location of the Province Åžanlıurfa Åžanlıurfa (also called simply, Urfa) is a province in Southeast Anatolia, Turkey. ... Map showing the location of Mardin Province of Turkey Mardin Province is a province of Turkey with a population of 835,173 (2000)[1]. The capital of the Mardin Province is Mardin. ... Şırnak is a Turkish province in the south east of Anatolia. ... Surfer Rosa The Euphrates (IPA: /juːˈfreɪtiːz/; Greek: EuphrátÄ“s; Akkadian: Pu-rat-tu; Hebrew: פְּרָת PÄ•rāth; Syriac: Prâth; Arabic: الفرات Al-Furāt; Turkish: Fırat; Kurdish: فرهات, Firhat, Ferhat, Azeri: FÉ™rat) is the western of the two great rivers that define Mesopotamia (the other... The Tigris is the eastern member of the pair of great rivers that define Mesopotamia, along with the Euphrates, which flows from the mountains of Anatolia through Iraq. ... Mesopotamia was a cradle of civilization geographically located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, largely corresponding to modern-day Iraq. ...

This current activities under GAP covers sectors as (1) irrigation, (2) hydraulic energy production, (3) agriculture, (4) urban and rural infrastructure, (5) forestry, (6) education and (7) health. Water resources envisages the construction of 22 dams and 19 power plants (8 plants or 74% capacity was reached by 2005) and irrigation schemes on an area extending over 17,000 square kilometres. 7 airports have been finished and active, GAP cargo airport (the biggest in Turkey) finished.

History

The first idea and decision to utilize the waters of the Euphrates and Tigris rivers belong to Atatürk, the founder of the Republic. In 1920s-1930s, the need for electrical energy was a priority issue. The Electricity Studies Administration was founded in 1936 to investigate how rivers in the country could be utilized for energy production. The Administration began its detailed studies with the "Keban Dam Project" and established observation stations to assess the flow and other characteristics of the Euphrates. The GAP as it is structured today, was planned in the 70s consisting of projects for irrigation and hydraulic energy production on the Euphrates and Tigris, but transformed into a multi-sector social and economic development program for the region in the early 80s. The development program encompassed such sectors as irrigation, hydraulic energy, agriculture, rural and urban infrastructure, forestry, education and health. With the development of new GAP Administrative structure in 1988-1989, Its basic objectives included the improvement of living standards and income levels of people so as to eliminate regional development disparities (Economic inequality) and contributing to national goals such as social stability and economic growth by enhancing productivity and employment opportunities in the rural sector.^[3] Image File history File links Southeastern_Anatolia_Project_Logo. ... Surfer Rosa The Euphrates (IPA: /juːˈfreɪtiːz/; Greek: EuphrátÄ“s; Akkadian: Pu-rat-tu; Hebrew: פְּרָת PÄ•rāth; Syriac: Prâth; Arabic: الفرات Al-Furāt; Turkish: Fırat; Kurdish: فرهات, Firhat, Ferhat, Azeri: FÉ™rat) is the western of the two great rivers that define Mesopotamia (the other... The Tigris is the eastern member of the pair of great rivers that define Mesopotamia, along with the Euphrates, which flows from the mountains of Anatolia through Iraq. ... Mustafa Kemal Atatürk Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (1881–November 10, 1938), Turkish army officer, revolutionary, and anti-imperialist statesman, was the founder and first President of the Republic of Turkey. ... Electrical energy can refer to several closely related things. ... Keban Dam The Keban Dam is one of the 21 dams of the Southeastern Anatolia Project of Turkey. ... Irrigation is the artificial application of water to the soil usually for assisting in growing crops. ... Undershot water wheels on the Orontes River in Hama, Syria Hydropower is energy obtained from flowing water. ... Sign in a rural area in Dalarna, Sweden Qichun, a rural town in Hubei province, China An artists rendering of an aerial view of the Maryland countryside: Jane Frank (Jane Schenthal Frank, 1918-1986), Aerial Series: Ploughed Fields, Maryland, 1974, acrylic and mixed materials on apertured double canvas, 52... Cities with at least a million inhabitants in 2006 An urban area is an area with an increased density of human-created structures in comparison to the areas surrounding it. ... A decidous beech forest in Slovenia. ... The Standard of living refers to the quality and quantity of goods and services available to people. ... Differences in national income equality around the world as measured by the national Gini coefficient. ... World GDP/capita changed very little for most of human history before the industrial revolution. ...

