Reino de España Kingdom of Spain ← 1878 – 1931 → Flag Coat of arms Anthem Marcha Real Capital Madrid Language(s) Spanish Religion Roman Catholic Church Government Constitutional monarchy Monarch  - 1874-1885 Alfonso XII  - 1886-1931 Alfonso XIII  - 1885-1902 Maria Christina of Austria (Regent) Prime Minister¹  - 1874-1875 (first term) Antonio Cánovas del Castillo  - 1931 Juan Bautista Aznar Cabañas Legislature Congress of Deputies History  - Coup d'etat December 29, 1878  - Abdication April 14, 1931 Currency Spanish escudo Spanish peseta ¹ Formal title is "Presidente del Gobierno" ("President of the Government")

The Restoration was the name given to the period that began in December 29, 1874 after the First Spanish Republic ended with the restoration of Alfonso XII to the throne after a coup d'etat by Martinez Campos, and ended on April 14, 1931 with the proclamation of the Second Spanish Republic. Flag of the Spanish First Republic The First Spanish Republic lasted only two years, between 1873 and 1874. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_First_Spanish_Republic. ... 1878 (MDCCCLXXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Year 1931 (MCMXXXI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1931 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_Second_Spanish_Republic. ... Anthem El Himno de Riego Capital Madrid Language(s) Spanish Government Republic President  - 1931–1936 Niceto Alcalá-Zamora  - 1936–1939 Manuel Azaña Legislature Congress of Deputies Historical era Interwar period  - Monarchy abolished April 14, 1931  - Spanish Civil War 1936–1939  - Surrender to Franco April 1, 1939 Currency Spanish peseta... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 396 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (397 × 601 pixel, file size: 125 KB, MIME type: image/png) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... Flag of Spain in Plaza de Colón, Madrid. ... Coat of Arms of Spain (Official model) The current Coat of arms of Spain was approved by law [1] in 1981, when the present established replaced the interim version which, in turn, replaced the official arms of Francoist Spain. ... A national anthem is a generally patriotic musical composition that is evoking and eulogising the history, traditions and struggles of its people, recognised either by a countrys government as the official national song, or by convention through use by the people. ... (The Royal March) is the national anthem of Spain. ... Throughout the world there are many cities that were once national capitals but no longer have that status because the country ceased to exist, the capital was moved, or the capital city was renamed. ... This article is about the Spanish capital. ... “Catholic Church” redirects here. ... Forms of government Part of the Politics series Politics Portal This box:      A constitutional monarchy is a form of government established under a constitutional system which acknowledges an elected or hereditary monarch as head of state, as opposed to an absolute monarchy, where the monarch is not bound by a... The Spanish monarchy, referred to as the Crown of Spain (Corona de España) in the Spanish Constitution of 1978, is the office of the King or Queen of Spain. ... Alfonso XII of Spain (November 28, 1857–November 25, 1885), was king of Spain, reigning from 1875 to 1885, after a coup détat restored the monarchy and ended the ephemeral First Spanish Republic. ... Alfonso XIII (May 17, 1886 – February 28, 1941), King of Spain, posthumous son of Alfonso XII of Spain, was proclaimed King at his birth. ... Maria Christina of Austria, Queen of Spain Maria Christina, Princess Imperia and Archduchess of Austria, Princess Royal of Hungary and Bohemia (Maria Christina Désirée Henriette Felicitas Rainiera von Habsburg-Lothringen, 21 July 1858–6 February 1929) was the second Queen consort of King Alfonso XII of Spain and... Regent, from the Latin, a person selected to administer a state because the ruler is a minor or is not present or debilitated. ... The President of the Government (Spanish: Presidente del Gobierno), or Prime Minister, of Spain is the Spanish head of government. ... Antonio Cánovas del Castillo, Spanish statesman and historian Antonio Cánovas Del Castillo (Málaga, February 8, 1828 – Mondragón (Guipúzcoa), August 8, 1897) was an important 19th century Spanish politician and historian known principally for his role in supporting the restoration of the Bourbon monarchy to the... Juan Bautista Aznar Cabañas was a Spanish admiral who was made Prime Minister at a time of intense crisis, in the first months of 1931, when the monarchy was on the verge of falling under popular pressure for a republic. ... A legislature is a type of representative deliberative assembly with the power to adopt laws. ... The Spanish Congress of Deputies (Spanish: Congreso de los Diputados) is the lower house of the Cortes Generales, Spains legislative branch. ... A coup détat, or simply a coup, is the sudden overthrow of a government, usually done by a small group that just replaces the top power figures. ... is the 363rd day of the year (364th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Alfonso XIII (May 17, 1886 – February 28, 1941), King of Spain, posthumous son of Alfonso XII of Spain, was proclaimed King at his birth. ... April 14 is the 104th day of the year (105th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 261 days remaining. ... The escudo was the name of two distinct Spanish currency denominations. ... ISO 4217 Code ESP User(s) Spain, Andorra Inflation 1. ... is the 363rd day of the year (364th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1874 (MDCCCLXXIV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link with display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Flag of the Spanish First Republic The First Spanish Republic lasted only two years, between 1873 and 1874. ... Alfonso XII of Spain (November 28, 1857 _ November 25, 1885), was king of Spain, reigning from 1875 to 1885, after a coup detat restored the monarchy and ended the ephemeral First Spanish Republic. ... A coup détat, or simply a coup, is the sudden overthrow of a government, usually done by a small group that just replaces the top power figures. ... Arsenio Martínez Campos in his later years Arsenio Martínez Campos was a Spanish officer, who pronounced against the First Spanish Republic and was later Captain of Cuba. ... April 14 is the 104th day of the year (105th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 261 days remaining. ... Year 1931 (MCMXXXI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1931 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Anthem El Himno de Riego Capital Madrid Language(s) Spanish Government Republic President  - 1931–1936 Niceto Alcalá-Zamora  - 1936–1939 Manuel Azaña Legislature Congress of Deputies Historical era Interwar period  - Monarchy abolished April 14, 1931  - Spanish Civil War 1936–1939  - Surrender to Franco April 1, 1939 Currency Spanish peseta...

