NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Soviet invasion of Poland (1939)

The Soviet invasion of Poland of 1939 was a military operation that started on September 17, 1939, during the early stages of World War II, sixteen days after the Nazi German attack on Poland. It ended in a decisive victory for the Soviet Union's Red Army. For Soviet Unions military action against Poland under the same alliance, see Soviet invasion of Poland (1939). ... Image File history File links LinkFA-star. ... Combatants Poland Germany Soviet Union Slovakia Commanders Edward Rydz-ÅšmigÅ‚y Fedor von Bock (Army Group North), Gerd von Rundstedt (Army Group South), Mikhail Kovalev (Belorussian Front), Semyon Timoshenko (Ukrainian Front), Ferdinand ÄŒatloÅ¡ (Field Army BernolÃ¡k) Strength 39 divisions, 16 brigades, 4,300 guns, 880 tanks, 400 aircraft Total... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki TÅjÅ Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... Image File history File linksMetadata Lviv_1939_Soviet_Cavalry. ... For other organizations known as the Red Army, see Red Army (disambiguation). ... â€œLvovâ€ redirects here. ... Year 1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 260th day of the year (261st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 279th day of the year (280th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Poland. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Poland. ... Edward Rydz-ÅšmigÅ‚y (March 11, 1886 - December 2, 1941); nom de guerre ÅšmigÅ‚y, TarÅ‚owski, Adam Zawisza) was a Polish politician, an officer of the Polish Army, painter and poet. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Kovalyov (in the center) on the Transbaykal Front Mikhail Prokofievich Kovalyov (Russian: ) (7 July [O.S. 26 June] 1897-31 August 1967) was a Soviet military officer, Colonel-General. ... Soviet infantry marching unopposed in Poland Situation after September 14, 1939 - the map also gives information on placement and movement of some Soviet troops The Soviet order of battle for invasion of Poland in 1939 details the major combat units arrayed for Soviet invasion of Poland in September, 1939. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Marshal of the Soviet Union Semyon Timoshenko Semyon Konstantinovich Timoshenko (Russian: Семён Константинович Тимошенко) (February 6 O.S (February 18 N.S.), 1895-March 31... Soviet infantry marching unopposed in Poland Situation after September 14, 1939 - the map also gives information on placement and movement of some Soviet troops The Soviet order of battle for invasion of Poland in 1939 details the major combat units arrayed for Soviet invasion of Poland in September, 1939. ... Border Protection Corps (Polish: , KOP) was a Polish military unit created in 1924 for defence of the eastern border against armed Soviet raids and local bandits. ... Polish Army (Polish Wojsko Polskie) is the name applied to the military forces of Poland. ... Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists or OUN (Ukrainian: or ÐžÐ£Ð) was a Ukrainian political movement originally created in the interwar Poland. ... Combatants Nazi Germany Poland Commanders Ferdinand SchÃ¶rner WÅ‚adysÅ‚aw Langner StanisÅ‚aw Sikorski Strength Germans: 1st Mountain 11 infantry battalions, 5 batteries of artillery (mainly 75 mm guns), 1 cavalry unit, 1 engineering platoon and a small number of soldiers who had retreated into the city from elsewhere... Combatants Soviet Union Poland Commanders Pyotr Akhlyustin Semyon Zybin JarosÅ‚aw Okulicz-Kozaryn Strength 2 cavalry and 3 armor divisions 10 infantry battalions Casualties according to Soviet sources: 13 killed, 24 wounded, 5 tanks destroyed, several damaged Unknown Battle of Wilno was one of the major battles during the Soviet... The Battle of Grodno took place between September 21 and September 24, 1939, during the Polish Defensive War. ... Combatants Soviet Union Poland Commanders Wilhelm Orlik-Rueckemann Strength 52 Rifle Division 4000 strong KOP group including artillery Casualties about 500 KIA 1600 WIA several guns a few AFVs 7 tanks (Soviet counts) up to 40 tanks (Polish counts) about 350 KIA more than 900 WIA a few trucks Battle... The battle of Wytyczno took place on October 1, 1939 near the village of Wytyczno near WÅ‚odawa in Poland. ... Combatants Poland Germany Soviet Union Slovakia Commanders Edward Rydz-ÅšmigÅ‚y Fedor von Bock (Army Group North), Gerd von Rundstedt (Army Group South), Mikhail Kovalev (Belorussian Front), Semyon Timoshenko (Ukrainian Front), Ferdinand ÄŒatloÅ¡ (Field Army BernolÃ¡k) Strength 39 divisions, 16 brigades, 4,300 guns, 880 tanks, 400 aircraft Total... Westerplatte Conflict Polish Defence War of 1939 Date September 1 to September 7, 1939 Place Westerplatte peninsula in Gdańsk Result ? Westerplatte is a peninsula in Gdańsk, at an estuary of the Dead Vistula (one of the Vistula delta estuaries), in the Gdańsk harbour channel. ... The Defense of the Polish Post Office in Danzig (today GdaÅ„sk) was one of the first battles of the Polish September Campaign, and of the World War II in Europe. ... Forces as of 31 August and German plan of attack. ... The Battle of Krojanty was part of the Polish September Campaign of the Second World War. ... Battle of Chojnice during the 1939 German invasion of Poland occurred on the first day of the hostilities, September 1. ... Battle of GrudziÄ…dz during the 1939 German invasion of Poland occurred on the September 1 - September 3. ... Battle of Lasy KrÃ³lewskie (Polish: Bitwa w Lasach KrÃ³lewskich, Battle of Royal Forests) refers to the battle on 1 September 1939 near Janowo and KrzynowoÅ‚ga MaÅ‚a during the battle of the border of the Polish September Campaign. ... Combatants Nazi Germany Poland Commanders Georg-Hans Reinhardt Friedrich Kirchner Julian Filipowicz Strength 1st Panzer Division 4th Panzer Division 31st Infantry Division Volhynian Cavalry Brigade 7th Infantry Division Casualties 700 KIA, 300 WIA, 160 tanks and AFVs 100 KIA, 300 WIA, five guns, four AA guns, 300 horses Monument to... Battle of the GdaÅ„sk Bay took place on September 1, 1939, shortly after the outbreak of the Polish Defensive War. ... Battle of Pszczyna (Polish: Bitwa PszczyÅ„ska) refers to the series of battles on 1 and 2 September 1939 near the town of Pszczyna during the Polish September Campaign. ... Combatants Nazi Germany Poland Commanders Georg von KÃ¼chler Wilhelm Liszka-Lawicz Emil Krukowicz-Przedrzymirski Strength 5 Infantry Divisions and Panzer Division Kempf 2 Infantry Divisions Casualties 6 tanks (in initial attack only) Unknown The Battle of MÅ‚awa, otherwise known as the Defence of the MÅ‚awa position, took... The Battle of Bory Tucholskie refers to one of the first battles of the Polish September Campaign, 1939. ... Combatants Poland Germany Commanders StanisÅ‚aw Maczek Ewald von Kleist Strength 1 motorized brigade reinforced with infantry 2 Panzer divisions, 1 infantry division Casualties {{{notes}}} The Battle of JordanÃ³w took place on September 2, 1939, during the Polish Defensive War and the opening stages of World War II. It... Combatants Nazi Germany Poland Commanders Unknown Ludwik CzyÅ¼ewski Strength XVI Panzer Corps 2nd Legions Infantry Regiment Casualties Unknown, but heavy At least 663 men Battle of Borowa GÃ³ra (Polish: ) refers to the series of battles from 2nd to 5th of September of 1939 that took place near the... Combatants Nazi Germany Poland Commanders Erwin Koch Hans von Oberstfelder Jan Jagmin-Sadowski Strength 2 Infantry Divisions and 5th Armored Division 1 Infantry Division Casualties Unknown Unknown Battle of Mikolow (Polish: ) refers to the border battle on September 1 and 2, 1939, that took place in the area of the... Combatants Poland Germany Commanders Tadeusz Semik Eugen Ott Strength 1,200 17,000 Casualties between 7 and 20 killed 7 murdered after their capitulation between 50 and 200 killed between 100 and 300 wounded The Battle of WÄ™gierska GÃ³rka was a lengthy, two-day-long defence of a... Battle of TomaszÃ³w Mazowiecki (Polish: Bitwa pod Tomaszowem Mazowieckim) refers to the battle on 6 September 1939 near the town of TomaszÃ³w Mazowiecki, Second Polish Republic, during the Polish September Campaign. ... Battle of Wizna Conflict Polish Defence War of 1939 Date September 7-September 10, 1939 Place Wizna near Poland Result unconcluded Battle of Wizna (sometimes referred to as the Polish Thermopylae) was fought between September 6 and September 10, 1939, between the forces of Poland and Germany during the initial... The Battle of ÅÃ³dÅº was fought on September 8, 1939, between Poland and Germany. ... Combatants Nazi Germany Poland Commanders Unknown Jan Chmurowicz Strength 7th Infantry Division, detachments from 44th Infantry Division and 45th Infantry Division 7 infantry battalions 1 engineer company 6 heavy artillery platoons Casualties Unknown Unknown The Battle of PrzemyÅ›l took place between September 11 and September 14, 1939, in the... The Battle of RÃ³Å¼an, otherwise known as defence of RÃ³Å¼an bridgehead, took place between September 4 and September 6, 1939, in the fields before the town of RÃ³Å¼an on the Narew River. ... Battle of Radom. ... Combatants Nazi Germany Poland Commanders Johannes Blaskowitz Friedrich Olbricht Conrad von Cochenhausen Wiktor ThommÃ©e Strength 10th Infantry Division 24th Infantry Division 2nd Legions Infantry Division 28th Infantry Division 30th Infantry Division WoÅ‚yÅ„ska Cavalry Brigade 21st Uhlan Regiment Casualties Unknown Unknown The Battle of Wola Cyrusowa took place... Battle of Warsaw Conflict Polish Defence War of 1939 Date 8 to September 28, 1939 Place Warsaw, Poland Result Polish defeat The 1939 Battle of Warsaw was fought between the Polish Warsaw Army (Armia Warszawa) garrisoned and entrenched in the capital of Poland (Warsaw) and the German Army. ... German battleship Schleswig-Holstein stationed at Danzig harbor is shelling nearby Polish positions at Gdynia. ... Hel Peninsula as seen from Landsat satellite in 2000 Battle of Hel was one of the longest battles of the Polish Defence War of 1939 in 1939. ... Battle of Bzura (also known as Battle of Kutno) took place during the Second World War, Polish September Campaign between 9 September 1939 and 19 September1, 1939 and was fought between Polish and German Nazi forces. ... Combatants Nazi Germany Poland Commanders Alfred von Hubicki Rudolf Veiel StanisÅ‚aw Maczek Jan WÃ³jcik Strength 2 armoured divisions 10th Cavalry Brigade 4 infantry battalions 20 guns Casualties At least a few tanks Unknown The Battle of JarosÅ‚aw took place between September 10 and September 11, 1939, in... The Battle of KaÅ‚uszyn, took place between September 11 and September 12, 1939, in the fields before the town of KaÅ‚uszyn near MiÅ„sk Mazowiecki. ... Combatants Soviet Union Poland Commanders Pyotr Akhlyustin Semyon Zybin JarosÅ‚aw Okulicz-Kozaryn Strength 2 cavalry and 3 armor divisions 10 infantry battalions Casualties according to Soviet sources: 13 killed, 24 wounded, 5 tanks destroyed, several damaged Unknown Battle of Wilno was one of the major battles during the Soviet... Combatants Nazi Germany Poland Commanders Ferdinand SchÃ¶rner WÅ‚adysÅ‚aw Langner StanisÅ‚aw Sikorski Strength Germans: 1st Mountain 11 infantry battalions, 5 batteries of artillery (mainly 75 mm guns), 1 cavalry unit, 1 engineering platoon and a small number of soldiers who had retreated into the city from elsewhere... Battle of Modlin Conflict Polish Defence War of 1939 Date September 13 to September 29, 1939 Place Modlin village, Modlin Fortress Result Polish capitulation During the Polish September Campaign at the beginning of the Second World War, Modlin Fortress was a headquarters of the Modlin Army until it retreated eastwards. ... Battle of KobryÅ„ was one of the battles of the Polish Defence War of 1939. ... Battle of BrzeÅ›Ä‡ Litewski (otherwise known as the Siege of BrzeÅ›Ä‡, Battle of Brest-Litovsk or simply Battle of BrzeÅ›Ä‡) was a World War II battle that took place between September 14 and September 17, 1939, near the town of BrzeÅ›Ä‡ Litewski (now Brest, Belarus). ... The battle of KÄ™pa Oksywska took place in the Oksywie Heights outside of the city of Gdynia between September 10 and September 19, 1939. ... Battle of TomaszÃ³w Lubelski took place from 17th September to 26th September 1939 near the town of TomaszÃ³w Lubelski. ... Battle of WÃ³lka WÄ™glowa (Polish: ) refers to the battle on September 19, 1939, that took place near WÃ³lka WÄ™glowa, during the last stages of the Polish counteroffensive (battle of the Bzura) of the Polish September Campaign. ... The Battle of Kampinos was in fact a series of skirmishes and battles fought in the forests around Kampinos during the Polish Defensive War of 1939, between the Polish Army and the German Wehrmacht. ... The Battle of Grodno took place between September 21 and September 24, 1939, during the Polish Defensive War. ... Combatants Poland Germany Commanders Bohdan Stachlewskiâ€ Tadeusz Gerleckiâ€ Rudolf Koch-Erpach Strength Navahrudak Cavarly Brigade 2nd Horse Artillery Division 2nd Horse Rifles Regiment 1st KOP Cavarly Regiment 8th Infrantry Division heavy east-prussian cavarly Casualties heavy heavy The Battle of KrasnobrÃ³d took place on 23 September 1939 near the... Combatants Soviet Union Poland Commanders Wilhelm Orlik-Rueckemann Strength 52 Rifle Division 4000 strong KOP group including artillery Casualties about 500 KIA 1600 WIA several guns a few AFVs 7 tanks (Soviet counts) up to 40 tanks (Polish counts) about 350 KIA more than 900 WIA a few trucks Battle... The battle of Wytyczno took place on October 1, 1939 near the village of Wytyczno near WÅ‚odawa in Poland. ... The Battle of Kock was the final battle of the Polish September Campaign at the beginning of World War II. It took place from October 2nd through October 5th, 1939, near the town of Kock, Poland. ... Wars fought between Poland and Russia include: Kiev Expedition of 1018 Muscovite-Lithuanian Wars of the 16th century Livonian War (1558-1583) Polish-Muscovite War (1605â€“1618) Smolensk War (1632-1634) Polish-Muscovite War (1654-1667) Bar Confederation (1768â€“1776), Polish factional rebellion against Russia Polish-Russian War of 1792... Polish-Russian Wars Kiev Expedition â€“ Muscovite-Lithuanian â€“ Livonian â€“ 1605â€“18 â€“ Smolensk â€“ 1654â€“67 â€“ Bar Confederation â€“ 1792 â€“ KoÅ›ciuszko Uprising â€“ November Uprising â€“ January Uprising â€“ Polish-Soviet â€“ 1939 The Polish invasion of Kievan Rus (1018) known in Polish literature as Kiev Expedition (Polish: ) and in Russian as ÐšÐ¸ÐµÐ²ÑÐºÐ¸Ð¹ Ð¿Ð¾Ñ…Ð¾Ð´, was an episode in the... The Muscovite-Lithuanian Wars (Russian: , Polish: , also known as Russo-Lithuanian Wars, or just either Muscovite Wars or Lithuanian Wars) [1] were a series of wars between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, allied with the Kingdom of Poland, and Muscovite Russia. ... The Reformation reached Livonia in the 1520s. ... Combatants Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Tsardom of Russia The Polishâ€“Muscovite War of 1605â€“1618 (also known as Polish-Russian War, although that name is also applied to several other conflicts) is the name of the series of wars between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Tsardom of Russia, in the background... Combatants Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Tsardom of Russia Commanders WÅ‚adysÅ‚aw IV Waza, Krzysztof RadziwiÅ‚Å‚, Aleksander Korwin Gosiewski, Marcin Kazanowski, Samuel Drucki-SokoliÅ„ski Mikhail Borisovich Shein Strength ~25,000-30,000 ~25,000-35,000 Casualties unknown ~15,000 Polish-Russian Wars Kiev Expedition â€“ Muscovite-Lithuanian â€“ Livonian â€“ 1605â€“18... The Russo-Polish War of 1654â€“1667, also called the War for Ukraine, was the last major conflict between Muscovite Russia and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. ... The Confederation of Bar (1768–1776), a grouping of Polish szlachta, formed at the fortress of Bar in Podolia in 1768 to defend the internal and external independence of Poland against the aggressions of the Russian government as represented by her representative at Warsaw, Prince Nikolai Repnin. ... War in Defense of the Constitution or Polish-Russian War of 1792 took place in 1792 between Polish-Luthuanian Commonwealth on one side, and the Russian Empire on the other. ... KoÅ›ciuszko Uprising 1794 The KoÅ›ciuszko Uprising took place in Poland in 1794. ... Coat-of-arms of the November Uprising. ... Polonia (Poland), 1863, by Jan Matejko, 1864, oil on canvas, 156 Ã— 232 cm, National Museum, KrakÃ³w. ... Combatants Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic Republic of Poland Ukrainian Peoples Republic Commanders Mikhail Tukhachevsky Semyon Budyonny JÃ³zef PiÅ‚sudski Edward Rydz-ÅšmigÅ‚y Strength 950,000 combatants 5,000,000 reserves 360,000 combatants 738,000 reserves Casualties Dead estimated at 100,000... is the 260th day of the year (261st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki TÅjÅ Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... Nazi Germany, or the Third Reich, commonly refers to Germany in the years 1933–1945, when it was under the firm control of the totalitarian and fascist ideology of the Nazi Party, with the Führer Adolf Hitler as dictator. ... Combatants Poland Germany Soviet Union Slovakia Commanders Edward Rydz-ÅšmigÅ‚y Fedor von Bock (Army Group North), Gerd von Rundstedt (Army Group South), Mikhail Kovalev (Belorussian Front), Semyon Timoshenko (Ukrainian Front), Ferdinand ÄŒatloÅ¡ (Field Army BernolÃ¡k) Strength 39 divisions, 16 brigades, 4,300 guns, 880 tanks, 400 aircraft Total... For other organizations known as the Red Army, see Red Army (disambiguation). ...