Tensions between Turkey, Syria and Iraq were raised from time to time due to GAP. Syria and Iraq demanded more water to be released, while Turkey declined so as to form the dam reservoirs. Because of this GAP is one of the world's most well protected dam projects, especially against aircraft. GAP also almost came to a complete halt in the early 1990s due to the high level of Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK) activity in the region. The PKK is not only blamed for a number of funding cuts as funds were diverted to support the counter-terrorism effort, but is also blamed for damaging several dams and canals, as well as killing engineers working at the dams. A number of economic crises also played a very important part in the delays of GAP. Image File history File links GapLocationTurkey. ... Gelmersee is a reservoir in Switzerland. ... The Kurdistan Workers Party (Kurdish: or PKK, Turkish: , also called KADEK, Kongra-Gel, and KCK) is an armed militant group founded in the 1970s and led, until his capture in 1999, by Abdullah Öcalan. ... Counter-terrorism refers to the practices, tactics, and strategies that governments, militaries, and other groups adopt in order to fight terrorism. ...

The UN embargo on Iraq (which was lifted after the Second Gulf War) had negative effects on development efforts and region's trade with Middle Eastern countries, which are its natural economic partners. Furthermore, imbalances in public financing delayed the financing needs of the project. Finally, a number of judicial questions needed clearing over the flooding of several historical sites as well as local residences as described in the "Social effect" section. This article is about the United Nations, for other uses of UN see UN (disambiguation) Official languages English, French, Spanish, Russian, Chinese, Arabic Secretary-General Kofi Annan (since 1997) Established October 24, 1945 Member states 191 Headquarters New York City, NY, USA Official site http://www. ... For other uses, see Iraq war (disambiguation). ... A map showing countries commonly considered to be part of the Middle East The Middle East is a region comprising the lands around the southern and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Sea, a territory that extends from the eastern Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf. ... Public finance (government finance) is the field of economics that deals with budgeting the revenues and expenditures of a public sector entity, usually government. ...

Strategic goal

Historically, Southeastern Anatolia was located on the trading route between East and West. The region had been an important source of cultural diversity. However the changes in the trading routes and the agricultural methods ended the old importance of the region.

1908 - Irrigation in Harran Image File history File links The_short_cut_to_india_(1909). ...

1908 - Well and a girl Image File history File links Download high resolution version (740x1266, 683 KB)The farming in Harran ovansi dated between 1905 to 1908. ...

The 1989 Master Plan had aimed to initiate the revitalization of the economic, social and cultural life in the region through an "integrated regional development project". The rise in the income of the region was directly transferred to restoration^{[disambiguation needed]} and revitalization of the cultural activities in the region, instead of moving into the national budget. This master plan did not reach its goals because of the issues stated under the introduction section. However, for this negative perspective, with the international community involvement, project added new dimensions and concepts to the definitions . in art, returning something to a better state, see art conservation and restoration In criminal justice, restoration is another term for restorative justice. ...

2004 - Greenhouse Image File history File links GAP_Administration_publication_2004-_application_of_new_technologies. ...

2004 - Restoration activities Image File history File links GAP_Administration_publication_2004-_restoration. ...

The concerns and concepts of the environment, sustainability and participation, which were either overlooked or totally absent in the original plan has been added with the UNDP support. The revised "GAP Regional Development Plan" with a new understanding is currently in place. The macro frame of the GAP Regional Development Plan (GAP-RDP) is drawn by 8th Five-Year Development Plan coordinated with the efforts under the "Program for Transition to a Strengthened Economy" prepared as a part of the process for Turkey's accession to the European Union. The Earth Day flag includes a NASA photo. ... Participation in social science is an umbrella term including different means for the public to directly participate in political, economic, management or other social decisions. ... The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) is the largest multilateral source of grant technical assistance in the world. ...

