February 1764 – April 1767	France
January 1765 – July 1770	Great Britain
April 1767 – February 1811	Spain
September 1771 – May 1776	Great Britain
February 1811 – August 1829	None
August 1829 – December 1831	Argentina
December 1831 – January 1832	USA
January 1832 – December 1832	None
December 1832 – January 1833	Argentina
January 1833 – August 1833	United Kingdom
August 1833 – January 1834	None
January 1834 – April 1982	United Kingdom
April 1982 – June 1982	Argentina
June 1982 – Present	United Kingdom

The sovereignty of the Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas in Spanish) ^[1] has been the subject of dispute between the United Kingdom, Spain, France and Argentina (all controlling the Falkland Islands at some point), lasting more than two centuries. The United Kingdom has exercised de facto, and claimed de jure, sovereignty over this archipelago in the South Atlantic since 1833. This claim to de jure sovereignty has been disputed by Argentina, a dispute which escalated in 1982 with Argentina's invasion of the islands resulting in the Falklands War. The contemporary Falkland Islanders consider themselves to be British and, after the 1982 war, have British citizenship. Argentina does not recognize the right to self-determination of the inhabitants, citing that they are not aboriginal and were brought to replace the Argentine population that Argentina claims was expelled after the British invasion of 1833^[2]. The United Nations have called on both countries to begin dialogue over the sovereignty claim. ^[3] De facto is a Latin expression that means in fact or in practice. It is commonly used as opposed to de jure (meaning by law) when referring to matters of law or governance or technique (such as standards), that are found in the common experience as created or developed without... Image File history File links Pavillon_royal_de_France. ... Image File history File links Union_flag_1606_(Kings_Colors). ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Image File history File links Union_flag_1606_(Kings_Colors). ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Argentina. ... Image File history File links US_flag_24_stars. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Argentina. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Argentina. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom. ... De facto is a Latin expression that means in fact or in practice. It is commonly used as opposed to de jure (meaning by law) when referring to matters of law or governance or technique (such as standards), that are found in the common experience as created or developed without... Look up De jure in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The Mergui Archipelago The Archipelago Sea, situated between the Gulf of Bothnia and the Gulf of Finland, the largest archipelago in the world by the number of islands. ... For other uses, see Atlantic (disambiguation) The Atlantic Ocean is Earths second-largest ocean, covering approximately one-fifth of its surface. ... Combatants United Kingdom Argentina Commanders Governor Rex Hunt Major Mike Norman RM Major Ian Nott RM Major Phil Sommers FIDF Admiral Carlos Busser Lieutenant commander Guillermo Sánchez-Sabarots Lieutenant commander Pedro Giachino† Strength 46 marines 11 RN sailors 25 FIDFs troops 600 troops (some 60 actually clashed with... Combatants Argentina United Kingdom Commanders President Leopoldo Galtieri Vice-Admiral Juan Lombardo Brigadier-General Ernesto Crespo Brigade-General Mario Menéndez Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher Admiral Sir John Fieldhouse Rear-Admiral John “Sandy” Woodward Major-General Jeremy Moore Casualties 649 killed 1,068 wounded 11,313 taken prisoner 75 fixed... “Citizen” redirects here. ... Self-determination is a principle in international law that a people ought to be able to determine their own governmental forms and structure free from outside influence. ... The United Kingdom mounted an invasion of the Falkland Islands on January 2, 1833, after the destruction of the Argentine Puerto Soledad settlement by the American corvette Lexington (December 28, 1831). ... UN and U.N. redirect here. ...

History of the claims

See also: History of the Falkland Islands

See also: Falkland Crisis (1770)

See also: 1833 invasion of the Falkland Islands

The Falkland Islands were uninhabited when discovered by Europeans, but the recent discovery of the remains of a wooden canoe is strong evidence that they had previously been visited, most probably by the Yaghan people of Tierra del Fuego. ... The Falkland Crisis of 1770 was a diplomatic standoff between Britain and Spain over possession of the Falkland Islands in the South Atlantic Ocean. ... The United Kingdom mounted an invasion of the Falkland Islands on January 2, 1833, after the destruction of the Argentine Puerto Soledad settlement by the American corvette Lexington (December 28, 1831). ...

French claim

France was the first country to establish de facto control in the Falkland Islands, with the foundation of Port Saint Louis in East Falkland, in 1764. The French colony consisted of a small fort and some settlements with a population of around 250. The Islands were named in French after the Breton port of St. Malo as the Îles Malouines. In 1766, France agreed to leave the islands to Spain, with Spain reimbursing the cost of the settlement.^[4] De facto is a Latin expression that means in fact or in practice. It is commonly used as opposed to de jure (meaning by law) when referring to matters of law or governance or technique (such as standards), that are found in the common experience as created or developed without... Location of Puerto Soledad, Falkland Islands Puerto Soledad (Puerto de Nuestra Señora de la Soledad, English: ) was a Spanish military outpost and penal colony on the Falkland Islands, situated at an inner cove of Berkeley Sound (French: [1], Spanish: ). The settlement was established as a French colony under the... East Falkland (beige) shown within Falkland Islands East Falkland, the largest of the Falkland Islands in the South Atlantic, has an area of 6,605 square kilometres. ... Categories: France geography stubs | Communes of Ille-et-Vilaine ...

Spanish claim

Spain claimed the Falkland Islands under provisions in the 1713 Treaty of Utrecht which settled the limits of the Spanish Empire in the Americas, which included the Falkland Islands. When Spain discovered the British and French colonies on the Islands, a diplomatic row broke out between the claimants. In 1766, Spain and France, who were allies at the time, agreed that France would hand over Port Saint Louis, and Spain would repay the cost of the settlement. However Spain and Great Britain, although not at war, could not be described as allies, and no such agreement was reached.^[4] A map depicting the major changes in Western Europes borders as a result of the Treaties of Utrecht and Rastatt. ... An anachronous map of the Spanish Empire (1492-1898). ... World map showing the Americas CIA political map of the Americas The Americas are the lands of the Western hemisphere or New World, consisting of the continents of North America[1] and South America with their associated islands and regions. ...

The Spanish took control of Port Saint Louis and renamed it Puerto Soledad in 1767. In 1770, a Spanish expedition expelled the British colony at Port Egmont and Spain briefly assumed total control of the Islands. Spain and Great Britain came close to war over the issue but instead concluded a treaty allowing the British to return with neither side relinquishing sovereignty claims.^[5] Location of Puerto Soledad, Falkland Islands Puerto Soledad (Puerto de Nuestra Señora de la Soledad, English: ) was a Spanish military outpost and penal colony on the Falkland Islands, situated at an inner cove of Berkeley Sound (French: [1], Spanish: ). The settlement was established as a French colony under the... Location of Puerto Soledad, Falkland Islands Puerto Soledad (Puerto de Nuestra Señora de la Soledad, English: ) was a Spanish military outpost and penal colony on the Falkland Islands, situated at an inner cove of Berkeley Sound (French: [1], Spanish: ). The settlement was established as a French colony under the... Port Egmont is a settlement on Saunders Island, within the Falkland Islands Categories: | ...

