NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Spallation Neutron Source

The Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) is an accelerator-based neutron source being built in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA, by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). SNS is being designed and constructed by a unique partnership of six DOE national laboratories: Argonne, Lawrence Berkeley, Brookhaven, Jefferson, Los Alamos, and Oak Ridge. Image File history File links SNS aerial File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Image File history File links SNS aerial File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Oak Ridge is a city in Anderson and Roane Counties in eastern Tennessee, about 25 miles northwest of Knoxville. ... The United States Department of Energy (DOE) is a Cabinet-level department of the United States government responsible for energy policy and nuclear safety. ... Argonne National Laboratory is one of the United States governments oldest and largest science and engineering research national laboratories and is the largest in the Midwest. ... The Berkeley Lab is perched on a hill overlooking the Berkeley central campus and San Francisco Bay. ... Aerial view of Brookhaven National Laboratory. ... Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (TJNAF), commonly called Jefferson Lab (JLAB), is a U.S. national laboratory operated by Southeastern Universities Research Association (SURA) for the U.S. Department of Energy. ... Los Alamos National Laboratory, aerial view from 1995. ... Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) is a multiprogram science and technology national laboratory managed for the United States Department of Energy by UT-Battelle, LLC. ORNL is located in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, near Knoxville. ...

Facility

When completed in 2006, SNS will provide the most intense pulsed neutron beams in the world for scientific research and industrial development. SNS will operate as a user facility that will enable researchers from all over the world to study the science of materials that forms the basis for new technologies in energy, telecommunications, manufacturing, transportation, information technology, biotechnology, and health. Upgrade to deuterium ion as accelerated particle will improve the neutron output. SNS is managed by Oak Ridge National Laboratory for the DOE. Telecommunication involves the transmission of signals over a distance for the purpose of communication. ... Manufacturing is the transformation of raw materials into finished goods for sale, by means of tools and a processing medium, and including all intermediate processes involving the production or finishing of component parts (semi-manufactures). It is a large branch of industry and of secondary production. ... Information technology (IT)[1] is a broad subject concerned with technology and other aspects of managing and processing information, especially in large organizations. ... The structure of insulin Biotechnology is a technology based on biology, especially when used in agriculture, food science, and medicine. ... Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) is a multiprogram science and technology national laboratory managed for the United States Department of Energy by UT-Battelle, LLC. ORNL is located in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, near Knoxville. ...

The Central Laboratory & Office Building (CLO) will accommodate 1,000 to 2,000 outside research visitors a year, who will explore the structural and dynamic behavior of materials and their interfaces by neutron bombardment. A separate building connected to the CLO will house the Center for Nanophase Material Sciences, separately funded by the Department of Energy. The SNS facility is designed so that a second target facility building can be constructed to double the overall experimental capacity. Nanophase Material are material that have grain sizes under 100 nanometres (typically 0. ...

The SNS target will accommodate up to 24 neutron beam instruments. Currently, 17 of these beam positions have been allocated and will include world-class diffractometers, spectrometers, and reflectometers designed specifically for the unique capabilities of SNS. One beam line will be devoted to the study of fundamental neutron physics. Each instrument is optimized for a particular area of science. As a whole, the instruments will support a wide variety of research into the structure and dynamics of materials at the atomic and molecular levels. Use of the instruments will range from highly applied topics such as the study of localized strains around welds to the study of magnetic phenomena in layered materials to experiments on functionality in biological materials. The first three of the instruments will become operational in 2006, and other instruments will be completed at the rate of one to four per year through at least 2011. Properties In physics, the neutron is a subatomic particle with no net electric charge and a mass of 939. ... A single crystal diffractometer A Diffractometer (Main Entry: difÂ·fracÂ·tomÂ·eÂ·ter Pronunciation: di-frak-tÃ¤-m&-t&r Function: noun) is a measuring instrument for analyzing the structure of a usually crystalline substance from the scattering pattern produced when a beam of radiation or particles (as X rays... // Headline text Bold text:For Acoustic uses in spectrographs of sound waves, see below. ... Two scientific instruments commonly designated Reflectometer are: Reflectometer (optics): In optics, an instrument for measuring the reflectance of reflecting surfaces. ... In particle physics, a beamline is the line along which a beam of particles travels through, or when projected from, a particle accelerator. ... Properties In physics, the neutron is a subatomic particle with no net electric charge and a mass of 939. ... The first few hydrogen atom electron orbitals shown as cross-sections with color-coded probability density View of the Earth as seen by the Apollo 17 crew traveling toward the moon. ... The general meaning of atomic is irreducible. That is, reduced to the smallest possible part. ... In science, a molecule is the smallest particle of a pure chemical substance that still retains its chemical composition and properties. ... In physics, magnetism is a phenomenon by which materials exert an attractive or repulsive force on other materials. ...

