Combatants Red Army (Bolsheviks) German Empire? White Army (Monarchists, SRs, Anti-Communists) Commanders Leon Trotsky, Mikhail Tukhachevsky, Semyon Budyonny Lavr Kornilov, Alexander Kolchak, Anton Denikin, Pyotr Wrangel The Russian Civil War was fought from 1917 to 1922. ... 1917 (MCMXVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 13-day slower Julian calendar. ... 1920 (MCMXX) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will take you to calendar) // Events January January 3 - Babe Ruth is traded by the Boston Red Sox to the New York Yankees for $125,000, the largest sum ever paid for a player at that time. ... Motto: Процветание в единстве - Prosperity in unity Anthem: Нивы и горы твои волшебны, Родина - Your fields and mounts are wonderful, Motherland Capital Simferopol Largest cities Simferopol, Eupatoria, Kerch, Theodosia, Yalta Official language Ukrainian. ... The term Don may refer to: Don, Donald Ducks nickname. ... The Entholinguistic patchwork of the modern Caucasus - CIA map The Caucasus, a region bordering Asia Minor, is located between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea which includes the Caucasus Mountains and surrounding lowlands. ... The Volunteer Army (Добровольческая армия in Russian, or Dobrovolcheskaya armiya) was a counterrevolutionary army in South Russia during the Russian Civil War of 1918-1920. ... White army may refer to: The military arm of the White movement, a loose coalition of anti-Bolshevik forces in the Russian Civil War The Saudi Arabian National Guard The National Guard of Kuwait This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise... The short forms Red Army and RKKA refer to the Workers and Peasants Red Army, (in Russian: Рабоче-Крестьянская Красная Армия - Raboche-Krestyanskaya Krasnaya Armiya), the armed forces first organized by the Bolsheviks during the Russian Civil War in 1918. ... Lavr Georgiyevich Kornilov (Russian: Лавр Георгиевич Корнилов) (1870-1918) was a Russian army general best known for the Kornilov Affair, an unsuccessful military coup he staged against Kerenskys Provisional Government... Anton Denikin on the day of his resignation in 1920 Anton Ivanovich Denikin (Анто́н Ива́нович Дени́кин) (December 16, 1872 - August 8, 1947) was a Russian army officer before and during... Pyotr Nikolaevich Wrangel (1878 - 1928) was a Russian general and counter-revolutionary. ... Pyotr Nikolayevich Krasnov (Петр Николаевич Краснов in Russian) (September 22 (10 O.S.), 1869 — January 17, 1947), sometimes referred to in English as Peter Krasnov, was Lieutenant General of the Russian... Marshal of the Soviet Union Mikhail Tukhachevsky Mikhail Nikolayevich Tukhachevsky (also spelled Tukhachevski, Tukhachevskii, Russian: Михаил Николаевич Тухачевский) (February 16, 1893 - June 12, 1937), Soviet military... Semyon Budyonny (also spelled Budennii, Budenny, Budyenny etc, Russian: Семён Михайлович Будённый) (April 25 [O.S. April 13] 1883 – October 26, 1973) was a Soviet military commander and an ally of Soviet leader Joseph Stalin. ... Mikhail Vasilyevich Frunze (Russian Михаил Васильевич Фрунзе) (1885 – 31 October 1925) was a Bolshevik leader during and just prior to the Russian Revolution of 1917. ... Marshal of the Soviet Union Kliment Voroshilov Kliment Yefremovich Voroshilov () (January 23, 1881 - December 2, 1969) was a Soviet military commander and politician. ... Nestor Makhno in 1909 Nestor Ivanovich Makhno (October 27, 1889 – July 25, 1934) was an anarcho-communist Ukrainian revolutionary who refused to align with the Bolsheviks after the October Revolution. ... The Volunteer Army (Добровольческая армия in Russian, or Dobrovolcheskaya armiya) was a counterrevolutionary army in South Russia during the Russian Civil War of 1918-1920. ...