Social effect

GAP region

The project rests upon the philosophy of sustainable human development, which aims to create an environment in which future generations can benefit and develop. The basic strategies of the project include fairness in development, participation, environmental protection, employment generation, spatial planning and infrastructure development. In reaching these goals the primary objective of GAP is to normalise levels of development, income, and living standards between the southeastern region and other regions of Turkey. GAP is transforming the region completely by creating economic and social opportunities and promoting business. Critical infrastructure, such as airports and highways, is being constructed to support the development of the region. GAP will provide jobs to an estimated 3.5 million people directly.
Image File history File links GAP Region. ... Image File history File links GAP Region. ...

Economic development

Irrigation

GAP is estimated to double Turkey's irrigable farmland. The increase of agricultural activity of GAP in its incomplete state is visible clearly on the USDA graph above. Cotton production increased from 150,000 metric tons to 400,000 metric tons, making the region the top cotton producer. But at the same time other regions declined, which means that Turkey's overall output stayed relatively steady.

Cotton production Image File history File links Turkey-cotton-by-region. ...

Cotton regions Image File history File links Turkey_cotton_regions. ...

Locations of Dams Image File history File links Download high resolution version (877x548, 136 KB) Source: http://www. ...

Plains irrigated by the tunnels Image File history File links Download high resolution version (867x513, 119 KB) Source: http://www. ...

GAP is supposed to create 17,000 square kilometres (4.2 million acres) of farmland in the Harran plain alone, as visible on two USDA maps above. Harran, also known as Carrhae, is a district of Şanlıurfa Province in the southeast of Turkey, near the border with Syria, 24 miles (44 kilometres) southeast of the city of Şanlıurfa, at the end of a long straight road across the roasting hot plain of Harran. ...

Reports indicate that, due to irrigation from the Atatürk Dam, harvest yields of cotton, wheat, barley, lentils, and other grains in the Harran plain have tripled. A number of Agriculture Department backed innitiatives are encouraging farmers to experiment with new varieties of fruits, vegetables, and nuts that did not exist in the region prior. Atatürk Dam was built on Euphrates river and was completed in 1990. ... For other uses, see Cotton (disambiguation). ... Species T. aestivum T. boeoticum T. dicoccoides T. dicoccon T. durum T. monococcum T. spelta T. sphaerococcum T. timopheevii References:   ITIS 42236 2002-09-22 Wheat Wheat For the indie rock group, see Wheat (band). ... For other uses, see Barley (disambiguation). ... Binomial name Lens culinaris Medikus Red lentils Lentils (Lens culinaris, Fabaceae) are lens-shaped pulses that grow on an annual, bushlike plant. ... Harran, also known as Carrhae, is a district of Åžanlıurfa Province in the southeast of Turkey, near the border with Syria, 24 miles (44 kilometres) southeast of the city of Åžanlıurfa, at the end of a long straight road across the roasting hot plain of Harran. ...

As a result of GAP, land values, personal income, number of agricultural and personal vehicles of course has increased, even have tripled in the past eight years.

Fishing

GAP is being built in a region where water used to be a scarcity. With the vast number of lakes being formed, plans to use them as breeding spaces for commercial fishing are also underway. In the case of the Atatürk Dam the fishing industry in the region is already developing. Fishing is the activity of hunting for fish by hooking, trapping, or gathering. ... Atatürk Dam was built on Euphrates river and was completed in 1990. ...

Power

The GAP also consists of 17 hydroelectric power plants. These will supply the energy equivalent of 22% of the anticipated total nationwide energy consumption in 2010. Providing 8,900 gigawatt hours (32 PJ), it is one of the largest series of hydroelectric power plants in the world. Hydroelectricity, or hydroelectric power, is a form of hydropower, (i. ...

Infrastructure

Dams

Centerpiece of the project: Atatürk Dam

Southeastern Anatolia Project consists of 21 Dams: Image File history File links Ataturk_dam_2-GAP.jpg Source: http://www. ... Image File history File links Ataturk_dam_2-GAP.jpg Source: http://www. ...