The British returned in 1771 but due to economic reasons decided to leave the Islands in 1774. The British withdrawal was completed in 1776,^[4] leaving Spain in total control. From 1774 to 1811, the islands were ruled from Buenos Aires as part of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata. The Spanish governor was withdrawn in 1806, and the islands abandoned by the Spanish settlers by a 8 January 1811 decree of the Governor of Montevideo, with a plaque asserting Spanish sovereignty left behind. ^[6][4] For other uses, see Buenos Aires (disambiguation). ... Created in 1776, the Viceroyalty of La Plata (in Spanish, Virreinato del Río de la Plata) was the last and most shortlived viceroyalty created by Spain. ...

Argentine claim

Luis Vernet

The "Malvinas" as claimed by Argentina, as part of the Tierra del Fuego province

Argentina declared its independence from Spain in 1816, although this was not then recognised by any of the major powers. Image File history File links LuisVernet. ... Image File history File links LuisVernet. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (568x937, 38 KB) Sumario Mapa editado de: Argentina - Político. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (568x937, 38 KB) Sumario Mapa editado de: Argentina - Político. ... Tierra del Fuego Cerro Sombrero Village, Chile. ... The Independence of Argentina was declared on July 9, 1816 by the Congress of Tucumán. ...

The new nation (United Provinces of the River Plate) was formed from former provinces of the Viceroyalty of the Rio de la Plata and as such claimed sovereignty over the Falklands in 1820. In October of that year, the Frigate Heroína under the command of American privateer Colonel David Jewett arrived in Puerto Soledad following an 8 month voyage and with most of her crew incapacitated by scurvy and disease. A storm had resulted in severe damage to the Heroína and had sank the prize Carlota forcing Jewett to put into Puerto Soledad for repairs. The Captain chose to rest and recover in the islands seeking assistance from the British explorer James Weddell. Weddell reports only 30 seamen and 40 soldiers out of a crew of 200 fit for duty, and how Jewett slept with pistols over his head following an attempted mutiny. On 6 November 1820, Col Jewett raised the flag of the United Provinces of the River Plate and claimed possession of the islands. Weddell reports the letter he received from Jewett as^[7]: The United Provinces of Silver River, (Spanish: Provincias Unidas de la Río de la Plata) also called United Provinces of South America was the official name of Argentina from 1816 to 1853, the year in which that name and the names República Argentina and Confederación Argentina would... Created in 1776, the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata was the last and most shortlived viceroyalty created by Spain. ... For the bird, see Frigatebird. ... The Heroina was the ship of the United Provinces of the River Plate (later Argentina) under the command of Jewett, Colonel David, who placed its flag for the first time on the Malvinas (Falkland) Islands. ... For other uses, see Privateer (disambiguation). ... Colonel Jewett Colonel David Jewett is notable figure in the history of the sovereignty dispute between Great Britain and Argentina as he commanded the Frigate Heroina that visited the Falkland Islands (Spanish: ) in 1820 and raised the first Argentine flag on the islands. ... Location of Puerto Soledad, Falkland Islands Puerto Soledad (Puerto de Nuestra Señora de la Soledad, English: ) was a Spanish military outpost and penal colony on the Falkland Islands, situated at an inner cove of Berkeley Sound (French: [1], Spanish: ). The settlement was established as a French colony under the... The Heroina was the ship of the United Provinces of the River Plate (later Argentina) under the command of Jewett, Colonel David, who placed its flag for the first time on the Malvinas (Falkland) Islands. ... Colonel Jewett Colonel David Jewett is notable figure in the history of the sovereignty dispute between Great Britain and Argentina as he commanded the Frigate Heroina that visited the Falkland Islands (Spanish: ) in 1820 and raised the first Argentine flag on the islands. ... Location of Puerto Soledad, Falkland Islands Puerto Soledad (Puerto de Nuestra Señora de la Soledad, English: ) was a Spanish military outpost and penal colony on the Falkland Islands, situated at an inner cove of Berkeley Sound (French: [1], Spanish: ). The settlement was established as a French colony under the... James Weddell (August 24, 1787 - September 9, 1834) was an English navigator, sealer, and explorer of the antarctic. ... James Weddell (August 24, 1787 - September 9, 1834) was an English navigator, sealer, and explorer of the antarctic. ... Colonel Jewett Colonel David Jewett is notable figure in the history of the sovereignty dispute between Great Britain and Argentina as he commanded the Frigate Heroina that visited the Falkland Islands (Spanish: ) in 1820 and raised the first Argentine flag on the islands. ... The United Provinces of Silver River, (Spanish: Provincias Unidas de la Río de la Plata) also called United Provinces of South America was the official name of Argentina from 1816 to 1853, the year in which that name and the names República Argentina and Confederación Argentina would... James Weddell (August 24, 1787 - September 9, 1834) was an English navigator, sealer, and explorer of the antarctic. ... Colonel Jewett Colonel David Jewett is notable figure in the history of the sovereignty dispute between Great Britain and Argentina as he commanded the Frigate Heroina that visited the Falkland Islands (Spanish: ) in 1820 and raised the first Argentine flag on the islands. ...

Sir, I have the honor of informing you that I have arrived in this port with a commission from the Supreme Government of the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata to take possession of these islands on behalf of the country to which they belong by Natural Law. While carrying out this mission I want to do so with all the courtesy and respect all friendly nations; one of the objectives of my mission is to prevent the destruction of resources necessary for all ships passing by and forced to cast anchor here, as well as to help them to obtain the necessary supplies, with minimum expenses and inconvenience. Since your presence here is not in competition with these purposes and in the belief that a personal meeting will be fruitful for both of us, I invite you to come aboard, where you'll be welcomed to stay as long as you wish; I would also greatly appreciate your extending this invitation to any other British subject found in the vicinity; I am, respectfully yours. Signed, Jewett, Colonel of the Navy of the United Provinces of South America and commander of the frigate Heroína. Colonel Jewett Colonel David Jewett is notable figure in the history of the sovereignty dispute between Great Britain and Argentina as he commanded the Frigate Heroina that visited the Falkland Islands (Spanish: ) in 1820 and raised the first Argentine flag on the islands. ... The Heroina was the ship of the United Provinces of the River Plate (later Argentina) under the command of Jewett, Colonel David, who placed its flag for the first time on the Malvinas (Falkland) Islands. ...