Formation of the Volunteer Army

Many opponents of the October Revolution and the Bolsheviks fled to the Don region, hoping to gain influence and the support of the Don Cossacks. One of these was the former Tsarist General Alexeyev, who started to raise troops in order to crush the Bolsheviks. Within time, his force grew to 400 men. These experienced and well-motivated soldiers, Alexeyev was able to influence the Don Cossack Council greatly. The October Revolution, also known as the Bolshevik Revolution or November Revolution, was the second phase of the Russian Revolution of 1917, the first having been instigated by the events around the February Revolution. ... Don Cossacks refers to cossacks that settled along the Don River, Russia it its lower and middle parts. ...

Alexeyev was soon joined by the charismatic general Lavr Kornilov, who had escaped detention and arrived in the Don region. This gave the Whites in the area a great boost. On the 17th of November 1917, both Alexeyev and Kornilov announced the formation of the Volunteer Army, although that name was officialy accepted till early 1918. General Alexeyev became its first commander-in-chief. In January 1918, the Volunteer Army numbered 2,000 men, and was transfered to Rostov, as Kornilov could not persaude the Don Cossack leader, Ataman Kaledin to take joint action alongside his Whites. By February Kaledin had been defeated by the Reds and the Volunteer Army retreated behind the river Don. In March 1918 the Volunteer Army was strangthened and now numbered 5,000 men. In Spring 1918, another Formation was set up, the Army of the Don, created on the 17th of April 1918, numbered c.6,000 men and was commanded by General K.Plyakov and on the 25th April P.Popov. In June 1918, the Whites in the south were joined by Colonel Mikhail Drozdovsky and his forces, in total the Volunteer Army numbered some 9,000 Infantry and 3,000 Cavalry. From November 1918, the Entente was able to supply the Whites in the South of Russia through the Black Sea port of Novorssiysk. This allowed the Whites to re-organise and create new units, although conscription helped quite a bit. this boosted the Volunteer Army up to 35,000 men by September and 100,000 by December. In September 1918, the Reds themselves formed the Southern Front to combat the Whites from the Ukraine to the Azov Sea. By then, the Army of the Don had reached a peak force of 10,000 Infantry and 7,000 Cavalry. Lavr Georgiyevich Kornilov (Russian: Лавр Георгиевич Корнилов) (1870-1918) was a Russian army general best known for the Kornilov Affair, an unsuccessful military coup he staged against Kerenskys Provisional Government... The Volunteer Army (Добровольческая армия in Russian, or Dobrovolcheskaya armiya) was a counterrevolutionary army in South Russia during the Russian Civil War of 1918-1920. ... Aleksei Maksimovich Kaledin (Каледин, Алексей Максимович in Russian) (10. ... General Mikhail Drozdovsky Mikhail Gordeevich Drozdovsky (Russian: Михаил Гордеевич Дроздовский) (October 7, 1881- January 1, 1919), Russian army officer and one of the leaders of counterrevolutionary White movement during Russian Civil War. ... European military alliances in 1915. ...

The Armed Forces of South Russia

The following year (8th January 1919) saw the creation of the Armed Forces of South Russia, which encompassed many earlier formations. The Volunteer Army was renamed the Caucasian Volunteer Army. Its orginal title was restored however in May 1919. Besides the Volunteer Army, the AFSR also included many formations that were previously independant, they included the Crimean-Aazov Army, The Army of the Don, The Army of the Caucasus and the Army of Turkestan. Whe it was formed the AFSR numbered 51,000 Infantry, 34,000 Cavalry, by July 1919, this had risen to 104,000 Infantry and 56,000 Cavalry (as well as 19 aircraft, 34 armoured trains, 1 Cruiser, 5 Destroyers, 4 Submarines and 20 Gunboats.) The Army of Turkestan, having been included within the AFSR, was destroyed in December 1919, and by February 1920, had officialy ceased to exist. However, hard fighting and heavy loses meant that the Armies were facing defeat. The Army of the Don, by 1920, was almost destroyed by the Reds and the suvivor's fled towards the Crimea and Wrangel's newly formed army. Denikin, the Commander-in-chief of the AFSR passed all powers onto General Pyotr Wrangel in April 1920, who reformed these units into his "Russian Army". Pyotr Nikolaevich Wrangel (1878 - 1928) was a Russian general and counter-revolutionary. ...