In early 1939, the Soviet Union tried to form an alliance against Nazi Germany with the United Kingdom, France, Poland, and Romania; but several difficulties arose, including the refusal of Poland and Romania to allow Soviet troops the transit rights through their territories as part of collective security.^[7] With the failure of the negotiations, the Soviets shifted their anti-German stance and on 23 August 1939 signed the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact with Nazi Germany. As a result, on 1 September 1939, the Germans invaded Poland from the west; and on 17 September 1939, the Red Army invaded Poland from the east after several calls by Germany to do so. The Soviet government announced that it was acting to protect the Ukrainians and Belarusians who lived in the eastern part of Poland, because the Polish state had collapsed in the face of the German attack and could no longer guarantee the security of its own citizens.^[8]^[9] Nazi Germany, or the Third Reich, commonly refers to Germany in the years 1933–1945, when it was under the firm control of the totalitarian and fascist ideology of the Nazi Party, with the Führer Adolf Hitler as dictator. ... Collective Security is a system aspiring to the maintenance of peace, in which participants agree that any breach of the peace is to be declared to be of concern to all the participating states, and will result in a collective response. ... is the 235th day of the year (236th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Molotov signs the German-Soviet non-aggression pact. ... is the 244th day of the year (245th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 260th day of the year (261st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... For other organizations known as the Red Army, see Red Army (disambiguation). ... Polish voivodeships 1922-1939. ...

The Red Army quickly achieved its targets, vastly outnumbering Polish resistance. Despite the order of the Polish government to minimize any military engagements with the Red Army,^[5] some fights erupted with casualties of up to six thousand to seven thousand on the Polish side and about 3,000 killed and under 10,000 wounded on the Soviet side.^[1] About 230,000 Polish soldiers or more were taken prisoners of war.^[10] The Soviet government annexed the territory newly under its control and in November declared that the 13.5 million Polish citizens who lived there were now Soviet citizens. The Soviets quelled opposition by executing and arresting thousands.^[11] They sent hundreds of thousands (estimates vary) to Siberia and other remote parts of the USSR in four major waves of deportations between 1939 and 1941.^[b] Geneva Convention definition A prisoner of war (POW) is a soldier, sailor, airman, or marine who is imprisoned by an enemy power during or immediately after an armed conflict. ... â€œSiberianâ€ redirects here. ... Deportation is the expelling of someone from a country. ...

The Soviet invasion, which the Politburo called "the liberation campaign", led to the incorporation of millions of Poles as well as western Ukrainians and western Belarusians into the Soviet Ukrainian and Byelorussian republics.^[12] During the existence of the People's Republic of Poland, the invasion was considered a delicate subject, almost taboo, and was often omitted from official history in order to preserve the illusion of "eternal friendship" between members of the Eastern Bloc.^[13] Politburo is short for Political Bureau. ... State motto: Belarusian: ÐŸÑ€Ð°Ð»ÐµÑ‚Ð°Ñ€Ñ‹Ñ– ÑžÑÑ–Ñ… ÐºÑ€Ð°Ñ–Ð½, ÑÐ´Ð½Ð°Ð¹Ñ†ÐµÑÑ! Translation: Workers of the world, unite! Capital Minsk Official language Belarusian, Russian Established In the USSR: - Since - Until January 1, 1919 December 30, 1922 August 25, 1991 Area - Total - Water (%) Ranked 6th in the USSR 207,600 kmÂ² negligible Population - Total - Density Ranked 5th in the USSR... Soviet Republic may refer to one of the following states. ... Capital Warsaw Language(s) Polish Government Socialist republic Leaders - 1948â€“1956 BolesÅ‚aw Bierut (First) - 1981-1989 Wojciech Jaruzelski (Last) Prime minister - 1944-1947 E. OsÃ³bka-Morawski - 1947-1952 and 1954-1970 JÃ³zef Cyrankiewicz - 1952-1954 BolesÅ‚aw Bierut - 1970-1980 Piotr Jaroszewicz - 1980 Edward Babiuch - 1980-1981... This article is about cultural prohibitions in general, for other uses, see Taboo (disambiguation). ... A map of the Eastern Bloc 1948-1989. ...