Many modern authors report this letter as the declaration issued by Jewett.^[8] Weddell did not believe that Jewett was acting with the interests of the United Provinces of the River Plate in mind, rather Jewett had merely put into the harbour in order to obtain refreshments for his crew, and that the assumption of possession was chiefly intended for the purpose of securing an exclusive claim to the wreck of the French ship Uranie that had a few months previously foundered at the entrance of Berkeley Sound. Weddell left the islands on 20th November 1820 noting that Jewett had not completed repairs to the Heroína. Colonel Jewett Colonel David Jewett is notable figure in the history of the sovereignty dispute between Great Britain and Argentina as he commanded the Frigate Heroina that visited the Falkland Islands (Spanish: ) in 1820 and raised the first Argentine flag on the islands. ... James Weddell (August 24, 1787 - September 9, 1834) was an English navigator, sealer, and explorer of the antarctic. ... Colonel Jewett Colonel David Jewett is notable figure in the history of the sovereignty dispute between Great Britain and Argentina as he commanded the Frigate Heroina that visited the Falkland Islands (Spanish: ) in 1820 and raised the first Argentine flag on the islands. ... The United Provinces of Silver River, (Spanish: Provincias Unidas de la Río de la Plata) also called United Provinces of South America was the official name of Argentina from 1816 to 1853, the year in which that name and the names República Argentina and Confederación Argentina would... Colonel Jewett Colonel David Jewett is notable figure in the history of the sovereignty dispute between Great Britain and Argentina as he commanded the Frigate Heroina that visited the Falkland Islands (Spanish: ) in 1820 and raised the first Argentine flag on the islands. ... Map of the Falkland Islands showing Berkeley Sound Berkeley Sound (Spanish: Bahia de la Annunciación [1]) is an inlet, or fjord in the north east of East Falkland in the Falkland Islands. ... James Weddell (August 24, 1787 - September 9, 1834) was an English navigator, sealer, and explorer of the antarctic. ... Colonel Jewett Colonel David Jewett is notable figure in the history of the sovereignty dispute between Great Britain and Argentina as he commanded the Frigate Heroina that visited the Falkland Islands (Spanish: ) in 1820 and raised the first Argentine flag on the islands. ... The Heroina was the ship of the United Provinces of the River Plate (later Argentina) under the command of Jewett, Colonel David, who placed its flag for the first time on the Malvinas (Falkland) Islands. ...

In 1823 the Argentines granted land on East Falkland to Louis Vernet, who travelled to begin farming in 1824. The first attempt failed almost as soon as it landed, and the second attempt, in 1826, sanctioned by the British (and delayed until Winter by a Brazilian blockade), arrived, but was not successful in farming. In 1828 Vernet was granted all of East Falkland including all its resources, and exempted him from taxation if a colony could be established within three years. He took settlers, including British Captain Matthew Brisbane, and before leaving was given permission from the British Consulate in Buenos Aires. The British asked for a report for the British government on the islands, and Vernet asked for British protection should they return. ^[9] East Falkland (beige) shown within Falkland Islands East Falkland, the largest of the Falkland Islands in the South Atlantic, has an area of 6,605 square kilometres. ... Louis Vernet Louis Vernet was the 4th and last Argentine Governor of Puerto Soledad, and Argentine colony in the Falkland Islands from 1829 until 1821. ...

On Vernet's return, Puerto Soledad was renamed Puerto Luis. Vernet was appointed governor in 1829, an action to which the British objected as it was an attempt by the Argentine government to foster its political and economic ties to the islands. One of Vernet's first acts was to curb seal hunting on the Islands to conserve the dwindling seal population. In response the British consul in Buenos Aires protested the move and restated the UK's claim. Islanders were born during this period (including Malvina María Vernet y Saez, Vernet's daughter)^[9]. Location of Puerto Soledad, Falkland Islands Puerto Soledad (Puerto de Nuestra Señora de la Soledad, English: ) was a Spanish military outpost and penal colony on the Falkland Islands, situated at an inner cove of Berkeley Sound (French: [1], Spanish: ). The settlement was established as a French colony under the... Location of Port Louis Port Louis is a settlement on northeastern East Falkland. ... ... For the uses of Consul as Chief Magistrate of a (city) state, see Consul. ... For other uses, see Buenos Aires (disambiguation). ...

Vernet later seized the American ship, Harriet, for breaking his restrictions on seal hunting. Property on board the ship was seized and the captain was returned to Buenos Aires to stand trial. The American Consul in Argentina protested against the actions by Vernet, stating that the United States did not recognise Argentine sovereignty in the Falklands. The consul dispatched a warship, USS Lexington, to Port Louis to retake the confiscated property. For other uses, see Buenos Aires (disambiguation). ... The second USS Lexington was a sloop in the United States Navy. ...

In 1831 the colony was successful enough to be advertising for new colonists, although, the Lexington's report suggests that the conditions on the islands were quite miserable^[10][11]. The captain of the Lexington destroyed the Argentine settlement at Port Louis.^[9] On leaving, the captain declared the islands to be res nullius (free of all government) and returned to Montevideo. Darwin's visit in 1833 confirmed the squalid conditions in the settlement, although Captain Matthew Brisbane^[12] (Vernet's deputy) later claimed that this was the result of the Lexington raid. Governor Vernet returned to Buenos Aires after the attack but appointed an interim governor, Esteban José Francisco Mestivier, who arrived with his family to Port Louis on the schooner Sarandí in October 1832^[9]. Res nullius is a principle by which a nation may assert control of an unclaimed territory. ... Department Montevideo Department Altitude 43 m Coordinates 34º 53S 56º 10W Founded 1726 Founder Bruno Mauricio de Zabala Population 1,325,968 (2004) (1st) Demonym Montevideano Phone Code +02 Postal Code 10000 Montevideo (IPA: ) is the capital, largest city, and chief port of Uruguay. ...

After this the Sarandí, commanded by captain José María Pinedo, went to patrol the surrounding seas. But as they returned to Port Louis on 29 December 1832, they found the colony in uproar. In Pinedo's absence there had been a mutiny led by a man named Gomila; Mestivier had been murdered and his wife raped. The captain of the French vessel Jean Jacques had meanwhile provided assistance disarming and incarcerating the mutineers. Pinedo dispatched the mutineers to Buenos Aires with the British schooner Rapid. Gomila himself would be condemned to exile, while six other mutineers were executed. is the 363rd day of the year (364th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1832 (MDCCCXXXII) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a leap year starting on Friday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ...

On 2 January 1833, Captain John Onslow arrived and delivered a written request that Pinedo lower the Argentine flag in favour of the British one, and that the Argentine administration leave the islands. Pinedo asked if there had been a war declared between Argentina and Great Britain, and Onslow replied there was none. Nonetheless, Pinedo, heavily outmanned and outgunned, chose to leave the islands under protest. The Argentines also claim that the population of the Port Louis was expelled at the same time, though sources from time appear to dispute this, suggesting that the colonists were encouraged to remain under Vernet's deputy, Matthew Brisbane.^[9] is the 2nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1833 (MDCCCXXXIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a common year starting on Sunday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ...

Pinedo faced military trial and was suspended for four months and transferred to the land army, until he was called back to the navy in 1845. An open conflict with France and Great Britain, including a long Anglo-French blockade on Buenos Aires, prevented the Argentines from sending any expeditions to the islands, but they never renounced their claim to sovereignty.

Argentina has never recognised British sovereignty, and formally protested when the Falkland Islands dependencies were established. Argentina also began to claim all other British held islands in the South Atlantic, following the creation of the Falkland Islands Dependency. However, as the United Kingdom was a leading superpower at the time, it was inconceivable for the Argentines to successfully take the islands by military force. The UK had substantial naval power in the South Atlantic with a naval base in Stanley, and also at Simonstown in South Africa. Map of the Falkland Islands showing position of Stanley. ... Simonstown is a naval base in South Africa near Cape Town. ...