Wrangels' 'Russian Army'

Wrangels formation of the "Russian Army" heralds the last phase of the Russian Civil War in the South. The Crimean peninsula was the White's last stronghold and had all of the remnants of the other White Armies that had been crushed in the South as well. The Army of the Caucasus, which had been part of the AFSR was destroyed in May 1920 by the Reds, the survivor's fled to either join Wrangel or to Georgia. By July 1920, Wrangel had 25,000 Infantry, 5,00 Cavalry, 13 Tanks, 25 Armoured cars, 40 aircraft, 2 Battleships, 3 Cruisers, 11 Destroyers, 4 Submarines and 8 Gunboats. This expanded by October to 41,000 Infantry and 17,000 Cavalry. But despite the rise in manpower, Wrangel was unable to make a successful offensive towards Moscow and break out of his Crimean stronghold.

The Bolshevik 2nd Southern Front's final assault on the Crimea was successful and managed to defeat the last great White threat to the Reds. The survivor's of the armies were evacuated to Istanbul by Foreign ships. In 1921 they were transfered to Bulgaria and Yugoslavia , where they were finally disbanded.

The Ukraine in the Southern Front

At the Same time, the Reds were also figthing against the Ukrainians, as well as the Poles. With the defeat of Germany in the First world war, the pro-German Government, The Hetmanate, under Pavlo Skoropadsky was overthrown and the relative saftey the Ukraine had under German occupation and protection was gone. The Reds set up their own Bolshevik Ukrainian government. The Ukrainian National Republic (UNR) faced many enemies from Late 1918 onwards. It faced the Reds to the north-east, Whites (who were against Ukrainian seperation) to the south-east marching northwards against Moscow, Poles (having claimed UNR territory), Rumanians claiming more land to the south-west and the Anarchist Black Army of Nestor Makhno springing up all over the Ukraine. The UNR came to terms with the Rumanians and the Entente who occupied Odessa in February 1919, and this allowed the UNR to release troops to face the Whites, Reds and Poles. Fighting broke out in January 1919 and the Reds pushed the Ukrainians forces back. Kiev fell to the Reds in February 1919 and had ushed the UNR's forces against Polish ones moving into Volhynia. This cut the UNR's armies in two. By May 1919, the UNR occupied a small strip of land around Brody and at the same time were negotiating with the Poles, with an armistice with the Poles, the Ukrainians could push forwards and they attacked south-eastwards to Kamanets Podil'skyi. With Denikin launching an offensive against the Reds in the north, along with spontaneous Peasant uprisisng allowed the Ukrainians to re-take Kiev in August 1919, but they were expelled by Denikin's forces. With Denikin's defeat and the Ukrainians in severe trouble, they made an alliance with the Poles in April 1920, the combined Polish-Ukrainian forces pushed back the Reds, who occupied most of the Ukraine. This was part of the Russo-Polish war. And ended up with gains for Poland after the treaty of Riga in 1921, but with nothing for the Ukrainians who were fully defeated. The Ukrainian's basd in Poland tried to launch offensives and raids into Soviet Ukarine, but these failed considerably. The Hetmanate (Ukrainian: , Het’manat) was a short-lived provisional government of Ukraine, installed by Germany after disbanding the Central Rada of the Ukrainian National Republic in 1918. ... Pavlo Skoropadsky Pavlo Skoropadsky (Ukrainian: Павло Скоропадський, also spelled Pavel Skoropadsky or Skoropadski, born: May 3, 1873, in Wiesbaden, Germany, died: April 26, 1945, Metten monastery clinic, Bavaria, Germany) was a Ukrainian politician. ... Black Army can refer to several different groups and affiliations: Black Guards Matthias Corvinus Black Army Revolutionary Insurrectionary Army of Ukraine a term used for several anarchist fractions of the Russian Civil War the supporter club of the Swedish sports association Allmänna idrottsklubben (AIK) This is a disambiguation page... Nestor Makhno in 1909 Nestor Ivanovich Makhno (October 27, 1889 – July 25, 1934) was an anarcho-communist Ukrainian revolutionary who refused to align with the Bolsheviks after the October Revolution. ...