Prelude

In the late 1930s, the Soviet Union tried to form an anti-German alliance with the United Kingdom, France and Poland.^[h] The negotiations, however, proved difficult. The Soviets insisted on a sphere of influence stretching from Finland to Romania and asked for military support not only against anyone who attacked them directly but against anyone who attacked the countries in their proposed sphere of influence.^[14] They also demanded the right to enter Poland, Romania and the Baltic States whenever they felt their security was threatened. The governments of those countries rejected the proposal because, as Polish foreign minister Józef Beck pointed out, they feared that once the Red Army entered their territories, it might never leave.^[7] The Soviets did not trust the British and French to honour collective security, since they had failed to assist Spain against the Fascists or protect Czechoslovakia from the Nazis. They also suspected that the Western Allies would prefer the Soviet Union to fight Germany by itself, while they watched from the sidelines.^[15] In view of these concerns, the Soviet Union abandoned the talks and turned instead to negotiations with Germany. Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (2000x1534, 366 KB) First version of my map of placement of divisions during the Polish Defence War of 1939. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (2000x1534, 366 KB) First version of my map of placement of divisions during the Polish Defence War of 1939. ... is the 244th day of the year (245th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The three Baltic states: Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. ... // Foreign affairs administration covers Polandâ€™s relations with other states and international organizations, representation and protection of interests of the Republic of Poland and of Polish nationals and legal persons abroad, cooperation with Poles living abroad, promotion of the Republic of Poland abroad. ... JÃ³zef Beck JÃ³zef Beck (October 4, 1894 - June 5, 1944) was a Polish statesman, diplomat, military officer, and close associate of JÃ³zef PiÅ‚sudski. ... Collective Security is a system aspiring to the maintenance of peace, in which participants agree that any breach of the peace is to be declared to be of concern to all the participating states, and will result in a collective response. ... It has been suggested that Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War be merged into this article or section. ... Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler Fascism (in Italian, fascismo), capitalized, refers to the right-wing authoritarian political movement which ruled Italy from 1922 to 1943 under the leadership of Benito Mussolini. ... The Munich Agreement was an agreement regarding the Munich Crisis between the major powers of Europe after a conference held in Munich in Germany in 1938 and concluded on September 29. ... The Western Allies were the democracies and their colonial peoples, within the broader coalition of Allies during World War II. The term is generally understood to refer to the countries of the British Commonwealth of Nations and Poland (from 1939), exiled forces from Occupied Europe (from 1940), the United States...

On 23 August 1939, the Soviet Union signed the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact with Nazi Germany, taking the allies by surprise. The two governments announced the agreement merely as a non-aggression treaty. As a secret appendix reveals, however, they had actually agreed to partition Poland between themselves and divide Eastern Europe into Soviet and German spheres of influence.^[d] The Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, which has been described as a license for war, was a key factor in Hitler’s decision to invade Poland.^[7]^[16] is the 235th day of the year (236th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Molotov signs the German-Soviet non-aggression pact. ... A non-aggression pact is an international treaty between two or more states, agreeing to avoid war or armed conflict between them even if they find themselves fighting third countries, or even if one is fighting allies of the other. ... Look up appendix in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Pre-1989 division between the West (grey) and Eastern Bloc (orange) superimposed on current national boundaries: Russia (dark orange), other countries of the former USSR (medium orange),members of the Warsaw pact (light orange), and other former Communist regimes not aligned with Moscow (lightest orange). ... A sphere of influence (SOI) is an area or region over which an organization or state exerts some kind of indirect cultural, economic, military or political domination. ... Polish Defensive War of 1939 Conflict World War II Date 1 September - 6 October 1939 Place Poland Result Decisive German and Soviet victory The Polish September Campaign or Defensive War of 1939 (Polish: Wojna obronna 1939 roku) was the conquest of Poland by the armies of Nazi Germany, the Soviet...

The treaty provided the Soviets with extra defensive space in the west.^[17] It also offered them a chance to regain territories ceded to Poland twenty years earlier and to unite the eastern and western Ukrainian and Belarusian peoples into the same state for the first time.^[18] Soviet leader Joseph Stalin saw advantages in a war in western Europe, which might weaken his ideological enemies and open up new regions to the advance of communism.^[19]^[f] Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... The Battle of Warsaw (sometimes referred to as the Miracle at the Vistula, Polish Cud nad WisÅ‚Ä…) was the decisive battle of the Polish-Soviet War, the war that began soon after the end of World War I in 1918 and lasted until the Treaty of Riga in 1921. ... Josef Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili (Georgian: , Ioseb Besarionis Dze Jughashvili; Russian: , Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili) (December 18 [O.S. December 6] 1878[1] â€“ March 5, 1953), better known by his adopted name, Joseph Stalin (alternatively transliterated Josef Stalin), was General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Unions Central Committee from...

Soon after the Germans invaded Poland on September 1, 1939, the Nazi leaders began urging the Soviets to play their agreed part and attack Poland from the east. The German ambassador to Moscow, Friedrich Werner von der Schulenburg, and the Soviet foreign minister, Vyacheslav Molotov, exchanged a series of diplomatic communiqués on the matter.^[8] The Soviets delayed their intervention for several reasons. They were distracted by crucial events in their war with Japan; they needed time to mobilise the Red Army; and they saw a diplomatic advantage in waiting until Poland had disintegrated before making their move.^[20]^[21] On 17 September 1939, Molotov declared on the radio that all treaties between the Soviet Union and Poland were now void,^[g] because the Polish government had abandoned its people and effectively ceased to exist.^[22] On the same day, the Red Army crossed the border into Poland.^[20]^[4] Combatants Poland Germany Soviet Union Slovakia Commanders Edward Rydz-ÅšmigÅ‚y Fedor von Bock (Army Group North), Gerd von Rundstedt (Army Group South), Mikhail Kovalev (Belorussian Front), Semyon Timoshenko (Ukrainian Front), Ferdinand ÄŒatloÅ¡ (Field Army BernolÃ¡k) Strength 39 divisions, 16 brigades, 4,300 guns, 880 tanks, 400 aircraft Total... is the 244th day of the year (245th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see Moscow (disambiguation). ... Friedrich-Werner Graf von der Schulenburg (born 20 November 1875 in Kemberg, Saxony-Anhalt; died 10 November 1944 in Berlin) began his diplomatic career even before the First World War, serving as consul and ambassador in several countries. ... This page lists foreign ministers of Russian Empire, Soviet Union, and Russian Federation: // Heads of Posolsky Prikaz, 1549-1699 Ivan Viskovatyi 1549-70 Brothers Vasily and Andrey Shchelkalov 1570-1601 Ivan Gramotin 1605-06, 1610-12, 1618-26, 1634-35 Pyotr Tretyakov 1608-10, 1613-18 Almaz Ivanov 1635-67... For other uses, see Molotov (disambiguation). ... The Soviet-Japanese Border Wars was a series of border conflicts between the Soviet Union and Japan between 1938 to 1945. ... is the 260th day of the year (261st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... For other organizations known as the Red Army, see Red Army (disambiguation). ...

Military campaign

The Red Army entered the eastern regions of Poland with seven field armies and between 450,000 and 1,000,000 troops.^[4] These were deployed on two fronts: the Belarusian Front under Mikhail Kovalyov, and the Ukrainian Front under Semyon Timoshenko.^[4] By this time, the Poles had failed to defend their western borders, and in response to German incursions had launched a major counter-offensive in the Battle of the Bzura. The Polish Army originally had a well-developed defensive plan to deal with the threat of the Soviet Union, but they were unprepared to face two invasions at once.^[23] By the time the Soviets invaded, the Polish commanders had sent most of their troops west to face the Germans, leaving the east protected by only 20 under-strength battalions. These battalions consisted of about 20,000 troops of border defence corps (Korpus Ochrony Pogranicza), under the command of general Wilhelm Orlik-Rueckemann.^[1]^[4] Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1256x956, 1898 KB)http://www. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1256x956, 1898 KB)http://www. ... is the 257th day of the year (258th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Polish voivodeships 1922-1939. ... A nations army is its military, or more specifically, all of its land forces. ... A Front (Ñ„Ñ€Ð¾Ð½Ñ‚) was a major military organization in the Soviet Army, roughly equivalent to an army or army group in British or American military terminology. ... Soviet infantry marching unopposed in Poland The Soviet order of battle for invasion of Poland in 1939 details the major combat units arrayed for Soviet invasion of Poland in September, 1939. ... Kovalyov (in the center) on the Transbaykal Front Mikhail Prokofievich Kovalyov (Russian: ) (7 July [O.S. 26 June] 1897-31 August 1967) was a Soviet military officer, Colonel-General. ... Soviet infantry marching unopposed in Poland Situation after September 14, 1939 - the map also gives information on placement and movement of some Soviet troops The Soviet order of battle for invasion of Poland in 1939 details the major combat units arrayed for Soviet invasion of Poland in September, 1939. ... Marshal of the Soviet Union Semyon Timoshenko Semyon Konstantinovich Timoshenko (Russian: Семён Константинович Тимошенко) (February 6 O.S (February 18 N.S.), 1895-March 31... Forces as of 31 August and German plan of attack. ... Combatants Poland Germany Commanders Tadeusz Kutrzeba WÅ‚adysÅ‚aw Bortnowski Gerd von Rundstedt Johannes von Blaskowitz Strength 8 infantry divisions, 2-4 cavalry brigades 12 infantry divisions, 5 armoured and motorised divisions Casualties unknown unknown The Battle of the Bzura (also known as the Battle of Kutno) was a World... Plan WschÃ³d (Plan East) was a Polish defensive military plan, created in case of war with the Soviet Union. ... Border Defence Corps (Polish Korpus Ochrony Pogranicza, KOP) was a Polish military unit created in 1924 for defence of the eastern border against armed Soviet raids and local bandits. ... Wilhelm Orlik-Rueckemann (sometimes referred to as Wilhelm Rückemann; 1894-1986) was a Polish general, military commander and one of the pioneers of armoured warfare in Poland. ...

At first, the Polish commander-in-chief, Marshal of Poland Edward Rydz-Śmigły, ordered the border forces to resist the Soviets. He then changed his mind after consulting with Prime Minister Felicjan Sławoj Składkowski and ordered them to fall back and engage the Soviets only in self-defense.^[1]^[5] The two conflicting sets of orders led to confusion,^[4] and when the Red Army attacked Polish units, clashes and small battles inevitably broke out.^[1] The response of non-ethnic Poles to the situation added a further complication. In some cases, Ukrainians,^[m] Belarusians^[24] and Jews^[25] welcomed the invading troops as liberators. The Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists rose against the Poles, and communist partisans organised local revolts, for example in Skidel.^[4]^[j] This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... Commander-in-Chief (in NATO-lingo often C-in-C or CINC pronounced sink) is the commander of all the military forces within a particular region or of all the military forces of a state. ... Marshal of Poland (Marszałek Polski) is the highest rank in the Polish Army. ... Edward Rydz-ÅšmigÅ‚y (March 11, 1886 - December 2, 1941); nom de guerre ÅšmigÅ‚y, TarÅ‚owski, Adam Zawisza) was a Polish politician, an officer of the Polish Army, painter and poet. ... This is a list of Prime Ministers of Poland. ... Felicjan SÅ‚awoj SkÅ‚adkowski Felicjan SÅ‚awoj SkÅ‚adkowski (1885-1962) was a Polish general and a politician who served as the last Prime Minister of Poland before World War II, who read medicine at the Jagiellonian University. ... Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists or OUN (Ukrainian: or ÐžÐ£Ð) was a Ukrainian political movement originally created in the interwar Poland. ... Skidel is a Belarusian village that is located 31 kilometers from Grodno. ...

The Polish military's original fall-back plan was to retreat and regroup along the Romanian Bridgehead, an area in south-east Poland near the border with Romania. The idea was to adopt defensive positions there and wait for a promised French and British attack in the west. This plan assumed that Germany would have to reduce its operations in Poland in order to fight on a second front.^[4] The allies expected Polish forces to hold out for up to several months, but the Soviet attack made this strategy obsolete. The Romanian Bridgehead (Polish Przedmoście rumuńskie) was an area in South-Eastern Poland, nowadays located in Ukraine. ...