1. Atatürk Dam - Hydroelectric, Irrigation
2. Batman Dam
3. Birecik Dam
4. Devegeçidi Dam
5. Dicle Dam
6. Karakaya Dam
7. Karkamış Dam
8. Keban Dam
9. Kralkızı Dam
10. Ilısu Dam - Hydroelectric - (controversial)

Atatürk Dam was built on Euphrates river and was completed in 1990. ... Batman Dam Batman Dam is one of the 21 dams of the Southeastern Anatolia Project of Turkey. ... Birecik Dam Birecik Dam is one of the 21 dams of the Southeastern Anatolia Project of Turkey. ... Devegeçidi Dam Devegeçidi Dam is one of the 21 dams of the Southeastern Anatolia Project of Turkey. ... Dicle Dam Dicle Dam is one of the 21 dams of the Southeastern Anatolia Project of Turkey. ... Karakaya Dam Karakaya Dam is one of the 21 dams of the Southeastern Anatolia Project of Turkey. ... Karkamış Dam Karkamış Dam is one of the 21 dams of the Southeastern Anatolia Project of Turkey. ... Keban Dam The Keban Dam is one of the 21 dams of the Southeastern Anatolia Project of Turkey. ... Kralkızı Dam Kralkızı Dam is one of the 21 dams of the Southeastern Anatolia Project of Turkey in Batman. ... The Ilısu Dam is in the predominantly Kurdish[1] southeast of Turkey. ...

Maintenance

The reason for the sheer number of dams in the project, more than would at first appear needed, is maintenance. Dams need to be cleaned from the debris carried with the water flow. After a while the dam becomes obsolete as water flow slows down to inadequate levels. The dams will be shut down every 5 to 10 years for fall maintenance (also called fall cleanup). Water levels are normally lowest in fall. The extra dams are placed in service during this maintenance period.

In cases of natural disasters such as floods, the maintenance may be performed earlier. The plan is to have one or two dams spare in case an emergency shutdown of any dam is necessary. While shutting down a dam also shuts down irrigation channels linked to it, it can nevertheless continue providing power.

Engineering behind the project

Atatürk Dam

Providing electricity and irrigation is challenging in a region as large as the one targeted by GAP. A constant flow of water is imperative.
Image File history File links Ataturk_dam_1-GAP.jpg Source: http://www. ... Image File history File links Ataturk_dam_1-GAP.jpg Source: http://www. ... Atatürk Dam was built on Euphrates river and was completed in 1990. ...

Energy dissipator

Once a constant rate of flow is available, the water can be diverted to flow through water turbines to create alternating current, which can be channeled to cities across considerable distances. The energy dissipator (left) is the water flowing off of the turbines which are not visible but are embedded in concrete. However electricity is only part of the usage of the tons of water collected at the dam.
ImageMetadata File history File links Energy_dissipitator-GAP.jpg Source: http://www. ... ImageMetadata File history File links Energy_dissipitator-GAP.jpg Source: http://www. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... City lights viewed in a motion blurred exposure. ...

Radial floodgates

When dealing with tons of water, it has to be distributed evenly and slowly. Occasionally main channels will need maintenance, or may be damaged due to external reasons. In order to even assess the problem, tons of water need to be removed from the main channel. The best way to do this is to slow the overall flow from the main dam and redirect all water flowing originally through the damaged channel to backup channels. Radial gates serve this purpose, they regulate the flow of water. It is imperative to keep water flowing. Lack of the flow will not only compromise all irrigation linked to that channel but also all cities linked will experience a power outage.
ImageMetadata File history File links Radial_gates-GAP.jpg Source: http://www. ... ImageMetadata File history File links Radial_gates-GAP.jpg Source: http://www. ... Tokyo floodgates to protect from typhoon surges. ...

Harran main channel

After leaving the energy dissipator, water flows into a set of main channels, which flow in different directions supplying water to a greater area. They are the most critical part of a dam project aside from the dam itself. This is as critical as high-voltage transmission lines in power grids.
ImageMetadata File history File links Harran_main_channel-GAP.jpg Source: http://www. ... ImageMetadata File history File links Harran_main_channel-GAP.jpg Source: http://www. ...

Sluice gates

Sluice gates regulate the flow of water. If water flows too fast it will overflow and probably damage one or more of the channels, or flood irrigation fields. Multiple sluice gates regulate the speed of the flow on different sections of the channel. They can also be used like radial gates to cut water in channels.
ImageMetadata File history File links Sluice_gates-GAP.jpg Source: http://www. ... ImageMetadata File history File links Sluice_gates-GAP.jpg Source: http://www. ... Sluice gates near Henley, on the River Thames A small wooden sluice in Magome, Japan, used to power a waterwheel. ...