Georgia in the Civil War

Main article: Democratic Republic of Georgia Motto: None Anthem: Dideba Zetsit Kurtheuls (Praise Be To The Heavenly Bestower of Blessings) Capital Tbilisi Largest city Tbilisi Official language(s) Georgian Government Chairman of the Government Parliamentary democracy Noe Zhordania Independence - Declared - Formerly From the Russian Empire May 26, 1918 Transcaucasian Federation Population c. ...

With the defeat of the Whites in 1920, the Georgian Democratic Republic was under threat from the Red Army moving ever closer to her borders. The Reds offered an alliance with Georgia, Amernia and Azerbaijan in order to defeat the Whites in the Caucasus etc, the Georgians refused, going for a policy of neutrality, they also hoped they could negotiate their official independance with the Bolsheviks. Several attempts by Russians and Soviets to take over Georgia failed. In Apeil of the year 1920, the Soviets managed to place a Bolshevik regime in Azerbaijan, mainly due to the help of the 11th Red Army. Georgian communists asked for permission to take over Georgia but no real authorisation was given. On May 3rd, Communists loyal to the Russian SFSR launched a coup in Tbilisi, which was successfully defeated by the Georgian army. The Georgian General staff started to mobilise and started to ready themselves for war, however this never came, as negotiations with the Reds (May 1920) managed to secure their independance, on the conditions that they allowed Bolshevik groups and organisations to exist and that no foreign troops could enter Georgian soil. Refused entry into the League of Nations, Georgia gained de jure recognition from the Allies on 27 January 1921. This, however, did not prevent the country from being attacked by Soviet Russia a month later. The peace with Georgia, though initially supported strongly by Lenin, finally ended on February 11 when the Armenian and Georgian Bolsheviks organized a revolt in Lorri. The Armenia-based 11th Red Army marched on Tbilisi, while other Russian forces invaded from various directions. By February 25, the desperate resistance of the poorly-organized Georgian military was broken at the capital and the Georgian Bolsheviks proclaimed the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic. Almost simultaneously, Turkish troops took control over Ardahan Province, Artvin and Batumi. On March 17, the Menshevik and Soviet representatives agreed a ceasefire and joined their efforts to recover Batumi. On March 18, the leadership of the DRG left Georgia by the French ship Ernest Renan. By the Moscow-dictated Treaty of Kars with Turkey (October 13 1921), Georgia had to abandon its claims on Artvin and Ardahan provinces in return for Batumi granted autonomous status within Soviet Georgia. Abkhazia and South Ossetia also gained autonomy. The monument to the Georgian Junkers who fell in the battles against the Red Army. Qoroghli, near TbilisiGuerrilla resistance to the Soviet troops continued, but was finally crushed in 1924. This was followed by harsh repressions and the reign of terror in which thousands of Georgian nobles, intellectuals and common citizens were purged. The country was eventually incorporated into the Soviet Union — first as a part of a Transcaucasian SFSR (1922), then as its own Soviet Socialist Republic (1936).

Armenia

Main article Democratic Republic of Armenia National motto: n/a Language Armenian (official) Capital Yerevan Independence From Imperial Russia, 1918 Currency Armenian dram National anthem Mer Hayrenik The Democratic Republic of Armenia (DRA; Armenian: Դեմոկրատական Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն, Demokratakan Hayastani Hanrapetutyun; also known as the First Republic of Armenia), 1918–1922, was the first modern establishment of a Republic of...

Since 1918, the Armenian Republic had been at odd's with almost of of her neighbours, several wasr were fought with her fellow newly formed Caucasian nations, as well as a hard fought war with the Turks in 1920. With enemies all around, the Armenians were weak and unable to defend themselves againts an invasion by the Bolsheviks.

Azerbaijan

Main Article: Azerbaijan Democratic Republic Motto: Odlar Yurdu Land of the Eternal Fire Anthem: AzÉ™rbaycan Respublikasının DövlÉ™t Himni March of Azerbaijan Capital Baku Largest city Baku Official language(s) Azerbaijani Government President Prime Minister Representative democracy Mammed Amin Rasulzade Fatali Khan Khoyski Independence - Declared - Formerly From the Russian Empire May...