After almost a whole century of political instability and many civil wars, the aim of the Restoration was to create a new political system, which ensured stability by the practice of turnismo. This was the deliberate rotation of the Liberal and Conservative parties in the government, so no sector of the bourgeoisie felt isolated, and excluded all other parties from the system. This was achieved by electoral fraud.

Reign of Alfonso XII and Regency of María Cristina (1875 - 1898)

The pronunciamiento by Martinez Campos established Alfonso XII as King, marking the end of the First Spanish Republic. After this, the Constitution of 1876 was written and enforced during the whole restoration. This constitution established Spain as a bi-cameral constitutional monarchy, with a lower House (Congreso de Diputados), and an upper House (Senado). This constitution gave the King the power to name Senators, and to revoke laws if he wanted to, and he was also given the title of Commander-in-chief of the army. Alfonso XII of Spain (November 28, 1857 _ November 25, 1885), was king of Spain, reigning from 1875 to 1885, after a coup detat restored the monarchy and ended the ephemeral First Spanish Republic. ... Flag of the Spanish First Republic The First Spanish Republic lasted only two years, between 1873 and 1874. ... Year 1876 Pick up Sticks(MDCCCLXXVI) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a leap year starting on Thursday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ...

These years were marked by economic prosperity. Spain's economy was quite behind those of the other European countries, and during these years, the modernization of the country took place on a large scale. On most fronts, production was increased, and national products increased due to extreme protectionist measures.

The two parties alternated in the government in a controlled process known as el turno pacífico: the Liberal Party led by Sagasta and the Conservative Party led by Canovas del Castillo. The caciques, local powerful men, were used to manipulate election results and because of this, resentment to the system slowly built up over time, and important nationalist movements in Catalonia and the Basque Country, as well as unions, started to form. El Turno Pacifico was a system put in place in Spain by Antonio Canovas del Castillo. ... Práxedes Mateo Sagasta (1825-1903) born on July 21, 1825 at Torrecilla de Cameros Logroño, La Rioja, Spain and died on January 5, 1903 in Madrid. ... Antonio Cánovas del Castillo, Spanish statesman and historian Antonio Cánovas Del Castillo was a Spanish politician and historian ( Málaga, February 8, 1828 — Mondragón ( Guipúzcoa), August 8, 1897). ... Anthem: Capital Barcelona Official language(s) Catalan,Spanish and Aranese. ... Pays Basque) see Northern Basque Country. ...