Harran canal ImageMetadata File history File links Harran_canal-GAP.jpg Source: http://www. ...

Flow regulator ImageMetadata File history File links Flow_regulator-GAP.jpg Source: http://www. ...

Distribution canals ImageMetadata File history File links Distribution_canals-GAP.jpg File links The following pages link to this file: Southeastern Anatolia Project ...

After leaving the radial gates on the main channel, water flows to canals which are smaller and can carry less water. Flow regulators divert water on canals to distribution canals. Just like radial gates and sluice gates, flow generators can stop water flow if necessary. Distribution canals are the last step as far as engineers are concerned. It delivers water to different sections of large fields, pretty much an artificial river.

Earth distribution channel ImageMetadata File history File links Earth_distribution_channel-GAP.jpg Source: http://www. ...

Furrow ImageMetadata File history File links Furrow-GAP.jpg Source: http://www. ...

Drip tubes ImageMetadata File history File links Drip_tubes-GAP.jpg Source: http://www. ...

It is up to farmers to get the water from distribution channels to their crops for irrigation. There are different methods to do this; any one or a combination of earth distribution channel, furrow, and drip tubes can be used. Irrigation is the artificial application of water to the soil usually for assisting in growing crops. ...

Sub-projects

The latest design of the project divides the GAP into smaller projects. Each project generates its own annual reports and activity sheets.

• Management, Operation and Maintenance of GAP Irrigation Systems (GAP-MOM),
• Regulation of Water in Irrigation Canals and Methods and Technologies for Water Saving,
• Treatment of Urban Waste Water,
• Re-use of Irrigation Discharge Water,
• Protection of Biological Diversity,
• Environmental Work in the GAP Region,
• Environmental Work in the GAP Region - Tigris Basin,
• Assessment of Climatic Conditions in the Region for Present Day and Future,
• Adıyaman-Kuyulu Region Erosion Control Project,
• Adıyaman-Diran Micro-Catchment Rehabilitation Project,
• GAP Afforestation Project,
• Participation in urban planning and zoning,
• Resettlement and employment of people affected by dam lakes,
• Atatürk Dam Lake Sub-Regional Development Plan,
• Eco-city and eco-village planning and development in pilot localities.
• Establishment of Multi-Purpose Community Centers (ÇATOM) for Women,
• Improving the Income Level of People in Non-Irrigated Areas,
• GAP Entrepreneur Support and Guidance Centers (GAP-GIDEM),
• Project for On-Contract Animal Husbandry (GAP Rings Model),
• Project for Joint Machinery Use (GAP OMAK),
• Sub-Regional Development Plan Comprising Return to Villages and Rehabilitation,
• Project for the Rehabilitation of Children Working in Streets.
• Institutional Capacity Building,
• Training and Extension Services for Farmers,
• Land Consolidation,
• Social Progress for Youth,
• GAP Region Public Health Project.

Status of GAP

The water resources development component of the program envisages the construction of 22 dams and 19 hydraulic power plants and irrigation of 17,000 square kilometres of land. The water resources part of the project is expected to be completed by 2010 and the total cost of the project is estimated at $32 billion USD. The total installed capacity of power plants is 7476 MW and projected annual energy production reaches 27 billion kWh. The United States dollar is the official currency of the United States. ... A power station (also power plant) is a facility for the generation of electric power. ...

According to many estimates, the GAP's completion date of 2010 is unlikely to be achieved. Some dams, such as the one closest to Hatay, are long overdue for fall maintenance. Additionally, the GAP does not receive any funding from the World Bank or IMF, and it does not have a place on the current administration's agenda. It is thus receiving very little funding, further complicating matters and delaying completion. Hatay is a region in the middle east around the town of Iskenderun. ...