The Polish political and military leaders knew that they were losing the war against Germany even before the Soviet invasion settled the issue.^[4] Nevertheless, they refused to surrender or negotiate a peace with Germany. Instead, the Polish government ordered all military units to evacuate Poland and reassemble in France.^[4] The government itself crossed into Romania at around midnight on 17 September 1939. Polish units proceeded to manoeuvre towards the Romanian bridgehead area, sustaining German attacks on one flank and occasionally clashing with Soviet troops on the other. In the days following the evacuation order, the Germans defeated the Polish Armies Kraków and Lublin at the Battle of Tomaszów Lubelski, which lasted from 17 September 1939 to 20 September 1939.^[26] Image File history File links Size of this preview: 445 Ã— 600 pixelsFull resolution (668 Ã— 900 pixel, file size: 233 KB, MIME type: image/png) version of File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 445 Ã— 600 pixelsFull resolution (668 Ã— 900 pixel, file size: 233 KB, MIME type: image/png) version of File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... is the 260th day of the year (261st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... KrakÃ³w Army (Polish: ) was one of the Polish armies to take part in the Polish Defensive War of 1939. ... Lublin Army (Polish: ) was an improvised Polish Army created on September 4 from 1 motorized brigade and various smaller units concentrated around cities of Lublin, Sandomierz and upper Vistula river. ... Battle of TomaszÃ³w Lubelski took place from 17th September to 26th September 1939 near the town of TomaszÃ³w Lubelski. ... is the 260th day of the year (261st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 263rd day of the year (264th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Soviet units often met their German counterparts advancing from the opposite direction. Several notable examples of co-operation occurred between the two armies in the field. The Wehrmacht passed the Brest Fortress, which had been seized after the Battle of Brześć Litewski, to the Soviet 29th Tank Brigade on 17 September 1939.^[27] German General Heinz Guderian and Soviet Brigadier Semyon Krivoshein then held a joint victory parade in the town.^[27] Lwów (Lviv) surrendered on 22 September 1939, days after the Germans handed the siege operations over to the Soviets.^[28]^[29] Soviet forces had taken Wilno on 19 September 1939 after a two-day battle, and they took Grodno on 24 September 1939 after a four-day battle. By 28 September 1939, the Red Army had reached the line of the rivers Narew, Western Bug, Vistula and San—the border agreed in advance with the Germans. Wehrmacht (armed forces, literally defence force(s)) was the name of the armed forces of Nazi Germany from 1935 to 1945. ... A stretch of the ring barrack of the Citadel with projecting semi-tower on the left Brest Fortress in Brest, Belarus, formerly known as Brest-Litovsk Fortress (the Polish name of the city was BrzeÅ›Ä‡ Litewski), is one of the most important Soviet WWII war monuments marking the heroic and... Battle of BrzeÅ›Ä‡ Litewski (otherwise known as the Siege of BrzeÅ›Ä‡, Battle of Brest-Litovsk or simply Battle of BrzeÅ›Ä‡) was a World War II battle that took place between September 14 and September 17, 1939, near the town of BrzeÅ›Ä‡ Litewski (now Brest, Belarus). ... is the 260th day of the year (261st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Heinz Wilhelm Guderian (17 June 1888 â€“ 14 May 1954) was a military theorist and innovative General of the German Army during the Second World War. ... Semyon Moiseevich Krivoshein (November 28, 1899, Voronezh, Russian Empire-September 16, 1978, Moscow, Soviet Union) Soviet tank commander, played a vital part in the reform of the Red Army tank forces and in momentous defeat of German panzer in the great battle of Kursk. ... Victory Parade on Red Square, Moscow on June 24, 1945. ... Motto: Semper fidelis Oblast Lviv Oblast Municipal government City council (Ð›ÑŒÐ²Ñ–Ð²ÑÑŒÐºÐ° Ð¼Ñ–ÑÑŒÐºÐ° Ñ€Ð°Ð´Ð°) Mayor City chairman Lyubomyr Bunyak Area 171,01 kmÂ² Population - city - urban - density 808,900 ? 4786/kmÂ² Founded City rights 13th century 1353 Latitude Longitude 49Â°51â€² N 24Â°01â€² E Area code +0322 Car plates ? Twin towns Corning, Freiburg... Combatants Nazi Germany Poland Commanders Ferdinand SchÃ¶rner WÅ‚adysÅ‚aw Langner StanisÅ‚aw Sikorski Strength Germans: 1st Mountain 11 infantry battalions, 5 batteries of artillery (mainly 75 mm guns), 1 cavalry unit, 1 engineering platoon and a small number of soldiers who had retreated into the city from elsewhere... is the 265th day of the year (266th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Vilnius Old Town Vilnius (sometimes Vilna; Polish Wilno, Belarusian Вільня, Russian Вильнюс, see also Cities alternative names) is the capital city of Lithuania. ... is the 262nd day of the year (263rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Combatants Soviet Union Poland Commanders Pyotr Akhlyustin Semyon Zybin JarosÅ‚aw Okulicz-Kozaryn Strength 2 cavalry and 3 armor divisions 10 infantry battalions Casualties according to Soviet sources: 13 killed, 24 wounded, 5 tanks destroyed, several damaged Unknown Battle of Wilno was one of the major battles during the Soviet... Hrodna (or Grodno; Belarusian: Го́радня, Гро́дна; Grodno in Polish, Гродно in Russian, Gardinas in Lithuanian) is a city in Belarus on the Nemunas river, close to the borders of Poland and Lithuania... is the 267th day of the year (268th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Battle of Grodno took place between September 21 and September 24, 1939, during the Polish Defensive War. ... is the 271st day of the year (272nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Despite a tactical Polish victory on 28 September 1939 at the Battle of Szack, the outcome of the larger conflict was never in doubt.^[30] Civilian volunteers, militias, and reorganised retreating units held out in the Polish capital, Warsaw, till 28 September 1939. The Modlin Fortress, north of Warsaw, surrendered the next day after an intense sixteen-day battle. On 1 October, Soviet troops drove Polish units into the forests at the battle of Wytyczno, one of the last direct confrontations of the campaign.^[31] Some isolated Polish garrisons managed to hold their positions long after being surrounded; but the last operational unit of the Polish Army to surrender was General Franciszek Kleeberg's Independent Operational Group Polesie (Samodzielna Grupa Operacyjna "Polesie"). Kleeberg surrendered on 6 October after the four-day Battle of Kock (near Lublin), which ended the September Campaign. The Soviets were victorious. On 31 October, Molotov reported to the Supreme Soviet: "A short blow by the German army, and subsequently by the Red Army, was enough for nothing to be left of this ugly creature of the Treaty of Versailles".^[32] Image File history File links Map of Poland in 1945, drawn by User: Adam Carr. ... Image File history File links Map of Poland in 1945, drawn by User: Adam Carr. ... is the 271st day of the year (272nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Combatants Soviet Union Poland Commanders Wilhelm Orlik-Rueckemann Strength 52 Rifle Division 4000 strong KOP group including artillery Casualties about 500 KIA 1600 WIA several guns a few AFVs 7 tanks (Soviet counts) up to 40 tanks (Polish counts) about 350 KIA more than 900 WIA a few trucks Battle... Lebanese Kataeb militia A Militia is an organization of citizens to provide defense, emergency or paramilitary service, or those engaged in such activity. ... Battle of Warsaw Conflict Polish Defence War of 1939 Date 8 to September 28, 1939 Place Warsaw, Poland Result Polish defeat The 1939 Battle of Warsaw was fought between the Polish Warsaw Army (Armia Warszawa) garrisoned and entrenched in the capital of Poland (Warsaw) and the German Army. ... For other uses, see Warsaw (disambiguation) and Warszawa (disambiguation). ... is the 271st day of the year (272nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Modlin Fortress (Polish Twierdza Modlin) is one of the biggest 19th century fortresses in Poland. ... Battle of Modlin Conflict Polish Defence War of 1939 Date September 13 to September 29, 1939 Place Modlin village, Modlin Fortress Result Polish capitulation During the Polish September Campaign at the beginning of the Second World War, Modlin Fortress was a headquarters of the Modlin Army until it retreated eastwards. ... is the 274th day of the year (275th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The battle of Wytyczno took place on October 1, 1939 near the village of Wytyczno near WÅ‚odawa in Poland. ... For people named Garrison, see Garrison (disambiguation) Garrison House, built by William Damm in 1675 at Dover, New Hampshire Garrison (from the French garnison, itself from the verb garnir, to equip) is the collective term for the body of troops stationed in a particular location, originally to guard it, but... Franciszek Kleeberg (1888-1941) was a Polish general. ... Independent Operational Group Polesie (Samodzielna Grupa Operacyjna Polesie, SGO Polesie) was one of the Polish Army Corps that took part in the Polish Defence War of 1939. ... is the 279th day of the year (280th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Battle of Kock was the final battle of the Polish September Campaign at the beginning of World War II. It took place from October 2nd through October 5th, 1939, near the town of Kock, Poland. ... Coordinates: , Country Poland Voivodeship Lublin Powiat city county Gmina Lublin Established before 12th century City Rights 1317 Government - Mayor Adam Wasilewski Area - City 147. ... is the 304th day of the year (305th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Supreme Soviet (Russian: , Verhovniy Sovet, literally the Supreme Council) comprised the highest legislative body in the Soviet Union in the interim of the sessions of the Congress of Soviets, and the only one with the power to pass constitutional amendments. ... This article is about the Treaty of Versailles of June 28 1919, which ended World War I. For other uses, see Treaty of Versailles (disambiguation) . The Treaty of Versailles (1919) was the peace treaty which officially ended World War I between the Allied and Associated Powers and Germany. ...

Allied reaction

The reaction of France and Britain to Poland's plight was muted, since neither wanted a confrontation with the Soviet Union at that stage.^[33] Under the terms of the Anglo-Polish Agreement of 25 August 1939, the British had promised Poland assistance if attacked by a European power;^[k] but when Polish Ambassador Edward Raczyński reminded Foreign Secretary Lord Halifax of the pact, he was bluntly told that it was Britain's business whether to declare war on the Soviet Union.^[33] British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain considered making a public commitment to restore Polish statehood, but in the end he issued only general statements of condemnation.^[33] Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Hitler is shown greeting Stalin with the words The scum of the earth, I believe? to which Stalin replies The bloody assassin of the workers, I presume? Rendezvous is a political cartoon by David Low, first published in the Evening Standard on the 20th of September, 1939. ... Sir David Alexander Cecil Low (7 April 1891â€“19 September 1963) was a New Zealand political cartoonist. ... Headlines of the Evening Standard on the day of London bombing on July 7, 2005, in Waterloo Station The Evening Standard is a British tabloid newspaper published and sold in London and surrounding areas of southeast England. ... is the 263rd day of the year (264th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Combatants Poland Germany Soviet Union Slovakia Commanders Edward Rydz-ÅšmigÅ‚y Fedor von Bock (Army Group North), Gerd von Rundstedt (Army Group South), Mikhail Kovalev (Belorussian Front), Semyon Timoshenko (Ukrainian Front), Ferdinand ÄŒatloÅ¡ (Field Army BernolÃ¡k) Strength 39 divisions, 16 brigades, 4,300 guns, 880 tanks, 400 aircraft Total... The Polish-British Common Defence Pact was an annex to the Franco-Polish Military Alliance signed on August 25, 1939 between representatives of the United Kingdom and Poland. ... is the 237th day of the year (238th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Edward Bernard RaczyÅ„ski (1891-1993) was a Polish aristocrat, diplomat, politician and President of Poland in exile (between 1979 and 1986). ... The Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs (commonly referred to as Foreign Secretary) is a member of the British Government responsible for relations with foreign countries, heading the Foreign and Commonwealth Office (often called simply the Foreign Office). ... Edward Frederick Lindley Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax, KG, OM, GCSI, GCMG, GCIE, PC (16 April 1881â€“23 December 1959), known as The Lord Irwin from 1925 until 1934 and as The Viscount Halifax from 1934 until 1944, was a British Conservative politician. ... The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is, in practice, the political leader of the United Kingdom. ... This article is about the British prime minister. ...