British claim

Location of the Falkland Islands

The British first landed on the Falklands in 1690, when Captain John Strong sailed through Falkland Sound, naming this passage of water after Anthony Cary, 5th Viscount Falkland, the First Lord of the Admiralty at that time. The British were keen to settle the islands, as they had the potential to be a strategic naval base for passage around Cape Horn.^[13] In 1765, Captain John Byron landed on Saunders Island. He then explored other islands' coasts and claimed the group for Britain. The following year, Captain John McBride returned to Port Egmont, on Saunders, to construct a fort. The British later discovered the French colony at Port Saint Louis, and the first sovereignty dispute began.^[4] Locator map for the Falkland Islands. ... Locator map for the Falkland Islands. ... Captain is a rank or title with various meanings. ... John Franklin Alexander Strong (October 15, 1856–July 27, 1929) was an American Democratic politician who was the Governor of Alaska Territory from 1913 to 1918. ... Anthony Cary, 5th Viscount Falkland (1656-1694) was a British politician who served as First Lord of the Admiralty from 1693 to 1694. ... Flag of the Lord High Admiral The Admiralty was formerly the authority in the United Kingdom responsible for the command of the Royal Navy. ... Cape Horn from the South. ... John Byron (November 8, 1723 – April 10, 1786) was a British vice-admiral. ... Saunders Island is one of the Falkland Islands, lying north west of West Falkland. ... Port Egmont is a settlement on Saunders Island, within the Falkland Islands Categories: | ... Location of Puerto Soledad, Falkland Islands Puerto Soledad (Puerto de Nuestra Señora de la Soledad, English: ) was a Spanish military outpost and penal colony on the Falkland Islands, situated at an inner cove of Berkeley Sound (French: [1], Spanish: ). The settlement was established as a French colony under the...

The British colony was expelled by the Spanish in 1770, only to return in 1771 following British threats of war over the islands^[4]. However, in 1774, the British chose to abandon many overseas settlements due to the economic impact of the American War of Independence.^[14] By 1776, the British had left their settlement, leaving behind a plaque asserting British sovereignty over the islands.^[4] Although there was no British adminstration in the islands, British and American sealers routinely used them to hunt for seals, also taking on fresh water as well as feral cattle, pigs and even penguins for provisions. Whalers also used the islands to shelter from the South Atlantic weather and to take on fresh provisions. The Falkland Crisis of 1770 was a diplomatic standoff between Britain and Spain over possession of the Falkland Islands in the South Atlantic Ocean. ...

Luis Vernet approached the British for permission to build a settlement at the former Spanish settlement of Puerto Soledad, initially in 1826 and again in 1828 following the failure of the earlier expedition. In addition, Vernet requested British protection for his settlement should the British choose to form a permanent presence on the islands. After receiving assurances from the British Consul Sir Woodbine Parish, Vernet provided regular reports to the British on the progress of his enterprise. Vernet's appointment as Governor in 1829 was protested by the British Consul Sir Parish, in return the Government of the United Provinces of the River Plate merely acknowledged the protest. Britain protested again when Vernet announced his intentions to exercise exclusive rights over fishing and sealing in the islands. (Similar protests were received from the American representative, who protested at the curtailment of established rights and that America did not recogise the jurisdiction of the United Provinces over the islands.) Vernet continued to provide regular reports to Sir Parish throughout this period. Louis Vernet Luis Vernet was the 4th and last Argentine Governor of Puerto Soledad, and Argentine colony in the Falkland Islands from 1829 until 1831. ... Location of Puerto Soledad, Falkland Islands Puerto Soledad (Puerto de Nuestra Señora de la Soledad, English: ) was a Spanish military outpost and penal colony on the Falkland Islands, situated at an inner cove of Berkeley Sound (French: [1], Spanish: ). The settlement was established as a French colony under the... Sir Woodbine Parish (September 14, 1796—August 16, 1882) was a British diplomat and traveler. ... For other uses, see Governor (disambiguation). ... Sir Woodbine Parish (September 14, 1796—August 16, 1882) was a British diplomat and traveler. ... The United Provinces of Silver River, (Spanish: Provincias Unidas de la Río de la Plata) also called United Provinces of South America was the official name of Argentina from 1816 to 1853, the year in which that name and the names República Argentina and Confederación Argentina would... The United Provinces of Silver River, (Spanish: Provincias Unidas de la Río de la Plata) also called United Provinces of South America was the official name of Argentina from 1816 to 1853, the year in which that name and the names República Argentina and Confederación Argentina would... Sir Woodbine Parish (September 14, 1796—August 16, 1882) was a British diplomat and traveler. ...

The raid of the USS Lexington in December 1831 combined with the United Provinces assertions of sovereignty were the spur for the British to establish a military presence on the islands. The Falkland Islands were uninhabited when discovered by Europeans, but the recent discovery of the remains of a wooden canoe is strong evidence that they had previously been visited, most probably by the Yaghan people of Tierra del Fuego. ... Five ships of the United States Navy have borne the name Lexington, after Lexington, Massachusetts, where the colonial militia first fought back against the British in the shot heard round the world. The first Lexington was a 14-gun brigantine originally named Wild Duck purchased in 1776 and used by... The United Provinces of Silver River, (Spanish: Provincias Unidas de la Río de la Plata) also called United Provinces of South America was the official name of Argentina from 1816 to 1853, the year in which that name and the names República Argentina and Confederación Argentina would...

On 2 January 1833, Captain James Onslow, of the brig-sloop HMS Clio, arrived at the Spanish settlement at Port Louis to request that the Argentine flag be replaced with the British one, and for the Argentine administration to leave the islands. While Argentine Lt. Col. José María Pinedo, commander of the Argentine schooner Sarandí, wanted to resist, his numerical disadvantage was obvious, particularly as a large number of his crew were British mercenaries who were unwilling to fight their own countrymen. Such a situation was not unusual in the newly independent states in Latin America, where land forces were strong, but navies were frequently quite undermanned. As such he protested verbally, but departed without a fight on 5 January. The colony was set up and the islands continued under a British presence until the Falklands War. is the 2nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1833 (MDCCCXXXIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a common year starting on Sunday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... is the 5th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Combatants Argentina United Kingdom Commanders President Leopoldo Galtieri Vice-Admiral Juan Lombardo Brigadier-General Ernesto Crespo Brigade-General Mario Menéndez Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher Admiral Sir John Fieldhouse Rear-Admiral John “Sandy” Woodward Major-General Jeremy Moore Casualties 649 killed 1,068 wounded 11,313 taken prisoner 75 fixed...

The United Kingdom designated the Flag of the Falkland Islands in 1948, following the traditional Blue ensign design for British colonies.

After their return in 1833, the British began moves to begin a full fledged colony on the islands, initially based upon the settlers remaining in Port Louis. Vernet's deputy, Matthew Brisbane, returned later that year to take charge of the settlement and was encouraged to further Vernet's business interests provided he did not seek to assert Argentine Government authority.^{[15][16][17][18]}. Image File history File links Flag_of_the_Falkland_Islands. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_Falkland_Islands. ... Flag ratio: 1:2 Civil ensign; Flag ratio: 1:2 Governor of the Falkland Islands flag Malvinas Flag according to Argentina The Flag of the Falkland Islands was adopted on September 29, 1948. ... RFA Brambleleaf flying the square Blue Jack based on the Blue Ensign The Blue Ensign is a flag, one of several British ensigns, used by certain organisations or territories associated with the United Kingdom. ...