Criticism of the project

Archeology was used as an argument both for and against dam construction. Dam opponents insisted that sites would be destroyed, while proponents argued that dam construction provided funding for salvage archeology. Non-archaeologists dominated the discussion, while archaeologists generally avoided political stances.^[4]

See also

• Water politics
• Ilısu Dam Campaign
• Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline

Water Politics is the proposed exploitation of access and use of water as a tool of international, domestic and regional politics, used to exert control over other states or groups. ... The Ilısu Dam Campaign is a UK based campaign working to stop the construction of the Ilısu Dam on the river Tigris in south east Turkey. ... The Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline (sometimes abbreviated as BTC pipeline) transports crude petroleum 1,776 km from the Azeri-Chirag-Guneshli oil field in the Caspian Sea to the Mediterranean Sea. ... This is a list of Turkey-related articles. ... This is a list of notable Turkish people, both historic and contemporary, either by occupation or achievement. ... This article is about the various peoples speaking one of the Turkic languages. ... For a specific analysis of the population of Turkey, see People of Turkey and Demographics of Turkey. ... Mustafa Kemal Atatürk Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (1881–November 10, 1938), Turkish army officer, revolutionary, and anti-imperialist statesman, was the founder and first President of the Republic of Turkey. ... Abdullah Gül (born October 29, 1950) is the 11th President of the Republic of Turkey, serving in that office since 28 August 2007. ... ErdoÄŸan redirects here. ... Turkey is a successor state of the Ottoman Empire, a multi-ethnic empire consolidated by gradual conquest during medieval and early modern times (1300-1700). ... Sultanate controlling virtually all of Anatolia Capital Ä°znik Konya Political structure Empire Sultans  - 1060-1077 Kutalmish  - 1303-1308 Mesud II History  - Division from the Great Seljuk Empire 1077  - Internal struggles 1307 The Seljuk Sultanate of Rum was the Seljuk Turkish sultanate that ruled in direct lineage from 1077 to 1307... Anatolian beyliks (also Turkmen beyliks, Tevâif-i mülûk (in Ottoman Turkish) were small Turkish emirates or muslim principalities (beylik) governed by tribal beys, which were founded in several locations of Anatolia as of the end of the 13th century. ... Ottoman redirects here. ... In the late 13th century the Seljuq empire had collapsed and Anatolia was divided into many small states. ... This article is in need of attention. ... The Battle of Vienna of 1683 was the real point at which the Empire began its decline. ... Graphical timeline Decline of the Ottoman Empire covers the military and political events between 1828 to 1908. ... This article describes the process of dissolution of the Ottoman Empire, in particular its final years in the early part of the 20th century. ... Armenian Genocide photo. ... History of Turkey redirects here. ... Combatants   Turkish Revolutionaries United Kingdom Greece France Italy Armenia Ottoman Empire Georgia Commanders Mustafa Kemal Ä°smet Ä°nönü Kazım Karabekir Ali Fuat Cebesoy Fevzi Çakmak George Milne Henri Gouraud Papoulas Georgios Hatzianestis Drastamat Kanayan Movses Silikyan Süleyman Åžefik Pasha The Turkish War of Independence (Turkish: KurtuluÅŸ Savaşı or... Atatürk, modern Turkeys founder and first President The history of modern Turkey begins with the foundation of the republic on October 29, 1923 (the Republic was declared on January 20, 1921), with Mustafa Kemal (Atatürk) as its first president. ... This page summarizes the history after the Multi-party period. ... The Military history of Turkey is a listing of ancient or previous history of military actions or information. ... // Over the centuries, Turkey has had many constitutions and can be caracterized by the steady establishment of a nation-state, democratization and internationalisation. ... At the time of the collapse of the Ottoman Empire (see Economy of the Ottoman Empire) during World War I, the Turkish economy was underdeveloped: agriculture depended on outmoded techniques and poor-quality livestock, and the few factories producing basic products such as sugar and flour were under foreign control. ... A graphical timeline is available here: History of the Republic of Turkey This is a timeline of Turkish history. ... Politics of Turkey takes place in a framework of a secular parliamentary representative democratic republic, whereby the Prime Minister of Turkey is the head of government, and of a pluriform multi-party system. ... Presidential flag of Turkey. ... This is a chronological list of every government formed by the Prime Ministers of the Republic of Turkey. ... The Grand National Assembly (Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi in Turkish) is the unicameral parliament of Turkey which carries out legislative functions. ... 