The French had also made promises to Poland, including the provision of air support, and these were not honoured. Once the Soviets moved into Poland, the French and the British decided there was nothing they could do for Poland in the short term and began planning for a long-term victory instead. The French had advanced tentatively into the Saar in early September, but after the Polish defeat, they retreated behind the Maginot Line on October 4.^[34] Many Poles resented this lack of support from their western allies, which aroused a lasting sense of betrayal. The French attack on Saarland was a French sortie into the Saarland in the early stages of World War II. The purpose of the attack was to assist Poland, which was then under attack. ... The Maginot Line (IPA: [maÊ’inoË], named after French minister of defence AndrÃ© Maginot) was a line of concrete fortifications, tank obstacles, machine gun posts and other defences which France constructed along its borders with Germany and with Italy, in the light of experience from World War I, and... is the 277th day of the year (278th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Western betrayal is a popular term in many Central European nations (including Poland, Hungary, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Romania, the Baltic States, and East Germany) which refers to the foreign policy of several Western countries during the period from the Treaty of Versailles in 1919 through World War II and...

Aftermath

In October 1939, Molotov reported to the Supreme Soviet that the Soviets had suffered 737 deaths and 1,862 casualties during the campaign, though Polish specialists claim up to 3,000 deaths and 8,000 to 10,000 wounded.^[e] On the Polish side, between 6,000 and 7,000 soldiers died fighting the Red Army, with 230,000 to 450,000 taken prisoner.^[1]^[35] The Soviets often failed to honour terms of surrender. In some cases, they promised Polish soldiers freedom and then arrested them when they laid down their arms.^[4] This article deals with the occupation of Poland by Germany and the Soviet Union during the Second World War (1939â€“1945). ... Main article: Polish government in exile On 1 September 1939, without a formal declaration of war, Germany invaded Poland. ... In the aftermath of the Soviet invasion of Poland in 1939, hundreds of thousands of Polish soldiers became prisoners in Soviet Union. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (500x733, 295 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Soviet invasion of Poland (1939) ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (500x733, 295 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Soviet invasion of Poland (1939) ... Office Chief of State, Marshal of Poland Term of office from November 14, 1918 until December 9, 1922 Profession Statesman Political party none (see Sanacja for details), formerly PPS Spouse Maria PiÅ‚sudska Aleksandra PiÅ‚sudska Date of birth December 5, 1867 Place of birth ZuÅ‚Ã³w, in todays...

The Soviet Union had ceased to recognise the Polish state at the start of the invasion.^[8]^[9] As a result, the two governments never officially declared war on each other. The Soviets therefore did not classify Polish military prisoners as prisoners of war but as rebels against the new legal government of Western Ukraine and Western Byelorussia.^[n] The Soviets killed tens of thousands of Polish prisoners of war. Some, like General Józef Olszyna-Wilczyński, who was captured, interrogated and shot on 22 September, were executed during the campaign itself.^[36]^[37] On 24 September, the Soviets killed forty-two staff and patients of a Polish military hospital in the village of Grabowiec, near Zamość.^[38] The Soviets also executed all the Polish officers they captured after the Battle of Szack, on 28 September 1939.^[30] Over 20,000 Polish military personnel and civilians perished in the Katyn massacre.^[27]^[4] In the aftermath of the Soviet invasion of Poland in 1939, hundreds of thousands of Polish soldiers became prisoners in Soviet Union. ... JÃ³zef Konstanty Olszyna-WilczyÅ„ski (1890-1939) was a Polish general and one of the high-ranking commanders of the Polish Army. ... is the 265th day of the year (266th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 267th day of the year (268th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Coordinates: , Country Poland Voivodeship Lublin Powiat City County Gmina ZamoÅ›Ä‡ Estabilished 1580 City Rights 1580 Government - Mayor Marcin Zamoyski Area - Town 30. ... Combatants Soviet Union Poland Commanders Wilhelm Orlik-Rueckemann Strength 52 Rifle Division 4000 strong KOP group including artillery Casualties about 500 KIA 1600 WIA several guns a few AFVs 7 tanks (Soviet counts) up to 40 tanks (Polish counts) about 350 KIA more than 900 WIA a few trucks Battle... is the 271st day of the year (272nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Katyn and KatyÅ„ redirect here. ...

The Poles and the Soviets re-established diplomatic relations in 1941, following the Sikorski-Mayski Agreement; but the Soviets broke them off again in 1943 after the Polish government demanded an independent examination of the recently discovered Katyn burial pits.^[39] The Soviets then lobbied the Western Allies to recognize the pro-Soviet Polish puppet government of Wanda Wasilewska in Moscow.^[40] The Sikorski-Mayski Agreement was a treaty between Soviet Union and Poland signed in London on August 17, 1941. ... Union of Polish Patriots (Society of Polish Patriots, Polish: , ZPP, Russian: ) was a political body created by Polish communists and Stalin in Soviet Union in 1943. ... Wanda Wasilewska (1905– 1964) was a Polish novelist and politician. ...

On 28 September 1939, the Soviet Union and Germany had changed the secret terms of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact. They moved Lithuania into the Soviet sphere of influence and shifted the border in Poland to the east, giving Germany more territory.^[2] By this arrangement, often described as a fourth partition of Poland,^[4] the Soviet Union secured almost all Polish territory east of the line of the rivers Pisa, Narew, Western Bug and San. This amounted to about 200,000 square kilometres of land, inhabited by 13.5 million Polish citizens.^[5] is the 271st day of the year (272nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Molotov signs the German-Soviet non-aggression pact. ... A sphere of influence (SOI) is an area or region over which an organization or state exerts some kind of indirect cultural, economic, military or political domination. ... The Partitions of Poland (Polish Rozbiór or Rozbiory Polski) happened in the 18th century and ended the existence of a sovereign state of Poland (or more correctly the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth). ...

The Red Army had originally sowed confusion among the locals by claiming that they were arriving to save Poland from the Nazis.^[41] Their advance surprised Polish communities and their leaders, who had not been advised how to respond to a Bolshevik invasion. For various reasons, the Polish, including many Jewish citizens, might at first have preferred a Soviet regime to a German one,^[42]. But the Poles were to find the Soviets to be as hostile and destructive towards them and their culture as the Nazis ultimately were.^[43]^[44] For instance, the Soviets quickly began confiscating, nationalising and redistributing all private and state-owned Polish property.^[45] During the two years following the annexation, the Soviets also arrested approximately 100,000 Polish citizens ^[46] and deported between 350,000 and 1,500,000, of whom between 250,000 and 1,000,000 died, mostly civilians.^[b]^[47] Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... Nationalization is the act of taking assets into state ownership. ...

Byelorussia and Ukraine

Of the 13.5 million civilians living in the newly annexed territories, Poles were the largest single ethnic group; but Belarusians and Ukrainians together made up over 50% of the population.^[c] The annexation did not give the Soviet Union control of all the areas where Belarusians or Ukrainians lived, some of which fell west of the new German–Soviet border.^[l] Nonetheless, it united the vast majority of the two peoples within the expanded Soviet Byelorussian and Ukrainian republics. Under the terms of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, adjusted by agreement on 28 September 1939, the Soviet Union annexed all Polish territory east of the line of the rivers Pisa, Narew, Western Bug, and San, except for Wilno Voivodship with its capital Wilno (Vilnius), which was given to Lithuania, and... Image File history File links Metadata No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links Metadata No higher resolution available. ... Karl Heinrich Marx (May 5, 1818 â€“ March 14, 1883) was a 19th century philosopher, political economist, and revolutionary. ... Friedrich Engels (November 28, 1820 â€“ August 5, 1895) was a German social scientist and philosopher, who developed communist theory alongside his better-known collaborator, Karl Marx, co-authoring The Communist Manifesto (1848). ... â€œLeninâ€ redirects here. ... Josef Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili (Georgian: , Ioseb Besarionis Dze Jughashvili; Russian: , Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili) (December 18 [O.S. December 6] 1878[1] â€“ March 5, 1953), better known by his adopted name, Joseph Stalin (alternatively transliterated Josef Stalin), was General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Unions Central Committee from... This article is about the 1918-1938 Communist Party of Poland. ... Under the terms of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, adjusted by agreement on 28 September 1939, the Soviet Union annexed all Polish territory east of the line of the rivers Pisa, Narew, Western Bug, and San, except for Wilno Voivodship with its capital Wilno (Vilnius), which was given to Lithuania, and... State motto: Belarusian: ÐŸÑ€Ð°Ð»ÐµÑ‚Ð°Ñ€Ñ‹Ñ– ÑžÑÑ–Ñ… ÐºÑ€Ð°Ñ–Ð½, ÑÐ´Ð½Ð°Ð¹Ñ†ÐµÑÑ! Translation: Workers of the world, unite! Capital Minsk Official language Belarusian, Russian Established In the USSR: - Since - Until January 1, 1919 December 30, 1922 August 25, 1991 Area - Total - Water (%) Ranked 6th in the USSR 207,600 kmÂ² negligible Population - Total - Density Ranked 5th in the USSR...

On 26 October 1939, "elections" to Byelorussian and Ukrainian assemblies were held, to give the annexation an appearance of validity.^[i] The Belarusians and Ukrainians in Poland had been increasingly alienated by the Polonization policies of the Polish government and its repression of their separatist movements, so they felt little loyalty towards the Polish state.^[49]^[48] Not all Belarusians and Ukrainians, however, trusted the Soviet regime responsible for the Ukrainian Famine of 1932-33.^[41] In practice, the poor generally welcomed the Soviets, and the elites tended to join the opposition, despite supporting the reunification itself.^[48]^[50] Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (500x678, 81 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Soviet invasion of Poland (1939) Ukrainian-German collaboration during World War II ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (500x678, 81 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Soviet invasion of Poland (1939) Ukrainian-German collaboration during World War II ... Sovietization is term that may be used with two distinct (but related) meanings: the adoption of a political system based on the model of soviets (workers councils). ... is the 299th day of the year (300th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Polonization (Polish: ) is the assumption (complete or partial), of the Polish language or another real or supposed Polish attribute. ... Political separatism is a movement to obtain sovereignty and split a territory or group of people (usually a people with a distinctive national consciousness) from one another (or one nation from another; a colony from the metropolis). ... Child victim of the Holodomor The Ukrainian famine (1932-1933) or Holodomor was one of the largest national catastrophes of the Ukrainian nation in modern history with direct loss of human life in the range of millions (estimates vary). ...

The Soviets quickly introduced Sovietization policies in Western Byelorussia and Western Ukraine, including compulsory collectivization of the whole region. In the process, they ruthlessly broke up political parties and public associations and imprisoned or executed their leaders as "enemies of the people".^[41] The authorities even suppressed the anti-Polish Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists, which had actively resisted the Polish regime since the 1920s; despite their change of overlord, Ukrainian nationalists continued to aim for an independent, undivided Ukrainian state.^[51]^[50] The unifications of 1939 were nevertheless a decisive event in the history of Ukraine and Belarus, because they produced two republics which eventually achieved independence in 1991 after the fall of the Soviet Union.^[52] Orest Subtelny summed up the historical significance of the Ukrainian reunification: Sovietization is term that may be used with two distinct (but related) meanings: the adoption of a political system based on the model of soviets (workers councils). ... Collective farming is an organizational unit in agriculture in which peasants are not paid wages, but rather receive a share of the farms net output. ... // Anti-Polonism Germans execute Poles against a prison wall, Leszno, Poland, October 1939. ... Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists or OUN (Ukrainian: or ÐžÐ£Ð) was a Ukrainian political movement originally created in the interwar Poland. ... The rise of Gorbachev Although reform stalled between 1964–1982, the generational shift gave new momentum for reform. ... Orest Subtelny - Ukrainian historian, professor at Department of History and Political Science, York University. ...