In 1841, the dictator General Rosas offered to relinquish any Argentine territorial claims in return for relief of debts owed to interests in the City of London. The British Government chose to ignore the offer.^[19] General de Rosas Juan Manuel de Rosas (born Juan Manuel José Domingo Ortiz de Rozas y López de Osornio, 1793-1877) was a conservative Argentine politician who ruled Argentina from 1829 to 1852. ... Motto: Domine dirige nos Latin: Lord, guide us Shown within Greater London Sovereign state Constituent country Region Greater London Status City and Ceremonial County Admin HQ Guildhall Government  - Leadership see text  - Mayor John Stuttard  - MP Mark Field  - London Assembly John Biggs Area  - City  1. ...

A colonial administration was formed in 1842. This was expanded in 1908, when in addition to South Georgia claimed in 1775, and the South Shetland Islands claimed in 1820 the UK unilaterally declared sovereignty over more Antarctic territory south of the Falklands, including the South Sandwich Islands, the South Orkney Islands, and Graham Land, grouping them into the Falkland Islands Dependencies. South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands is an overseas territory of the United Kingdom, also claimed by Argentina. ... The South Shetland Islands or Iles Shetland du Sud or Islas Shetland del Sur or New South Britain or New South Shetland or Shetland Islands or South Shetlands or Sydshetland or Süd-Shetland Inseln are a chain of islands in the Southern Ocean lying about 120 kilometres northward of... South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands is an overseas territory of the United Kingdom, also claimed by Argentina. ... The South Orkney Islands (Spanish: Islas Orcadas) are a group of sub-antarctic islands situated at latitudes 60°50 to 60°83 S, and longitudes 44°25 to 46°25 W in the Southern Ocean. ... Map of Antarctica Graham Land is that portion of the Antarctic Peninsula which lies north of a line joining Cape Jeremy and Cape Agassiz. ...

Following the introduction of the Antarctic Treaty System in 1959 the Falkland Island Dependencies were reduced to include South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands. Territory south of the 60th parallel was formed into a new dependency, the British Antarctic Territory which overlaps claims by Argentina (Argentine Antarctica) and Chile (Antártica Chilena Province). The Antarctic Treaty and related agreements, collectively called the Antarctic Treaty System or ATS, regulate international relations with respect to Antarctica, Earths only continent without a native population. ... Motto: Research and Discovery Anthem: God Save the Queen Status British overseas territory Official language(s) - Commissioner Tony Crombie Administrator Michael Richardson Area 1,395,000 km² Population c. ... Antarctic portion between meridians 25º West and 74º West Argentine Antarctica (in Spanish, Antártida Argentina) is a sector of Antarctica which Argentina considers part of its National Territory. ... Flag of the Magallanes y la Antártica Chilena Region showing the southern cross. ...

In 1976 the British Government commissioned a study on the future of the Falklands, looking at the ability of the Islands to sustain themselves, and the potential for economic development. The study was led by Lord Shackleton, son of the Antarctic explorer, Ernest Shackleton. Argentina reacted with fury to the study and refused to allow Lord Shackleton permission to travel to the Islands from Argentina, forcing the British to send a Royal Navy ship to transport him to the Islands. In response Argentina severed diplomatic links with the UK. An Argentine naval vessel later fired upon the ship carrying Shackleton as he visited his father's grave in South Georgia. ^[20] Right Hon. ... Sir Ernest Henry Shackleton CVO, OBE (15 February 1874 – 5 January 1922) was an Irish explorer who was knighted for the success of the 1907-09 British Antarctic Expedition under his command. ... This article is about the navy of the United Kingdom. ... South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands is an overseas territory of the United Kingdom, also claimed by Argentina. ...

Shackleton's report found that contrary to popular belief, the Falkland Islands actually provided a surplus by its economic activities and was not dependent on British aid to survive. However the report stressed the need for a political settlement if further economic growth was to be achieved, particularly from the exploitation of any natural resources in the water around the Islands.

Sovereignty discussions

Argentine Air Force LADE 's Fokker F-28 used to serve the islands during the 1970s. Copyright www.esquel.gov.ar.

Following World War II, the British Empire began a substantial decline, with colonies in Asia, Africa and the Caribbean gaining independence. Argentina saw this as an opportunity to push her case for regaining sovereignty over the Falkland Islands, and raised the issue in the United Nations. Argentina first stated a claim to the Islands following her admission to the United Nations in 1945. Following the Argentine claim, the United Kingdom offered to take the dispute to mediation at the International Court of Justice in the Hague (1947^[21], 1948^[22] and 1955^[23]), on each occasion Argentina declined. Image File history File links FokkerF28LADE.jpg‎ Fokker F28 og argentinian Airline LADE, File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Fokker F28 ... Image File history File links FokkerF28LADE.jpg‎ Fokker F28 og argentinian Airline LADE, File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Fokker F28 ... The Argentine Air Force (Fuerza Aérea Argentina or FAA) is the national aviation branch of the armed forces of Argentina. ... The Fokker F28 Fellowship is a short range jet airliner designed and built by the Dutch aircraft manufacturer Fokker. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... The British Empire in 1897, marked in pink, the traditional colour for Imperial British dominions on maps. ... For other uses, see Asia (disambiguation). ... A world map showing the continent of Africa Africa is the worlds second-largest and second most-populous continent, after Asia. ... West Indies redirects here. ... UN and U.N. redirect here. ... UN and U.N. redirect here. ... Year 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar). ... The International Court of Justice (known colloquially as the World Court or ICJ; French: ) is the primary judicial organ of the United Nations. ... Arms of The Hague The Hague (with capital T; Dutch: Den Haag, or officially s-Gravenhage) is the administrative capital of the Netherlands, located in the west of the country, in the province South Holland of which it is also the capital. ... Year 1947 (MCMXLVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1947 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1948 (MCMXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1955 (MCMLV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1955 Gregorian calendar). ...

In 1964, the United Nations passed a resolution calling on the UK and Argentina to proceed with negotiations on finding a peaceful solution to the sovereignty question which would be "in the best interests of the population of the Falkland Islands." ^[24] A United Nations General Assembly Resolution is voted on by all member states of the United Nations in the General Assembly and requires a simple majority(50% of all votes plus one) to pass (with the exception of important questions which require two-thirds majority) Notable General Assembly resolutions 1947...

A series of talks between the two nations took place over the next 17 years until 1981. ^[25]

The only visible progress in the talks was the authorization given to Argentina for the construction of the Port Stanley Airport. On 3 July 1971 the Argentine Air Force broke the islands' airways isolation by opening an air route with an amphibious flight from Comodoro Rivadavia with Grumman HU-16B Albatross aircraft operated by LADE, Argentina's military airline. In 1972, after Argentine request, the United Kingdom signed a Communications Agreement to fund an airstrip on the islands. On 15 November 1972 the runway was inaugurated with the first arrival of a Fokker F-27 with subsequent flights arriving twice weekly. Flights were improved in 1978 with Fokker F-28 jets. This service, representing the only connection by air to the islands, was maintained until the 1982 war. ^[26] Also YPF, which at the time was the Argentine national oil and gas company, was in charge of supplying the island regularly. ^[27] Port Stanley Airport (IATA: PSY, ICAO: SFAL) is an airport in the Falkland Islands, two miles outside the capital, Stanley. ... is the 184th day of the year (185th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1971 (MCMLXXI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the 1971 Gregorian calendar. ... The Argentine Air Force (Fuerza Aérea Argentina or FAA) is the national aviation branch of the armed forces of Argentina. ... Comodoro Rivadavia is a city in the Patagonian province of Chubut in southern Argentina, located on the Gulf of San Jorge, an inlet of the Atlantic Ocean, at the foot of the Cerro Chenque mountain. ... Grumman HU-16E The Grumman HU-16 Albatross, is a large, twin radial engine amphibious flying boat. ... LADE - Lineas Aereas Del Estado is an airline based in Buenos Aires, Argentina. ... is the 319th day of the year (320th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1972 (MCMLXXII) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Fokker F27 Friendship is a turboprop airliner designed and built by the Dutch aircraft manufacturer Fokker. ... The Fokker F28 Fellowship is a short range jet airliner designed and built by the Dutch aircraft manufacturer Fokker. ... Repsol YPF is an integrated oil and gas company with operations in 29 countries, principally Spain and Argentina. ...