Reign of Alfonso XIII and crisis of the system (1898 - 1923)

History of Spain series
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In 1898 Spain lost its two last major colonies (Cuba, Puerto Rico and the Philippines) in the Spanish-American War. The rapid collapse was perceived as a disaster in Spain, undermining the credibility of both the government and associated ideologies and almost led to a military coup d'état led by Camilo Polavieja. This was the start of the system's weakening, giving oxygen to all manner of conflicting opposition movements at a local and national level. The history of Spain spans the period from pre-historic times, through the rise and fall of the first global empire, to Spains modern-day renaissance in the post-Franco era. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Alhambra-petit. ... This article describes the prehistory of the Iberian Peninsula from the appearance of the first human populations until the arrival of the Phoenicians and the first recorded contacts with other European cultures. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Iberian Peninsula. ... After the disorders of the passage of the Vandals and Alans down the Mediterranean coast of Hispania from 409, the history of Medieval Spain begins with the Iberian kingdom of the Arian Visigoths (507 – 711), who were converted to Catholicism with their king Reccared in 587. ... Migrations The Visigoths (Western Goths) were one of two main branches of the Goths, an East Germanic tribe (the Ostrogoths being the other). ... The Suebi or Suevi were a Germanic people whose origin was near the Baltic Sea . ... ... The Byzantine Empire at its greatest extent under Justinian I. Justinians inherited empire in pink with his conquests, including Spania, in orange. ... Al-Andalus is the Arabic name given the Iberian Peninsula by its Muslim conquerors; it refers to both the Caliphate proper and the general period of Muslim rule (711–1492). ... For other senses of this word, see Reconquista (disambiguation). ... During the reign of Emperor Charles V (Carlos I of Spain), who ascended the thrones of the kingdoms of Spain after the death of his grandfather Ferdinand, Habsburg Spain controlled territory ranging from Philippines to the Netherlands, and was, for a time, Europes greatest power. ... The Age of Enlightenment came to Spain in the eighteenth century with the accession of King Philip V, the first Spanish king of the French Bourbon dynasty. ... History of Spain series Prehistoric Spain Roman Spain Medieval Spain - Visigoths - Al-Andalus - Age of Reconquest Age of Expansion Age of Enlightenment Reaction and Revolution First Spanish Republic The Restoration Second Spanish Republic Spanish Civil War The Dictatorship Modern Spain Topics Economic History Military History Social History Spain in the... Flag of the Spanish First Republic The First Spanish Republic lasted only two years, between 1873 and 1874. ... Anthem El Himno de Riego Capital Madrid Language(s) Spanish Government Republic President  - 1931–1936 Niceto Alcalá-Zamora  - 1936–1939 Manuel Azaña Legislature Congress of Deputies Historical era Interwar period  - Monarchy abolished April 14, 1931  - Spanish Civil War 1936–1939  - Surrender to Franco April 1, 1939 Currency Spanish peseta... Not to be confused with the Spanish Civil War of 1820-1823. ... The Spanish Civil War officially ended on 1 April 1939, the day Francisco Franco announced the end of hostilities. ... The Spanish transition to democracy or new Bourbon restoration was the era when Spain moved from the dictatorship of Francisco Franco to a liberal democratic state. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... The Economic history of Spain covers the development of the Spanish economy over the course of its history. ... The military history of Spain includes the history of battles fought in the territory of modern Spain, as well as her former and current overseas possessions and territories, and the military history of the Spanish people regardless of geography. ... Combatants United States Republic of Cuba Philippine Republic Spain Commanders Nelson A. Miles William R. Shafter George Dewey Máximo Gómez Emilio Aguinaldo Patricio Montojo Pascual Cervera Arsenio Linares Ramón Blanco Casualties 3,289 U.S. dead (432 from combat); considerably higher although undetermined Cuban and Filipino casualties...

The failed attempts to conquer Morocco (Rif War) caused great discontent at home, and ended up in a revolt in Barcelona, known as the Semana Tragica, in which the lower classes of Barcelona backed by the anarchists, communists and republicans, revolted against what they considered the unjust methods of recruiting soldiers. The government declared a state of war, and sent the army to crush the revolt, causing hundreds of deaths, and the execution of Francisco Ferrer. The socialist union UGT and the anarchist union CNT decided to initiate a general strike across the country, which failed because the unions could only mobilize urban workers. Please wikify (format) this article or section as suggested in the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style. ... Location Coordinates : Time Zone : CET (GMT +1) - summer: CEST (GMT +2) General information Native name Barcelona (Catalan) Spanish name Barcelona Nickname Ciutat Comtal (City of Counts) Postal code 08001–08080 Area code 34 (Spain) + 93 (Barcelona) Website http://www. ... The Tragic Week (in Catalan, la Setmana Tràgica; in Spanish, la Semana Trágica) (July 25-August 2, 1909) is the name used for a series of bloody confrontations between the working classes of Barcelona and other cities of Catalonia, backed by the anarchists, communists and republicans, and the... Francisco Ferrer Guardia Francisco Ferrer Guardia (January 10, 1849 - October 13, 1909), often simply Francisco Ferrer was a Spanish free-thinker. ... The Unión General de Trabajadores (UGT, Workers General Union) is a major Spanish trade union, historically affiliated with the Spanish Socialist Workers Party (PSOE). ... The Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (National Confederation of Labour or CNT), founded in Barcelona, Spain, in 1910, was at one time that countrys largest labour union. ...