Censorship

Soviet censors later suppressed many details of the 1939 invasion and its aftermath.^[54] The Politburo had from the first called the operation a "liberation campaign", and later Soviet statements and publications never wavered from that line.^[55] On 30 November 1939, Stalin stated that it was not Germany who had attacked France and England but France and England who had attacked Germany;^[56] and the following March, Molotov claimed that Germany had tried to make peace and been turned down by "Anglo-French imperialists".^[o] All subsequent Soviet governments denied that there had ever been a secret protocol to the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact; but when the document was "found" in the Soviet archives in 1989, the truth was finally acknowledged.^[7] Censorship was also applied in the People's Republic of Poland, to preserve the image of "Polish-Soviet friendship" promoted by the two communist governments. Official policy allowed only accounts of the 1939 campaign that portrayed it as a reunification of the Belarusian and Ukrainian peoples and a liberation of the Polish people from "oligarchic capitalism”. The authorities strongly discouraged any further study or teaching on the subject.^[27]^[13] However, various underground publications (bibuła) addressed the issue,^[31] as did other media, such as the 1982 protest song of Jacek Kaczmarski (Ballada wrześniowa).^[57] This article is about the ancient Roman political office. ... Politburo is short for Political Bureau. ... is the 334th day of the year (335th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Josef Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili (Georgian: , Ioseb Besarionis Dze Jughashvili; Russian: , Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili) (December 18 [O.S. December 6] 1878[1] â€“ March 5, 1953), better known by his adopted name, Joseph Stalin (alternatively transliterated Josef Stalin), was General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Unions Central Committee from... Capital Warsaw Language(s) Polish Government Socialist republic Leaders - 1948â€“1956 BolesÅ‚aw Bierut (First) - 1981-1989 Wojciech Jaruzelski (Last) Prime minister - 1944-1947 E. OsÃ³bka-Morawski - 1947-1952 and 1954-1970 JÃ³zef Cyrankiewicz - 1952-1954 BolesÅ‚aw Bierut - 1970-1980 Piotr Jaroszewicz - 1980 Edward Babiuch - 1980-1981... Samizdat, book published by Pathfinder Press containing a collection of forbidden Trotskyist Samizdat texts. ... A protest song is a song which protests problems in society such as injustice, racial discrimination, war, globalization, inflation, social inequalities, incarceration, and global warming. ... Jacek Kaczmarski, 1994 Jacek Kaczmarski (March 22, 1957, Warsaw - April 10, 2004, GdaÅ„sk) was a Polish singer, songwriter, poet and author. ...

Orders of battle

Polish OOB during the September Campaign. ... The Soviet order of battle for invasion of Poland in 1939 details the major combat units arrayed for operations against Poland in September, 1939. ...

Notes

a. ^{^} Increasing numbers of KOP units, as well as most Polish Army units stationed in the East during peacetime, were sent to the Polish-German border before or during the German invasion. KOP forces guarding the eastern border numbered around 20,000.^[4] On 21 September 1939, an improvised KOP "army" had a strength of 8,700 troops. Polish army units which fought the Soviets had mostly been disrupted and weakened by their retreat from the Germans, making estimates of their strength problematic; it is estimated about 250,000 of such troops found themselves in the line of Soviet advance and offered sporadic resistance.^[4] The total Polish army on 1 September 1939, counting un-mobilized (and sometimes, never mobilized) units, numbered about 950,000.^[2] Historians agree that the vast majority of these forces never saw action against the Soviets. is the 264th day of the year (265th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 244th day of the year (245th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

b. ¹ ² The exact number of people deported in the period 1939–1941 remains unknown, and estimates vary from between 350,000^[58] and (old WWII estimates by the Underground) over two million. The first figure is based on NKVD records and does not include the roughly 180,000 prisoners of war in Soviet captivity. Most modern historians estimate the number of all people deported from areas taken by the Soviet Union during this period at between 800,000 and 1,500,000. For example, Rummel estimates the number at 1,200,000 and Kushner and Knox at 1,500,000.^[59] Bernd Wegner quotes Norman Davies's estimate that half of an approximately one million deported Polish citizens were dead by the time the Sikorski-Mayski Agreement was signed in 1941.^[60] To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Norman Davies, Warsaw (Poland), October 7, 2004 Norman Davies (born June 8, 1939 in Bolton, Lancashire) is an English historian of Welsh descent, noted for his publications on the history of Poland, Europe and the British Isles. ... The Sikorski-Mayski Agreement was a treaty between Soviet Union and Poland signed in London on August 17, 1941. ...

The mass deportations were motivated by class warfare—Soviet propaganda hammered home the message that they were fighting a war against barbarism on behalf of civilization—and obsessive security concerns. Less openly admitted advantages of the deportations were the redistribution of deportees' housing and land, the establishment of a back-up labour force prior to the inevitable war with Germany, and the radical alteration of the ethnic demographic of the annexed region.^[47]

c. ^{^} Among the population of Eastern territories were circa 38% Poles, 37% Ukrainians, 14.5% Belarusians, 8.4% Jewish, 0.9% Russians and 0.6% Germans.^[61]

d. ^{^} Estonia and Latvia were placed in the Soviet sphere of influence and Lithuania in the German. According to Joachim von Ribbentrop, Germany had agreed to what Britain had refused: a free hand in the Baltic and a free hand in the Balkan states. On 28 September, the border was redefined by adding the area between the Vistula and Bug to the German sphere and moving Lithuania into the Soviet sphere.^[62] Ulrich Friedrich Wilhelm Joachim von Ribbentrop (born Ulrich Friedrich Wilhelm Joachim Ribbentrop) (April 30, 1893 â€“ October 16, 1946) was Foreign Minister of Germany from 1938 until 1945. ... is the 271st day of the year (272nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

e. ^{^} "Polish specialists claim up to 3000 killed and 8,000–10,000 wounded."^[63]

f. ^{^} On 7 September 1939, Stalin told the secretary general of the Comintern, Georgi Dimitrov: "War is going on between two groups of capitalist countries...for the division of the world, for domination of the entire world. We are not against their tearing one another to pieces and weakening one another." He called Poland a fascist state which had oppressed Ukrainians, Byelorussians and others, and stressed that "the liquidisation of this government under present conditions would mean one fascist government less. It wouldn’t be so bad if as a result of the destruction of Poland we extended the socialist system to new territories and populations."^[64] is the 250th day of the year (251st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Comintern (Russian: ÐšÐ¾Ð¼Ð¼ÑƒÐ½Ð¸ÑÑ‚Ð¸Ñ‡ÐµÑÐºÐ¸Ð¹ Ð˜Ð½Ñ‚ÐµÑ€Ð½Ð°Ñ†Ð¸Ð¾Ð½Ð°Ð», Kommunisticheskiy Internatsional â€“ Communist International, also known as the Third International) was an international Communist organization founded in March 1919, in the midst of the war communism period (1918-1921), by Vladimir Lenin and the Russian Communist Party (Bolshevik), which intended to fight by all available means, including... Georgi Dimitrov Georgi Mikhailov Dimitrov (Ð“ÐµÐ¾Ñ€Ð³Ð¸ ÐœÐ¸Ñ…Ð°Ð¹Ð»Ð¾Ð² Ð”Ð¸Ð¼Ð¸Ñ‚Ñ€Ð¾Ð², also known as Ð“ÐµÐ¾Ñ€Ð³Ð¸Ð¹ ÐœÐ¸Ñ…Ð°Ð¹Ð»Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ñ‡ Ð”Ð¸Ð¼Ð¸Ñ‚Ñ€Ð¾Ð²- Georgiy Mikhailovich Dimitrov) (June 18, 1882, Kovachevtsi, Pernik Province - July 2, 1949, Moscow) was a Bulgarian Communist leader. ... Fascism is an authoritarian political ideology (generally tied to a mass movement) that considers individual and other societal interests subordinate to the needs of the state, and seeks to forge a type of national unity, usually based on, but not limited to, ethnic, cultural, or racial attributes. ...

g. ^{^} The Soviets in effect repudiated the Riga Peace Treaty and the Soviet-Polish Non-Aggression Pact. They also violated the 1919 Covenant of the League of Nations (to which the USSR subscribed in 1934), the Briand-Kellog Pact of 1928 and the 1933 London Convention on the Definition of Aggression.^[65] Central and Eastern Europe after the Treaty of Riga See also Riga Peace Treaty for other treaties concluded in Riga. ... The Soviet-Polish Non-Aggression Pact (Polish: , Russian: ) was an international treaty of non-aggression signed in 1932 by representatives of Poland and the USSR. The pact was unilaterally broken by the Soviet Union on September 17, 1939, during the Nazi and Soviet invasion of Poland. ... ... The Kellogg-Briand Pact, also known as the Pact of Paris, after the city where it was signed on August 27, 1928, is an international treaty providing for the renunciation of war as an instrument of national policy. ... The Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter, commonly called the London Convention or LC 72, covers the deliberate disposal at sea of wastes or other matter from vessels, aircraft, and platforms. ...

h. ^{^} "The USSR proposed a ten-year Anglo-French-Soviet alliance which would include Rumania and Poland."^[66]

i. ^{^} The voters had a choice of only one candidate for each position of deputy; the communist party commissars then provided the assemblies with resolutions that would push through nationalization of banks and heavy industry and transfers of land to peasant communities.^[67]

j. ^{^} For other examples, described by an officer witness, see: Bronisław Konieczny, in Mój wrzesień 1939. Pamiętnik z kampanii wrześniowej spisany w obozie jenieckim and Moje życie w mundurze. Czasy narodzin i upadku II RP.

k. ^{^} The "Agreement of Mutual Assistance between the United Kingdom and Poland" (London, August 25, 1939) states in Article 1: "Should one of the Contracting Parties become engaged in hostilities with a European Power in consequence of aggression by the latter against that Contracting Party, the other Contracting Party will at once give the Contracting Party engaged in hostilities all the support and assistance in its power."^[68] is the 237th day of the year (238th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

l. ^{^} Some Ukrainians and Belarusians lived in the areas traded to Germany by the Soviets in the agreement of 28 October. For example, Chełm and Lemkivshchyna (Łemkowszczyzna), both with significant Ukrainian populations, were among the Ukrainian enclaves left in German-occupied Poland (see maps). is the 301st day of the year (302nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... CheÅ‚m ( ; Ukrainian: , Kholm) is a town in eastern Poland with 72,595 inhabitants (2005). ... Lemkivshchyna, sometimes called Lemkovyna, Lemkivshchyna, or Åemkowszczyzna, is the land of the Lemkos (Lemki) includes the higher elevations of the Carpathians of modern-day Poland, extending to around the Poprad River to the west, and extending to the east as far as the region around Sanok, where it meets the...

m. ^{^} "How are we ... to explain the phenomenon of Ukrainians rejoicing and collaborating with the Soviets? Who were these Ukrainians? That they were Ukrainians is certain, but were they communists, Nationalists, unattached peasants? The answer is "yes—they were all three".^[69]
It is reported, that Ukrainian peasants, who thought Soviet troops had come to liberate them from Polish pany, greeted the Soviets with (Ukrainian national) blue-yellow flags.^[70] The Flag of Ukraine (Ukrainian: ; translit. ...