Lack of progress in negotiations

Although the sovereignty discussions had some success in establishing economic and transport links between the Falklands and Argentina, there was no progress on the question of sovereignty of the Islands.

Whilst maintaining the British claim for sovereignty, the British Government considered transfer of sovereignty worthy of improved relations with Argentina. However, the British Government had limited room for manoeuvre due to the strength of the Falkland Islands lobby in the Houses of Parliament. Any measure that the Foreign Office suggested on the sovereignty issue was loudly condemned by the Islanders, who stubbornly re-iterated their determination to remain British. This lead to the British Government maintaining a position that the right to self-determination of the Islanders was paramount. In return, Argentina did not recognise the rights of the Islanders and so effectively negotiations on the sovereignty issue remained at a stalemate. ^[28] The United Kingdom is a unitary state and a democratic constitutional monarchy. ... The United Kingdom is a unitary state and a democratic constitutional monarchy. ... This may refer to the: British Houses of Parliament. ... Self-determination is a principle in international law that a people ought to be able to determine their own governmental forms and structure free from outside influence. ...

Confrontation

In 1976, Argentina landed an expedition in Southern Thule, an island in the South Sandwich Islands which at that time was part of the Falkland Islands Dependency. The landing was reported in the UK only in 1978 although the UK government stated a rejection of the notion of sending a force of Royal Marines to dismantle the Argentine base, Corbeta Uruguay. Part of the British Crown Dependency of South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Orthographic projection centred on the South Sandwich Islands South Sandwich Islands Southern Thule is a collection of the three southernmost islands in the South Sandwich Islands: Bellingshausen, Cook, and Thule (Morrell). ... South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands is an overseas territory of the United Kingdom, also claimed by Argentina. ... The Royal Marines (RM) are the marines and amphibious infantry of the United Kingdom and, along with the Royal Navy and Royal Fleet Auxiliary, form the Naval Service [2]. They are also the United Kingdoms amphibious force and specialists in mountain and Arctic warfare. ... ca. ...

However, a more serious confrontation occurred in 1977 after the Argentine Navy cut off the fuel supply to Port Stanley Airport and stated they would no longer fly the Red Ensign in Falklands waters. (Traditionally ships in a foreign country's waters would fly the country's maritime flag as a courtesy.) The British Government suspected Argentina would attempt another expedition in the manner of its Southern Thule operation. James Callaghan, the British Prime Minister ordered the dispatch of a nuclear submarine, HMS Dreadnought and the frigates Alacrity and Phoebe to the South Atlantic, with rules of engagement set in the event of a clash with the Argentine navy. The British even considered setting up an exclusion zone around the islands, but this was rejected in case it escalated matters. None of this was ever made public at the time, and Callaghan only revealed the operation during Parliamentary debates in 1982 during the Falklands War. The Red Ensign, as currently used by the United Kingdoms Merchant Navy The Red Ensign of the United Kingdom in use in London The Red Ensign or Red Duster is a flag that originated in the early 17th century as an ensign flown by the Royal Navy. ... Leonard James Callaghan, Baron Callaghan of Cardiff, KG, PC (27 March 1912 – 26 March 2005), was Labour Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1976 to 1979. ... The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is, in practice, the political leader of the United Kingdom. ... The fourth HMS Dreadnought (S101) was Britains first nuclear-powered submarine, built by Vickers of Barrow-in-Furness. ... For the bird, see Frigatebird. ... HMS Alacrity (F174) was a Type 21 frigate of the Royal Navy. ... HMS Phoebe (F42) was a Leander-class frigate of the Royal Navy (RN). ...

In the end, no military action occurred and diplomatic relations between Argentina and the UK were restored.

Falklands War

Main article: Falklands War

The Falklands War of 1982 was the largest armed conflict over the sovereignty of the islands. The war was largely started following the occupation of South Georgia by Argentine scrap merchants. However the UK had also reduced its presence in the Islands by announcing the withdrawal of HMS Endurance, the Royal Navy's icebreaker ship and only permanent presence in the South Atlantic. The UK had also denied Falkland Islanders full British citizenship under the British Nationality Act 1981. Combatants Argentina United Kingdom Commanders President Leopoldo Galtieri Vice-Admiral Juan Lombardo Brigadier-General Ernesto Crespo Brigade-General Mario Menéndez Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher Admiral Sir John Fieldhouse Rear-Admiral John “Sandy” Woodward Major-General Jeremy Moore Casualties 649 killed 1,068 wounded 11,313 taken prisoner 75 fixed... Motto Leo Terram Propriam Protegat(Latin) Let the Lion protect his own land or May the Lion protect his own land Anthem God Save the Queen Capital Grytviken (King Edward Point) Official languages English Government British overseas territory  -  Head of State Queen Elizabeth II  -  Commissioner Alan Huckle Area  -  Total 3... HMS Endurance was a Royal Navy ice patrol vessel from 1967 to 1991. ... “Citizen” redirects here. ... The British Nationality Act 1981 was an Act of Parliament passed by the British Parliament. ...

In 1982, Argentina was in the midst of a devastating economic crisis and large-scale civil unrest against the repressive military junta that was governing the country. On 2 April, with Admiral Jorge Anaya, the Argentine Navy commander-in-chief at the time, as the main architect and supporter of the operation, a combined Argentine amphibious force invaded the Islands. Immediately, the UK severed diplomatic ties with Argentina, began to assemble a task force to retake the Islands and a diplomatic offensive began to gain support for economic and military sanctions. The United Nations Security Council issued the Resolution 502 calling on Argentina to withdraw forces from the Islands and to both parties to seek a diplomatic solution. ^[29] Another resolution called for an immediate cease fire but was vetoed by both the United States and Britain. ^[30] The European Community condemned the invasion and imposed economic sanctions on Argentina, although several EC states expressed reservations about British policy in this area, and two EC states (Denmark and Ireland) defected from cooperation. ^[31] France and Germany also temporarily suspended several military contracts with the Argentine military. The United States supported mediated talks, via Secretary of State Alexander Haig and initially took a neutral stance, although in private substantial material aid was made available to the UK from the moment of invasion. The USA publicly supported the UK's position following the failure of peace talks. It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Dirty War. ... is the 92nd day of the year (93rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Categories: People stubs ... The Navy of the Argentine Republic (Armada de la República Argentina, ARA) is the navy of Argentina. ... Combatants United Kingdom Argentina Commanders Governor Rex Hunt Major Mike Norman RM Major Ian Nott RM Major Phil Sommers FIDF Admiral Carlos Busser Lieutenant commander Guillermo Sánchez-Sabarots Lieutenant commander Pedro Giachino† Strength 46 marines 11 RN sailors 25 FIDFs troops 600 troops (some 60 actually clashed with... “Security Council” redirects here. ... For other persons named Alexander Haig, see Alexander Haig (disambiguation). ...