By March 1920, it was obvious that Soviet Russia would attack the much-needed Baku. Vladimir Lenin said that the invasion was justified by the fact that Soviet Russia couldn't survive without Baku oil. According to prevailing opinion in Moscow, Russian Bolsheviks were to assist Baku proletariat in overthrowing the "counter-revolutionary nationalists."

After major political crisis, the Fifth Cabinet of Ministers of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic gave its resignations on April 1, 1920. On April 25, 1920, the Russian XI Red Army crossed into Azerbaijan and entered Baku on April 27. They demanded the dissolution of Azerbaijani Parliament (Majlis) and set up their own Bolshevik government headed by Nariman Narimanov. The deputies obliged to do so to avoid bloodshed, and on April 28, 1920, the ADR officially ceased to exist. The Red Army met very little resistance from Azerbaijani forces in Baku, which were tied up on Karabakh front.

In May 1920, there was a major uprising against the occupying Russian XI Army in Ganja, intent on restoring Musavatists in power. The uprising was crushed by the Bolsheviks by May 31. Leaders of the ADR either fled to Menshevik Georgia, Turkey and Iran, or were captured by Bolsheviks, like Mammed Amin Rasulzade (who was later allowed to emmigrate) and executed (like Gen. Selimov, Gen. Sulkevich, Gen. Agalarov, a total of over 20 generals), or assassinated by Armenian militants like Fatali Khan Khoyski and Behbudagha Javanshir. Most students and citizens travelling abroad remained in those countries never to return again to their country

See Also

• Russian Civil War
• Volunteer Army
• Armed Forces of South Russia
• Ukrainian People's Republic
• Polish-Soviet War
• Anton Denikin
• Pyotr Wrangel
• Mikhail Drozdovsky
• Mikhail Alexeyev
• Lavr Kornilov
• Revolutionary Insurrectionary Army of Ukraine

Combatants Red Army (Bolsheviks) German Empire? White Army (Monarchists, SRs, Anti-Communists) Commanders Leon Trotsky, Mikhail Tukhachevsky, Semyon Budyonny Lavr Kornilov, Alexander Kolchak, Anton Denikin, Pyotr Wrangel The Russian Civil War was fought from 1917 to 1922. ... The Volunteer Army (Добровольческая армия in Russian, or Dobrovolcheskaya armiya) was a counterrevolutionary army in South Russia during the Russian Civil War of 1918-1920. ... Flag of Ukrainian Peoples Republic Ukrainian Peoples Republic (Ukrainian: ), also sometimes translated as Ukrainian National Republic, abbreviated UNR (УНР), was a republic in part of the territory of modern Ukraine after the Russian Revolution, eventually headed by Symon Petliura. ... Combatants Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic Second Polish Republic Commanders Mikhail Tukhachevsky Semyon Budyonny Joseph Stalin Józef PiÅ‚sudski Edward Rydz-ÅšmigÅ‚y Strength 950,000 including reserves 5 million 360,000 including reserves 738,000 Casualties Unknown, dead estimated at 100,000 - 150,000 Unknown, dead estimated at... Anton Denikin on the day of his resignation in 1920 Anton Ivanovich Denikin (Анто́н Ива́нович Дени́кин) (December 16, 1872 - August 8, 1947) was a Russian army officer before and during... Pyotr Nikolaevich Wrangel (1878 - 1928) was a Russian general and counter-revolutionary. ... General Mikhail Drozdovsky Mikhail Gordeevich Drozdovsky (Russian: Михаил Гордеевич Дроздовский) (October 7, 1881- January 1, 1919), Russian army officer and one of the leaders of counterrevolutionary White movement during Russian Civil War. ... Lavr Georgiyevich Kornilov (Russian: Лавр Георгиевич Корнилов) (1870-1918) was a Russian army general best known for the Kornilov Affair, an unsuccessful military coup he staged against Kerenskys Provisional Government... The Revolutionary Insurrectionary Army of Ukraine was am anarchist force under the command of the famous anarchist Nestor Makhno during the Russian civil war. ...

References

• Ukrainian Armies 1914-55, P.Abbot and E.Pinak, Osprey Publishing
• The Russian Civil War (1), (2), Mikhail Khvostov, Opsrey Publishing