n. ^{^} "The Soviet Union's invasion and occupation of Eastern Poland in September 1939 was a clear act of aggression in international law...But the Soviets did not declare war, nor did the Poles respond with a declaration of war. As a result there was confusion over the status of soldiers taken captive and whether they qualified for treatment as PoWs. Jurists consider that the absence of a formal declaration of war does not absolve a power from the obligations of civilised conduct towards PoWs. On the contrary, failure to do so makes those involved, both leaders and operational subordinates, liable to charges of War Crimes and Crimes against Humanity."^[71]

o. ^{^} "It is generally known, however, that the British and French governments turned down German peace efforts, made public by her already at the end of last year, which for its part, owed to preparations to escalate the war." Vyacheslav Molotov, March 29, 1940. ^[72] For other uses, see Molotov (disambiguation). ... is the 88th day of the year (89th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1940 (MCMXL) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h (Polish) Edukacja Humanistyczna w wojsku. 1/2005. Dom wydawniczy Wojska Polskiego. (Humanist Education in the Army.) 1/2005. Publishing House of the Polish Army). Retrieved 28 November 2006.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e (Polish) Kampania wrześniowa 1939 (September Campaign 1939) from PWN Encyklopedia. Internet Archive, mid-2006. Retrieved 16 July 2007.
^ Colonel-General Grigory Fedot Krivosheev, Soviet casualties and combat losses in the twentieth century.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r Sanford, p. 20-24.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Gross, p. 17.
^ Piotrowski, p. 199.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Anna M. Cienciala (2004). The Coming of the War and Eastern Europe in World War II (lecture notes, University of Kansas). Retrieved 15 March 2006.
^ ^a ^b ^c Telegrams sent by Schulenburg, German ambassador to the Soviet Union, from Moscow to the German Foreign Office: No. 317 of September 10, 1939, No. 371 of September 16, 1939, No. 372 of September 17, 1939. The Avalon Project, Yale Law School. Retrieved 14 November 2006.
^ ^a ^b (Polish) 1939 wrzesień 17, Moskwa Nota rządu sowieckiego nie przyjęta przez ambasadora Wacława Grzybowskiego (Note of the Soviet government to the Polish government on 17 September 1939, refused by Polish ambassador Wacław Grzybowski). Retrieved 15 November 2006; Degras, pp. 37–45. Extracts from Molotov's speech on Wikiquote.
^ (Polish) obozy jenieckie żołnierzy polskich (Prison camps for Polish soldiers). Encyklopedia PWN. Retrieved 28 November 2006.
^ Rummel, p.130; Rieber, p. 30.
^ Rieber, p 29.
^ ^a ^b (Ferro, p. 258); (Orlik-Rückemann, p. 20) See also: Education in the People's Republic of Poland.
^ Shaw, p 119; Neilson, p 298.
^ Kenez, pp. 129–31.
^ Davies, Europe: A History, p. 997.
^ Dunnigan, p. 132.
^ Sanford, pp. 20–25; Snyder, p. 77.
^ Gelven, p.236.
^ ^a ^b Zaloga, p 80.
^ Weinberg, p. 55.
^ Degras, pp. 37–45. Extracts from Molotov's speech on Wikiquote.
^ Szubański, Plan operacyjny "Wschód".
^ Piotrowski, p 199.
^ Gross, pp. 32–33.
^ Taylor, p. 38.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Fischer, Benjamin B., ""The Katyn Controversy: Stalin's Killing Field", Studies in Intelligence, Winter 1999–2000. Retrieved 16 July 2007.
^ (Polish) Artur Leinwand (1991). Obrona Lwowa we wrześniu 1939 roku. Instytut Lwowski. Retrieved 16 July 2007.
^ Ryś, p 50. [1]
^ ^a ^b (Polish) Szack. Encyklopedia Interia. Retrieved 28 November 2006.
^ ^a ^b Orlik-Rückemann, p. 20.
^ Moynihan, p. 93; Tucker, p. 612.
^ ^a ^b ^c Prazmowska, pp. 44–45.
^ Jackson, p. 75.
^ (Russian) Отчёт Украинского и Белорусского фронтов Красной Армии Мельтюхов, с. 367. [2]. Retrieved 17 July 2007.
^ Sanford, p. 23; (Polish) Olszyna-Wilczyński Józef Konstanty, Encyklopedia PWN. Retrieved 14 November 2006.
^ (Polish) Śledztwo w sprawie zabójstwa w dniu 22 września 1939 r. w okolicach miejscowości Sopoćkinie generała brygady Wojska Polskiego Józefa Olszyny-Wilczyńskiego i jego adiutanta kapitana Mieczysława Strzemskiego przez żołnierzy b. Związku Radzieckiego. (S 6/02/Zk) Polish Institute of National Remembrance. Internet Archive, 16.10.03. Retrieved 16 July 2007.
^ (Polish) Rozstrzelany Szpital (Executed Hospital). Tygodnik Zamojski, 15 September 2004. Retrieved 28 November 2006.
^ Soviet note unilaterally severing Soviet-Polish diplomatic relations, April 25, 1943. English translation of Polish document. Retrieved 19 December 2005; Sanford, p. 129.
^ Sanford, p. 127; Martin Dean Collaboration in the Holocaust. Retrieved 15 July 2007.
^ ^a ^b ^c Davies, Europe: A History, pp. 1001–1003.
^ Gross, pp. 24, 32–33.
^ Stachura, p.132.
^ Piotrowski, pp. 1, 11–13, 32.
^ Piotrowski, p.11
^ (Polish) Represje 1939-41 Aresztowani na Kresach Wschodnich (Repressions 1939–41. Arrested on the Eastern Borderlands.) Ośrodek Karta. Retrieved 15 November 2006.
^ ^a ^b Rieber, pp. 14, 32–37.
^ ^a ^b ^c (Polish) Marek Wierzbicki, Stosunki polsko-białoruskie pod okupacją sowiecką (1939–1941). „Białoruskie Zeszyty Historyczne” (НА СТАРОНКАХ КАМУНІКАТУ, Biełaruski histaryczny zbornik) 20 (2003), p. 186-188. Retrieved 16 July 2007.
^ Norman Davies, Boże Igrzysko (God's Playground), vol 2, pp. 512–513.
^ ^a ^b Andrzej Nowak, The Russo-Polish Historical Confrontation, Sarmatian Review, January 1997, Volume XVII, Number 1. Retrieved 16 July 2007.
^ Miner, pp. 41–2.
^ Wilson, p. 17.
^ Subtelny, p. 487.
^ (Kubik, p. 277); (Sanford, pp. 214–216)
^ (Rieber, p. 29)
^ (Russian) "ОТВЕТ РЕДАКТОРУ 'ПРАВДЫ'", Pravda, 30 November 1939. Retrieved on 2007-07-16.
^ (Polish) Ballada wrześniowa (September's tale). Text at Jacek Kaczmarski's official page. Retrieved on 2006-11-15.
^ (Polish) Okupacja Sowiecka W Polsce 1939–41. Encyklopedia PWN Retrieved 14 March 2006.
^ Rummel, p. 132; Kushner, p. 219.
^ Wegner, p. 78.
^ Trela-Mazur, p. 294.
^ Sanford, p. 21; Weinberg, p. 963.
^ Sanford, p 23.
^ Rieber, p. 29.
^ Piotrowski, p. 295.
^ Gronowicz, p. 51.
^ Rieber, pp. 29–30.
^ Stachura, p.125.
^ Piotrowski, p.199.
^ Piotrowski, p 198.
^ Sanford, p 39, 22–3.
^ Molotov, V.M., [http://www.histdoc.net/history/molotov.html Report On The Foreign Policy Of The Government, March 29, 1940. Moscow News, 1 April 1940. Retrieved 16 July 2007.

is the 332nd day of the year (333rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Encyklopedia PWN can refer to several encyclopedias published by Polish publisher PaÅ„stwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe Wielka Encyklopedia Powszechna PWN - published from 1962 to 1970 Wielka Encyklopedia PWN - published from 2001 to 2005 Internetowa encyklopedia PWN, also reffered to as Nowa encyklopedia powszechna PWN, is a free Internet Encyclopedia published by... The logo of Internet Archive The Internet Archive (IA) is a non-profit organization dedicated to maintaining an on-line library and archive of Web and multimedia resources. ... is the 197th day of the year (198th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... Grigoriy Fedotovich Krivosheyev (Russian: ) (b. ... George Sanford is a British scholar. ... Anna M. Cienciala is a Professor Emeritus of History and Russian and Eastern European Studies at Kansas University. ... The University of Kansas (often referred to as KU) is an institution of higher learning in Lawrence, Kansas. ... is the 74th day of the year (75th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Friedrich-Werner Graf von der Schulenburg (born 20 November 1875 in Kemberg, Saxony-Anhalt; died 10 November 1944 in Berlin) began his diplomatic career even before the First World War, serving as consul and ambassador in several countries. ... is the 253rd day of the year (254th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 259th day of the year (260th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 260th day of the year (261st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Avalon Project is Yale Law Schools digital library of Documents in Law, History and Diplomacy. ... The Sterling Law Building Sculptural ornamentation on the Sterling Law Building Yale Law School, or YLS, is the law school of Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut. ... is the 318th day of the year (319th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 260th day of the year (261st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... WacÅ‚aw Grzybowski (1887-1959) was a Polish politician and philosopher. ... is the 319th day of the year (320th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Volumes 1 thru 11 Wielka Encyklopedia Powszechna PWN (Great Universal Encyclopedia) is the largest Polish encyclopedia ever written. ... is the 332nd day of the year (333rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Education in the Peoples Republic of Poland was a priority of the government, which provided primary schools, secondary schools, vocational education and universities. ... James F. Dunnigan (born 1943) is an author and wargame designer currently living in New York City, notable for his matter-of-fact approach to military analysis. ... Timothy Snyder is an American historian from Yale University specializing in history of modern nationalism and history of East Europe. ... Michael Gelven, distinguished research professor of Philosophy at Northern Illinois University, is an author and well known writer of commentary on Heideggers Being and Time. Gelven has a wide range of specialties including: metaphysics, Heidegger, Kant, Nietzsche, philosophy in literature, philosophy of war. ... Steven Zaloga (b. ... Benjamin B. Fischer has worked for the United States Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) for nearly 30 years, and has been headquartered at its Center for the Study of Intelligence, History Staff, in recent years. ... is the 197th day of the year (198th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 197th day of the year (198th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... Encyklopedia Internautica is a Polish Internet encyclopedia based on the Popularna Encyklopedia Powszechna (Popular Common Encyclopedia) of Pinnex. ... is the 332nd day of the year (333rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 198th day of the year (199th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... Volumes 1 thru 11 Wielka Encyklopedia Powszechna PWN (Great Universal Encyclopedia) is the largest Polish encyclopedia ever written. ... is the 318th day of the year (319th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Institute of National Remembrance (Polish: ; IPN) is a Polish institution created by the IPN Act in 18 December 1998. ... is the 197th day of the year (198th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 258th day of the year (259th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 332nd day of the year (333rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 115th day of the year (116th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1943 (MCMXLIII) was a common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 353rd day of the year (354th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 196th day of the year (197th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 319th day of the year (320th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 197th day of the year (198th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... Norman Davies, Warsaw (Poland), October 7, 2004 Norman Davies (born June 8, 1939 in Bolton, Lancashire) is an English historian of Welsh descent, noted for his publications on the history of Poland, Europe and the British Isles. ... Gods Playground is a book about history of Poland written by Norman Davies. ... Andrzej Nowak (1960-) is a Polish historian and publicist. ... Sarmatian Review is an English language peer reviewed academic journal on the culture, history, and society of Central and Eastern Europe, published by Polish Institute of Houston at Rice University three times a year in January, April, and September. ... is the 197th day of the year (198th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 334th day of the year (335th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 197th day of the year (198th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 319th day of the year (320th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Volumes 1 thru 11 Wielka Encyklopedia Powszechna PWN (Great Universal Encyclopedia) is the largest Polish encyclopedia ever written. ... is the 73rd day of the year (74th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 88th day of the year (89th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1940 (MCMXL) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 91st day of the year (92nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1940 (MCMXL) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 197th day of the year (198th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ...