The British Task Force began offensive action against Argentina on 23 April 1982 and recaptured South Georgia following a short naval engagement. The operation to recover the Falkland Islands began 1 May and after fierce naval and air engagements an amphibious landing was made at San Carlos Bay on 21 May. On 14 June the Argentine forces surrendered and control of the islands returned to the UK. is the 113th day of the year (114th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1982 (MCMLXXXII) was a common year starting on Friday (link displays the 1982 Gregorian calendar). ... is the 121st day of the year (122nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Port San Carlos is located on the northern bank of the San Carlos Estuary on the Western coast of East Falkland (also known as Soledad), in the Falkland Islands. ... is the 141st day of the year (142nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 165th day of the year (166th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Following the Argentine surrender, two Royal Navy ships sailed to the South Sandwich Islands and expelled the Argentine military from Thule Island, leaving no Argentine presence in the Falkland Islands Dependency. South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands is an overseas territory of the United Kingdom, also claimed by Argentina. ... Thule Island is one of the southermost of the South Sandwich Islands. ...

Post war

Following the 1982 war, the British increased their presence in the Falkland Islands. RAF Mount Pleasant was constructed, which allowed fighter jets to be based on the islands and strengthen the UK's ability to reinforce the Islands at short notice. The military garrison was also increased substantially. A new garrison was also established on South Georgia. The Royal Navy South Atlantic patrol was strengthened to include both HMS Endurance and a Falkland Islands guard ship. RAF Mount Pleasant (IATA: MPN, ICAO: EGYP) (also known as Mount Pleasant Airport or Mount Pleasant Complex)[1] is a military base for the Royal Air Force in the British Overseas Territory of the Falkland Islands. ... South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands is an overseas territory of the United Kingdom, also claimed by Argentina. ...

As well as the military build-up, the UK also passed the British Nationality (Falkland Islands) Act 1983 which granted full British citizenship to the islanders. High profile British dignitaries also visited the islands to show British commitment to the islands, including Margaret Thatcher, the Prince of Wales and Princess Alexandra. The UK has also pursued links to the islands from Chile, which had provided help to British Forces during the Falklands War. LAN now provides a direct air link to Chile from Mount Pleasant. The British Nationality (Falkland Islands) Act 1983 was an Act of Parliament passed by the British Parliament and came into force on January 1, Falkland Islands, a British Dependent Territory in the South Atlantic. ... Margaret Hilda Thatcher, Baroness Thatcher, LG, OM, PC, FRS (née Roberts; born 13 October 1925) served as British Prime Minister from 1979 to 1990 and leader of the Conservative Party from 1975 until 1990, being the first and to date only woman to hold either post. ... “Prince Charles” redirects here. ... HRH Princess Alexandra Her Royal Highness Princess Alexandra, The Honourable Lady Ogilvy (Alexandra Helen Elizabeth Olga Christabel Ogilvy, née Windsor), formerly Princess Alexandra of Kent, is a member of the British Royal Family, a granddaughter of King George V. She was married to the late Sir Angus Ogilvy. ... LAN Airlines S.A. NYSE: LFL (formerly Lan Chile S.A.) is an airline based in Santiago, Chile. ...

In 1985, the Falkland Islands Dependency was split into the Falkland Islands proper and a new separate territory of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands. Motto Leo Terram Propriam Protegat(Latin) Let the Lion protect his own land or May the Lion protect his own land Anthem God Save the Queen Capital Grytviken (King Edward Point) Official languages English Government British overseas territory  -  Head of State Queen Elizabeth II  -  Commissioner Alan Huckle Area  -  Total 3...

Under the 1985 constitution the Falkland Islands Government became a parliamentary representative democratic dependency, with the governor as head of government and representative of the Queen. Members of the FIG are democratically elected, the Governor is purely a figurehead with no executive powers. Effectively under this constitution, the Falkland Islands are self-governing with the exception of foreign policy, although the FIG represents itself at the United Nations Special Committee on Decolonisation as the British Government no longer attends.

Relations between the UK and Argentina remained hostile following 1982, and diplomatic relations were not restored until 1989. Although the United Nations General Assembly passed a resolution calling for the UK and Argentina to return to negotiations over the Islands' future ([3]), the UK ruled out any further talks over the Islands' sovereignty. The UK also maintained an arms embargo against Argentina that was initiated during the 1982 war, which forced Argentine armed forces, a traditionally UK buyer, switch to other markets. For delayed access after publication, see Embargo (academic publishing). ...

Queen Elizabeth II greets Carlos Menem at Buckingham Palace, London in October 1998.

Relations improved further in the 1990s between the UK and Argentina. In 1998, Carlos Menem, the President of Argentina visited London, where he reaffirmed his country's claims to the Islands, although he stated that Argentina would use only peaceful means for their recovery. In 2001, Tony Blair, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom visited Argentina where he stated that he hoped the UK and Argentina could resolve their differences that led to the 1982 war. However, no talks on sovereignty took place during the visit. His reception in Argentina was more welcoming than that of Diana, Princess of Wales in 1995, who was heckled by the mother of an Argentine soldier killed in the war. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary Windsor; born 21 April 1926) is Queen of sixteen sovereign states, holding each crown and title equally. ... Carlos Saúl Menem (born July 2, 1930) was President of Argentina from July 8, 1989 to December 10, 1999 for the Justicialist Party (Peronist) very infamous and criticized due corruption and his dubious handling of the investigations of the 1992 Israeli Embassy bombing and the 1994 bombing of the... Buckingham Palace and the Victoria Memorial. ... This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ... For the band, see 1990s (band). ... This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ... Year 1998 (MCMXCVIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar). ... Carlos Saúl Menem (born July 2, 1930) was President of Argentina from July 8, 1989 to December 10, 1999 for the Justicialist Party (Peronist) very infamous and criticized due corruption and his dubious handling of the investigations of the 1992 Israeli Embassy bombing and the 1994 bombing of the... Current President Néstor Kirchner The President of Argentina (full title: President of the Argentine Nation, Spanish: Presidente de la Nación Argentina) is the head of state of Argentina. ... For other people of the same name, see Tony Blair (disambiguation) Anthony Charles Lynton Blair (born May 6, 1953)[1] is the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, First Lord of the Treasury, Minister for the Civil Service, Leader of the Labour Party, and Member of Parliament for the constituency... The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is, in practice, the political leader of the United Kingdom. ... Princess Diana redirects here. ...