On April 28, 2006, the SNS achieved beam on target for the first time at 2:04:13PM EST and the first significant amount of spalled neutrons were detected at 2:08PM EST.

What is spallation?

When a high-energy proton bombards a heavy atomic nucleus, some neutrons are "spalled," or knocked out, in a nuclear reaction process called spallation. Other neutrons are "boiled off" as the bombarded nucleus heats up. For every proton striking the nucleus, 20 to 30 neutrons are expelled. Meson production limits spallation efficiency above 140 Mev. At the 1 Gev proton energy level, the Spallation Neutron Source will require 30 Mev per neutron produced. Neutron scattering is used by a variety of scientific disciplines to study the arrangement, motion, and interaction of atoms in materials. It's important because it provides valuable information that often cannot be obtained using other techniques, such as optical spectroscopies, electron microscopy, and x-ray diffraction. Scientists need all these techniques to provide the maximum amount of information on materials. Properties In physics, the proton (Greek proton = first) is a subatomic particle with an electric charge of one positive fundamental unit (1. ... A semi-accurate depiction of the helium atom. ... In nuclear physics, a nuclear reaction is a process in which two nuclei or nuclear particles collide, to produce different products than the initial products. ... In nuclear physics, spallation is the process in which a heavy nucleus emits a large number of nucleons as a result of being hit by a high-energy proton, thus greatly reducing its atomic weight. ... Properties In physics, the proton (Greek proton = first) is a subatomic particle with an electric charge of one positive fundamental unit (1. ... The term Neutron Scattering encompasses all scientific techniques whereby neutrons are used as a scientific probe. ... X-ray crystallography is a technique in crystallography in which the pattern produced by the diffraction of x-rays through the closely spaced lattice of atoms in a crystal is recorded and then analyzed to reveal the nature of that lattice. ... For a List of scientists, see: List of anthropologists List of astronomers List of biologists List of chemists List of computer scientists List of economists List of engineers List of geologists List of inventors List of mathematicians List of meteorologists List of physicists Scientist pairs List of scientist pairs See...

The SNS process, producing the most intense pulsed neutron beams available, is, briefly: 1) Negative hydrogen ions (a proton with two electrons) are first generated in pulses; 2) accelerated to 1 Gev (almost 90 percent of the speed of light) by a linear accelerator using both standard and superconducting techniques; 3) stripped of electrons and concentrated into a 2 MW proton beam of less than 1 μs pulses at 60 Hz in an accumulator ring; 4) directed at a liquid mercury target (chosen for mercury's large nucleus containing many neutrons and its liquid form at ambient conditions capable of absorbing rapid temperature rise and intense bombardment shock) in the target building, which ejects 20 to 30 neutrons per mercury nucleus hit by a proton (spalling in all directions); 5) which are slowed down by moderators to useful energies; 6) and applied through 18 surrounding beam lines to various materials and interfaces; 7) where up to 24 instruments chosen by users record the results for interpretation. Examples of the neutron scattering instruments to be used are a backscattering spectrometer for high resolution spectroscopy, and magnetism and liquid reflectometers for studies of surfaces and interfaces.