The problems in Morocco worsened, as an army of natives attacked the Spanish army. They were taken by surprise, and due to the skill of the Moroccan chieftain Abd-Al-Krim, virtually annihilated the Spanish army almost all the way to Melilla in the Battle of Annual. This defeat was due to improper planning, and was blamed on the top military officers, causing great discontent among the military, who felt misunderstood, because they had been directed to advance into the interior without adequate resources to occupy the difficult territory. Capital Official language(s) Spanish Area  â€“ Total  â€“ % of Spain Ranked  20 km²   Population  â€“ Total (2006)  â€“ % of Spain  â€“ Density Ranked  66,871    3,343. ... Combatants Republic of the Rif Spain Commanders Abd el-Krim El Khattabi Manuel Fernández Silvestre Felipe Navarro y Ceballos-Escalera Strength ~18,000 non regulars 18,011 Spanish troops plus 4,653 Moroccan auxillaries (~5,000 present at Annual) Casualties ~1,000 dead 13,363 dead (including missed in...

Primo de Rivera's dictatorship (1923 - 1930)

The military discontent, the fear of anarchist terrorism or a proletarian revolution, and the rise of nationalisms ended up causing great agitation amongst the civilians and the military. On September 13, 1923, Miguel Primo de Rivera, Captain General of Catalonia at that time, orchestrated a coup d'état, after emitting a manifesto blaming the problems of Spain on the parliamentary system. Alfonso XIII backed the General, and named him Prime Minister. He proceeded to suspend the Constitution, and assume absolute powers as a dictator, abolishing all other parties. He created the Unión Patriótica Española which was meant to be the sole legal party. During this time, he greatly increased government spending in business and public services, which caused his government to go bankrupt. He lost the support of the military, and faced serious health problems. Opposition to his regime was so great that Alfonso XIII stopped supporting him and forced him to resign in January 1930. is the 256th day of the year (257th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1923 (MCMXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Spanish dictator Miguel Primo de Rivera y Orbaneja Miguel Primo de Rivera y Orbaneja, Marqués de Estella (Jerez, January 8, 1870 - Paris, March 16, 1930) was a Spanish military official who ruled Spain as a dictator from 1923 to 1930, ending the turno system of alternating parties. ... Captain General is a rank and a title. ... Anthem: Capital Barcelona Official language(s) Catalan,Spanish and Aranese. ... Alfonso XIII of Spain (May 17, 1886 - February 28, 1941), King of Spain, posthumous son of Alfonso XII of Spain, was proclaimed King at his birth. ... The Unión Patriótica Española (Spanish Patriotic Union, UPE) was the party created from above by Spanish dictator Miguel Primo de Rivera, conceived as a support to his conservative dictatorship and integrating political Catholicism, technocrats, and the business-owning classes. ... Year 1930 (MCMXXX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display 1930 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

The final years (1930 - 1931)

Alfonso XIII, in an attempt to return gradually to the previous system and restore his prestige, called on General Dámaso Berenguer to form a government. This failed utterly, as the King was considered a supporter of the dictatorship, and more and more political forces called for the establishment of a republic. Berenguer resigned and the King gave the government to Admiral Aznar. Aznar called for local elections on April 13, 1931 in order to satisfy the democrats and republicans, to replace the dictatorship's local governments and to gradually re-introduce the restoration. Dámaso Berenguer y Fusté (4 August 1873 – 19 May 1953) was a Spanish soldier and politician. ... is the 103rd day of the year (104th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1931 (MCMXXXI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1931 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Although the monarchists had not lost all their support, the republican and socialist parties won a major victory. Street riots ensued, calling for the removal of the monarchy. The army declared that they would not defend the King and he fled Spain. The Second Spanish Republic was immediately established under a provisional government led by Niceto Alcalá-Zamora. Anthem El Himno de Riego Capital Madrid Language(s) Spanish Government Republic President  - 1931–1936 Niceto Alcalá-Zamora  - 1936–1939 Manuel Azaña Legislature Congress of Deputies Historical era Interwar period  - Monarchy abolished April 14, 1931  - Spanish Civil War 1936–1939  - Surrender to Franco April 1, 1939 Currency Spanish peseta... Cover of Time Magazine, May 4, 1931 Niceto Alcalá-Zamora y Torres (July 6, 1877 – February 18, 1949), served (very briefly) as first Prime Minister of the Second Spanish Republic, and then - from 1931 to 1936 - as its president. ...