In May 2005, some English tabloid newspapers reported that Argentina might be considering another invasion of the Islands. The Sunday Express carried the frontpage headline, "Falklands Invasion Alert" on its 22 May edition, citing an increase in Argentine military activity near the Islands, as well as a reported increase in the British garrison, including a Royal Navy ship carrying tactical nuclear weapons (the last Royal Navy tactical nuclear weapons were withdrawn in the late 1990s). The only nuclear armed RN vessels currently in service are the four Vanguard class submarines, which are armed with Trident. Two days later, India Daily published speculation that the islands could be a nuclear flashpoint in the future if Argentina were to gain a nuclear arsenal, citing the findings of an unnamed international thinktank. [4]. There was no official comment on the stories by the British or Argentine governments, and other writers have denounced the stories as "nonsense" [5]. The Daily Express is a British newspaper, currently tabloid, and it is owned by Richard Desmond. ... is the 142nd day of the year (143rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Vanguard class are the Royal Navys current nuclear ballistic missile submarines (SSBN), each armed with up to 16 Trident II SLBMs. ... This article contains technical information about the Trident ballistic missile. ...

Current claims

See also: List of Falkland Islands placenames

English language names Spanish language names This is a list of English and Spanish language placenames in the Falkland Islands. ...

Claims by Argentina

A sign at the Argentine-Brazilian border, translated into English, proclaims "The Falklands are Argentine" to visitors entering the country from Brazil. Similar signs are located in each frontier crossing of the country.

The Argentine government has maintained a claim over the Falkland Islands since 1833, and renewed it for the latest time in April 2007. ^[32] Supporters of the Argentine position make the following claims: Image File history File links Malvinas-cartel. ... Image File history File links Malvinas-cartel. ...

• Sovereignty of the islands was transferred to Argentina from Spain upon independence, a principle known as Uti Possidetis Juris.
• Spain never renounced sovereignty over the islands, even when a British settlement existed.
• Great Britain abandoned its settlement in 1776, and formally renounced sovereignty in the Nootka Sound Convention. Argentina has always claimed the Falklands, and never renounced its claim.
• The UK invasion in 1833 was illegal under international law, and this has been noted and protested by Argentina. ^[33]
• The islands are located on the continental shelf facing Argentina, which would give them a claim, as stated in the 1958 UN Convention on the Continental Shelf.^{[citation needed]}

Spain, although part of the European Union, has given tacit support to the Argentine claim, voting in the Argentine interest in UN Security Council votes during the Falklands War. Argentina, for its part, supports Spain's claim to Gibraltar, also under British sovereignty. It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Uti possidetis. ... The United Kingdom mounted an invasion of the Falkland Islands on January 2, 1833, after the destruction of the Argentine Puerto Soledad settlement by the American corvette Lexington (December 28, 1831). ...

The Andean Community and Mercosur have supported the Argentine claim since their creation. States of CAN The Andean Community of Nations (in Spanish: Comunidad Andina de Naciones, abbreviated CAN) is a trade bloc comprising the South American countries of Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela. ... Motto (Spanish) (Portuguese) (Guaraní) Our North is the South  â€¢  â€¢ Pro Tempore Secretariat Montevideo, Uruguay Largest city São Paulo, Brazil Official languages 3 Portuguese Spanish Guaraní Membership 5 Argentina Brazil Paraguay Uruguay Venezuela Leaders  -  Carlos Álvarez Establishment  -  Declaration of Foz do Iguaçu 30 December 1985   -  Treaty of Asunción...

Neutral

The United States maintains official neutrality on the islands' sovereignty. Despite this, the US provided material aid and intelligence to the British during the Falklands War. The CIA World Factbook lists the islands as Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas); and Central Intelligence Agency maps state that the islands are administered by the United Kingdom and claimed by Argentina. Combatants Argentina United Kingdom Commanders President Leopoldo Galtieri Vice-Admiral Juan Lombardo Brigadier-General Ernesto Crespo Brigade-General Mario Menéndez Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher Admiral Sir John Fieldhouse Rear-Admiral John “Sandy” Woodward Major-General Jeremy Moore Casualties 649 killed 1,068 wounded 11,313 taken prisoner 75 fixed... The World Factbook 2007 (government edition) cover. ... “CIA” redirects here. ...

During the 1982 war, the Soviet Union and the Warsaw Pact countries maintained an official neutrality, despite Argentine diplomatic attempts to acquire support at the United Nations Security Council. Although the UK feared possible Soviet interference by providing Argentina with satellite intelligence or arms, Argentina confirmed after the war that no support was received. The People's Republic of China has also officially maintained neutrality on the issue. PRC atlases and maps label the islands as being disputed between Argentina and the United Kingdom, and consistently show the sinicized Argentine names (e.g., Malvinas, Puerto Argentino) in a larger font first, followed by the sinicized British names (e.g., Falklands, Stanley) in a smaller font in parentheses. Not to be confused with the Warsaw Convention, which is an agreement about airlines financial liability and the Treaty of Warsaw (1970) between West Germany and the Peoples Republic of Poland. ... “Security Council” redirects here. ...

Although maintaining a neutral view, the UN's position for decades has been to ask both parties to begin negotiations regarding this dispute.

Attitudes within the United Kingdom

During the 1982 war some anti-war commentators claimed that for the same amount of money that Britain was spending on the war it would have been possible to relocate the entire population of the Falklands to Scotland and give them a house and a million pounds each.

Those defending the government policy countered that as the population of the Falklands were overwhelmingly in favour of the Islands remaining British it would be wrong for the Government to relocate them from their homeland. Similar reasoning is used to defend British policy in Gibraltar and Northern Ireland. Northern Ireland (Irish: , Ulster Scots: Norlin Airlann) is a constituent country of the United Kingdom lying in the northeast of the island of Ireland, covering 5,459 square miles (14,139 km², about a sixth of the islands total area). ...

In addition, many Britons felt strongly that a surrender of sovereignty in the face of Argentina's actions would have signalled the end of any pretensions that Britain may have had to act as a global power, whether at the time or into the future. ^[34]

Attitudes within Argentina

Some Argentines favour dialogue and reconciliation between the Argentines and the Falklanders,^[35] or support the Falklander right of self-determination, as does for instance Carlos Escudé who was an advisor to the Argentine Foreign Minister Guido Di Tella.^[36] Falkland Islanders (also called Kelpers[1], Falklanders; Spanish: ) is the people of the British overseas territoriy of Falkland Islands. ... Carlos Escudé is a Yale University trained Argentine political scientist and author who as special advisor to Foreign Minister Guido di Tella during the 1990s, with respect to foreign policy strategy vis-à-vis the Western powers. ...

References

Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 200th day of the year (201st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 200th day of the year (201st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Carlos Escudé is a Yale University trained Argentine political scientist and author who as special advisor to Foreign Minister Guido di Tella during the 1990s, with respect to foreign policy strategy vis-à-vis the Western powers. ... Carlos Saúl Menem (born July 2, 1930) was President of Argentina from July 8, 1989 to December 10, 1999 for the Justicialist Party (Peronist) very infamous and criticized due corruption and his dubious handling of the investigations of the 1992 Israeli Embassy bombing and the 1994 bombing of the...

External links

• Article in The Times reguarding Argentine going hardline in the Falklands issue

Sources

Coordinates: 51°40′S, 59°30′W Map of Earth showing lines of latitude (horizontally) and longitude (vertically), Eckert VI projection; large version (pdf, 1. ...