See also

Accelerator physics deals with the problems of building and operating particle accelerators. ... In particle physics, a beamline is the line along which a beam of particles travels through, or when projected from, a particle accelerator. ... Electromagnetism is the physics of the electromagnetic field: a field, encompassing all of space, which exerts a force on those particles that possess the property of electric charge, and is in turn affected by the presence and motion of such particles. ... A robotic manipulator for a Hot cell A Hot Cell is a heavily shielded room in which radioactive materials can be handled remotely using robotic manipulators (see picture) and viewed through shielded windows. ... An ion beam is a stream of charged particles, which has many uses in electronics manufacturing (principally ion implantation) and other industries. ... ISIS experimental hall The ISIS facility is a scientific research institution, situated at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory in Oxfordshire, UK. It contains a pulsed spallation neutron source, the most powerful in the world, which enables muon and neutron scattering science to probe the structure and properties of matter, from the... Isotopes are forms of an element, therefore their nuclei have the same atomic number â€” the number of protons in the nucleus â€” but different mass numbers because they contain different numbers of neutrons. ... A 1960s single stage 2MeV linear Van de Graaff accelerator, here opened for maintenance A linear particle accelerator is an electrical device for the acceleration of subatomic particles. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Neutron radiation consists of free neutrons. ... A 1960s single stage 2MeV linear Van de Graaff accelerator, here opened for maintenance A particle accelerator is a device that uses electric and/or magnetic fields to propel electrically charged particles to high speeds. ... In order to create a particle beam one must have a section called an ion source in which the beam is created by exciting electrons. ... Particles explode from the collision point of two relativistic (100 GeV per nucleon) gold ions in the STAR detector of the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. ... Properties In physics, the proton (Greek proton = first) is a subatomic particle with an electric charge of one positive fundamental unit (1. ... This is a list of particles in particle physics, including currently known and hypothetical elementary particles, as well as the composite particles that can be built up from them. ... Quadrapole magnets sometimes called correctors, are designed to create a magnetic field whose magnitude grows linearly with the radial distance from its longitudinal axis, which is usually centered on and parallel to the main motion of the charged particles. ... The United States Department of Energy (DOE) is a Cabinet-level department of the United States government responsible for energy policy and nuclear safety. ...

References

October 4 is the 277th day of the year (278th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Papers

External links

Categories: Magnets | Materials science | Nuclear physics | Particle physics facilities | United States Department of Energy | Scattering | Superconductivity The DOE is one of the biggest funders of science research in the US The United States Department of Energy National Laboratories are a system of federally funded research and development centers overseen by the United States Department of Energy (DOE) for the purpose of advancing science and helping promote... Seal of the United States Department of Energy. ... The Albany Research Center, now part of National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL), is a U.S. Department of Energy laboratory staffed by Federal employees located in Albany, Oregon. ... Ames Laboratory is a United States Department of Energy national laboratory located in Ames, Iowa. ... Argonne National Laboratory is one of the United States governments oldest and largest science and engineering research national laboratories and is the largest in the Midwest. ... The Berkeley Lab is perched on a hill overlooking the Berkeley central campus and San Francisco Bay. ... Aerial view of Brookhaven National Laboratory. ... Fermilabs Tevatron Robert Rathbun Wilson Hall Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab), located in Batavia near Chicago, Illinois, (Google Sat Map) is a U.S. Department of Energy national laboratory specializing in high-energy particle physics, operated for the Department of Energy by the Universities Research Association (URA). ... The Idaho National Laboratory (INL) is an 890 square mile (2,300 kmÂ²) complex located in the Idaho desert between the towns of Arco and Idaho Falls. ... Aerial view of the lab and surrounding area. ... Los Alamos National Laboratory, aerial view from 1995. ... The New Brunswick Laboratory (NBL), as a part of the U.S. Department of Energy, is a government-owned, government-operated center in the measurement science of nuclear materials. ... The National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) is a science, technology, and energy laboratory owned and operated by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). ... The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), located in Golden, Colorado, as part of the U.S. Department of Energy, is the United Statess primary laboratory for renewable energy and energy efficiency research and development. ... Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) is a multiprogram science and technology national laboratory managed for the United States Department of Energy by UT-Battelle, LLC. ORNL is located in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, near Knoxville. ... The Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) is a one of nine United States Department of Energy multiprogram national laboratories. ... Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (PPPL) is a United States Department of Energy national laboratory for plasma physics and nuclear fusion science. ... The Radiological and Environmental Sciences Laboratory (RESL) is a federally-owned and operated laboratory by the United States Department of Energy (DOE). ... It has been suggested that Sandia Base be merged into this article or section. ... The Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) is a U.S. National Laboratory operated by Stanford University under the programmatic direction of the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science. ... Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (TJNAF), commonly called Jefferson Lab (JLAB), is a U.S. national laboratory operated by Southeastern Universities Research Association (SURA) for the U.S. Department of Energy. ...

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