Select bibliography

Boyce, Robert W. D. (1998). French Foreign and Defence Policy, 1918–1940: The Decline and Fall of a Great Power. London, New York: Routledge. ISBN 0415150396.
Davies, Norman (1996). Europe: A History. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0198201710.
Davies, Norman (1994). Boże Igrzysko, vol. 2 (in Polish). ZNAK. ISBN 8370063114. – (2002) God's Playground, revised edition (in English), Columbia University Press. ISBN 0231128193.
Dean, Martin (2000). Collaboration in the Holocaust: Crimes of the Local Police in Belorussia and Ukraine, 1941–44. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 1403963711.
Degras, Jane Tabrisky, ed. (1953). Soviet Documents on Foreign Policy. Volume I: 1917–1941. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Dunnigan, James F. (2004). The World War II Bookshelf: Fifty Must-Read Books. New York: Citadel Press. ISBN 0806526092.
Ferro, Marc (2003). The Use and Abuse of History: Or How the Past Is Taught to Children. London, New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-041528592-6.
Gelven, Michael (1994). War and Existence: A Philosophical Inquiry. Pennsylvania: Penn State University Press. ISBN 0271010541.
Gronowicz, Antoni (1976). Polish Profiles: The Land, the People, and Their History. Westport, CT: L. Hill. ISBN 0882080601.
Gross, Jan Tomasz (2002). Revolution from Abroad: The Soviet Conquest of Poland's Western Ukraine and Western Belorussia. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0691096031.
Jackson, Julian (2003). The Fall of France: The Nazi Invasion of 1940. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 019280300X.
Kenéz, Peter (2006). A History of the Soviet Union from the Beginning to the End, 2nd ed., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-052186437-4.
Konieczny, Bronisław. Mój wrzesień 1939. Pamiętnik z kampanii wrześniowej spisany w obozie jenieckim (in Polish). Księgarnia Akademicka. ISBN 83-7188-328-5.
Konieczny, Bronisław (2005). Moje życie w mundurze. Czasy narodzin i upadku (in Polish). ISBN 83-7188-693-4.
Krivosheev, G. F. (1997). Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses in the Twentieth Century, Barnard, Christine (tr.), London: Greenhill Books. ISBN 1853672807.
Kubik, Jan (1994). The Power of Symbols Against the Symbols of Power: the Rise of Solidarity and the Fall of State. Pennsylvania: Penn State University Press. ISBN 0271010843.
Kushner, Tony; Knox, Katharine (1999). Refugees in an Age of Genocide. London, New York: Routledge. ISBN 0714647837.
Miner, Steven Merritt (2003). Stalin's Holy War: Religion, Nationalism, and Alliance Politics, 1941-1945. North Carolina: UNC Press. ISBN 0807827363.
Moynihan, Daniel Patrick (1990). On the Law of Nations. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0674635752.
Neilson, Keith (2006). Britain, Soviet Russia and the Collapse of the Versailles Order, 1919–1939. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-052185713-0.
Orlik-Rückemann, Wilhelm (1985). in Leopold Jerzewski (ed.): Kampania wrześniowa na Polesiu i Wołyniu: 17.IX.1939–1.X.1939 (in Polish). Warsaw: Głos.
Piotrowski, Tadeusz (1998). Poland's Holocaust: Ethnic Strife: Collaboration with Occupying Forces and Genocide in the Second Republic, 1918–1947. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company. ISBN 0786403713.
Prazmowska, Anita J. (1995). Britain and Poland 1939–1943: The Betrayed Ally. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521483859.
Rieber, Alfred Joseph (2000). Forced Migration in Central and Eastern Europe: 1939–1950. London, New York: Routledge. ISBN 071465132X.
Rummel, Rudolph Joseph (1990). Lethal Politics: Soviet Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1917. New Jersey: Transaction. ISBN 1560008873.
Ryziński, Kazimierz; Ryszard Dalecki (1990). Obrona Lwowa w roku 1939 (in Polish). ISBN 9788303033567.
Sanford, George (2005). Katyn and the Soviet Massacre Of 1940: Truth, Justice And Memory. London, New York: Routledge. ISBN 0415338735.
Shaw, Louise Grace (2003). The British Political Elite and the Soviet Union, 1937–1939. London, New York: Routledge. ISBN 0714653985.
Snyder, Timothy (2005). "Covert Polish Missions Across the Soviet Ukrainian Border, 1928–1933", in Silvia Salvatici (ed.): Confini: Costruzioni, Attraversamenti, Rappresentazionicura. Soveria Mannelli (Catanzaro): Rubbettino. ISBN 8849812760.
Stachura, Peter D. (2004). Poland, 1918-1945: An Interpretive and Documentary History of the Second Republic. London, New York: Routledge. ISBN 0415343577.
Subtelny, Orest (2000). Ukraine: a History. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 0802083900.
Szubański, Rajmund (1994). Plan operacyjny "Wschód" (in Polish). ISBN 8311083134.
Taylor, A. J. P. (1975). The Second World War: An Illustrated History. London: Putnam. ISBN 0399114122.
Trela-Mazur, Elżbieta (1997). in Włodzimierz Bonusiak, et al (eds.): Sowietyzacja oświaty w Małopolsce Wschodniej pod radziecką okupacją 1939–1941 (Sovietization of Education in Eastern Lesser Poland During the Soviet Occupation 1939–1941) (in Polish). Kielce: Wyższa Szkoła Pedagogiczna im. Jana Kochanowskiego. ISBN 978-837133100-8.
Tucker, Robert C. (1992). Stalin in Power: The Revolution from Above, 1929–1941. New York: Norton. ISBN 0393308693.
Wegner, Bernd (1997). From Peace to War: Germany, Soviet Russia, and the World, 1939–1941. Providence: Berghahn Books. ISBN 1571818820.
Weinberg, Gerhard (1994). A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521443172.
Wilson, Andrew (1997). Ukrainian Nationalism in the 1990s: A Minority Faith. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521574579.
Zaloga, Steven J. (2002). Poland 1939: The Birth of Blitzkrieg. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 1841764086.

Robert William Dewar Boyce (b. ... Routledge is an imprint for books in the humanities part of the Taylor & Francis Group, which also has Brunner-Routledge, RoutledgeCurzon and RoutledgeFalmer divisions. ... Norman Davies, Warsaw (Poland), October 7, 2004 Norman Davies (born June 8, 1939 in Bolton, Lancashire) is an English historian of Welsh descent, noted for his publications on the history of Poland, Europe and the British Isles. ... Oxford University Press (OUP) is a highly-respected publishing house and a department of the University of Oxford in England. ... Norman Davies, Warsaw (Poland), October 7, 2004 Norman Davies (born June 8, 1939 in Bolton, Lancashire) is an English historian of Welsh descent, noted for his publications on the history of Poland, Europe and the British Isles. ... Gods Playground is a book about history of Poland written by Norman Davies. ... Marc Ferro is a French historian specialised in the history of Russia, the USSR and cinema. ... Routledge is an imprint for books in the humanities part of the Taylor & Francis Group, which also has Brunner-Routledge, RoutledgeCurzon and RoutledgeFalmer divisions. ... Michael Gelven, distinguished research professor of Philosophy at Northern Illinois University, is an author and well known writer of commentary on Heideggers Being and Time. Gelven has a wide range of specialties including: metaphysics, Heidegger, Kant, Nietzsche, philosophy in literature, philosophy of war. ... The Penn State University Press, also called Penn State Press was established in 1956, and is a non-profit publisher of scholarly books and journals. ... Official language(s) English Capital Hartford Largest city Bridgeport Largest metro area Hartford Area Ranked 48th - Total 5,543[2] sq mi (14,356 kmÂ²) - Width 70 miles (113 km) - Length 110 miles (177 km) - % water 12. ... Jan Tomasz Gross (born December 8, 1947 in Warsaw)- a controversial Polish-American historian of Jewish origin. ... Official language(s) English de facto Capital Trenton Largest city Newark Area Ranked 47th - Total 8,729 sq mi (22,608 kmÂ²) - Width 70 miles (110 km) - Length 150 miles (240 km) - % water 14. ... Julian T. Jackson (born 1954) is a prominent British Historian. ... Peter Kenez is a historian specializing in Russian history and Eastern Europe. ... The headquarters of the Cambridge University Press, in Trumpington Street, Cambridge. ... Grigoriy Fedotovich Krivosheyev (Russian: ) (b. ... Tony Kushner (born July 16, 1956) is an award-winning American playwright most famous for his play Angels in America, for which he was awarded the Pulitzer Prize. ... Routledge is an imprint for books in the humanities part of the Taylor & Francis Group, which also has Brunner-Routledge, RoutledgeCurzon and RoutledgeFalmer divisions. ... Daniel Patrick â€œPatâ€ Moynihan (March 16, 1927 â€“ March 26, 2003) was a United States Senator, Ambassador, and eminent sociologist. ... This article is about the U.S. State. ... The Harvard University Press is a publishing house, a division of Harvard University, that is highly respected in academic publishing. ... Wilhelm Orlik-Rueckemann (sometimes referred to as Wilhelm RÃ¼ckemann; 1894-1986) was a Polish general, military commander and one of the pioneers of armoured warfare in Poland. ... Official language(s) English Capital Raleigh Largest city Charlotte Area Ranked 28th - Total 53,865 sq mi (139,509 kmÂ²) - Width 150 miles (240 km) - Length 560[1] miles (901 km) - % water 9. ... Anita J. Prazmowska is a professor and a Senior Lecturer in International History at the London School of Economics. ... Routledge is an imprint for books in the humanities part of the Taylor & Francis Group, which also has Brunner-Routledge, RoutledgeCurzon and RoutledgeFalmer divisions. ... George Sanford is a British scholar. ... Routledge is an imprint for books in the humanities part of the Taylor & Francis Group, which also has Brunner-Routledge, RoutledgeCurzon and RoutledgeFalmer divisions. ... Routledge is an imprint for books in the humanities part of the Taylor & Francis Group, which also has Brunner-Routledge, RoutledgeCurzon and RoutledgeFalmer divisions. ... Timothy Snyder is an American historian from Yale University specializing in history of modern nationalism and history of East Europe. ... Routledge is an imprint for books in the humanities part of the Taylor & Francis Group, which also has Brunner-Routledge, RoutledgeCurzon and RoutledgeFalmer divisions. ... Orest Subtelny - Ukrainian historian, professor at Department of History and Political Science, York University. ... The University of Toronto Press is a publishing house and a division of the University of Toronto that engages in academic publishing. ... Alan John Percivale Taylor (March 25, 1906â€“September 7, 1990) was a renowned British historian of the 20th century. ... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... Gerhard L. Weinberg, January 2003 Gerhard Ludwig Weinberg (born January 1, 1928) is a German-born American diplomatic and military historian noted for his studies in the history of World War Two. ... Andrew Wilson (b. ... Steven Zaloga is an expert on military technology. ...

External links

Categories: Polish September Campaign | Polish-Russian wars | 1939 in Poland Image File history File links Commons-logo. ... Image of one of banners posted at the 1968 Red Square demonstration (For your and our freedom) Soviet occupations[1][2][3] is a term used for military occupations and force-backed political influence of Soviet Union since the prelude to World War II. Typically, Soviets established of Soviet-type... Countries occupied by Soviet Union may refer to: Soviet occupations Post-WWII Soviet occupation of Eastern Europe (see also USSR and Warsaw Treaty) Soviet occupation of Afghanistan (1979â€“89) Azerbaijan Peoples Government Soviet occupation zone of Austria Occupation of Baltic states Estonia in World War II & Estonian SSR Occupations... For other uses, see Europe (disambiguation). ... On June 28, 1940 Bessarabia and northern Bukovina were occupied by the Soviet Union. ... Bornholm is a Danish island in the Baltic Sea. ... The occupation of Baltic states generally refers to the occupation of the Baltic states (Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania) first by the Soviet Union, then Nazi Germany, and again by the Soviets during World War II, and to the Soviet presence in the Baltics from 1945 until the re-establishment of... Image File history File links Hammer_and_sickle. ... A representation of the changes in territory controlled by Allies and Axis powers over the course of the war. ... For other uses, see Asia (disambiguation). ... A surcharged stamp published under the name of Azarbaijan Peoples Government The Azerbaijan Peoples Government (APG) was a short-lived, Soviet-backed client state (November 1945 - November 1946) in northern Iran. ... The Kuril Islands with the disputed islands highlighted The Kuril Island conflict is a dispute between Japan and Russia over sovereignty over the southernmost Kuril Islands. ...

Contents

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