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Please wikify (format) this article or section as suggested in the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style. ... — Other Turkish Topics Culture - Education Geography - History - Politics Turkey Portal Tourism in Turkey is focused largely on a variety of archaeological and historical sites, and on seaside resorts along its Aegean and Mediterranean coasts. ... Anatolia and Europe Anatolia (Turkish: from Greek: Ανατολία - Anatolia) is a peninsula of Western Asia which forms the greater part of the Asian portion of Turkey, as opposed to the European portion (Thrace, or traditionally Rumelia). ... Below each region you will find associated Cities with the region. ... Provinces of Turkey are called iller in Turkish (singular is il, see Turkish alphabet for capitalization of i). ... The provinces of Turkey are divided into 923 districts (ilçeler; sing. ... This is a list of cities in Turkey by population (according to the 2000 census). ... Map showing the Turkish Riviera The Turkish Riviera (also known as The Turquoise Coast) is a popular term used to define an area of southwest Turkey encompassing Antalya, MuÄŸla and to a lesser extent Aydın and Ä°zmir provinces. ... Other Turkish Topics Culture - Education Geography - History - Politics Turkey Portal This is a list of companies from Turkey. ... As of September 2006, the size of the banking industry is 88. ... On 31 December 1995 the customs union between Turkey and the European Union came into effect. ... TRY banknotes and coins The Turkish new lira is the current currency of Turkey and of the de facto state Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. ... As of 2005, the population of Turkey stood at 72. ... Turkish (, ) is a language spoken by 65–73 million people worldwide, predominantly in Turkey, with smaller communities of speakers in Cyprus, Greece and Eastern Europe, as well as by several million immigrants in Western Europe, particularly Germany, making it the most commonly spoken of the Turkic languages. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... It has been suggested that Human rights of Kurdish people in Turkey be merged into this article or section. ... Traditional Turkish coffee The culture of Turkey is a diverse one, derived from various elements of the Ottoman Empire, European, and the Islamic traditions. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... Turkish art is a term referring to the visual arts and plastic arts (often including architecture, woodwork, textiles and ceramics) originating from the geographical area of what is present day Turkey. ... Turkish cuisine inherited its Ottoman heritage which could be described as a fusion and refinement of Turkic, Arabic, Greek, Armenian and Persian cuisines. ... Turkish dances include Halay, Zeybek, Horon, and Karsilama. ... More than 100 festivals are held in Turkey every year. ... Ahi Evren Ahriyan Al Basti Alaturbi Ancomah Bardi Cazi Germakoçi Karakoncolos Karakura Kolot Tavara // Breaking vine In Trabzon region folklore (ÇarşıbaÅŸi town) For testing whether the new bride is propitious, when she comes to the house, she is asked to break a vine from three points and... The official holidays in Turkey are established by the Act 2429 of March 19, 1981 that replaced the Act 2739 of May 27, 1935. ... A page from the Dîvân-ı Fuzûlî, the collected poems of the 16th-century Ottoman poet Fuzûlî Turkish literature (Turkish: Türk edebiyatı or Türk yazını) is the collection of written and oral texts composed in the Turkish language, either in its Ottoman form or... Genres: Alternative - Classical - Dance - Folk - Hip hop - Jazz - Military - Ottoman - Opera - Pop - Religious - Rock Awards Kral MV, MÃœ-YAP, MGD Charts Billboard Charts Music Festivals Istanbul International Music Festival, Istanbul International Jazz Festival, Izmir European Jazz Festival, Aspendos International Opera and Ballet Festival Media Rolling Stone (Türkiye), MTV (T... Turkish theatre can be observed under two main titles: Traditional Turkish theatre and Westernized Turkish theatre. ... This is a list of radio stations in Turkey. ... Logo used by several Turkish institutions Coat of Arms of Turkey designed in 1925, never approved The Republic of Turkey is one of the states that do not have an official coat of arms. ... The flag of Turkey consists of a white crescent moon and a star on a red background. ... The Ä°stiklâl Marşı (i. ...

Notes

External links

• Official GAP website — English
• Southeastern Anatolia Project (GAP)
• Current status of GAP as of June 2000
• Environmental Impact Assessment Report Introduction PDF
• Environmental Impact Assessment Report Project Background and Description PDF
• The Ilısu Dam — A Human Rights Disaster in the Making
• Re-Emergence of Discredited Ilısu Dam Project
• Ilısu Dam Campaign