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Spanish colonization of the Americas

History of the conquest

Inter caetera Alaska California Florida Guatemala Mexico New Spain Peru Yucatán Image File history File links Broom_icon. ... This is the history of Peru. ... ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (1536x2048, 1116 KB) This Picture was taken the 9th of April 2005 6. ... The map of the Tahuantinsuyo An Andean bronze bottle made by Chimú artisans from circa 1300 A.D. The Stele from the Chavin Culture, Ancash, Peru Moche pottery, Lambayeque, Peru (Image © PROMPERU, used with permission) The Tiahuanaco Gate of the Sun, Puno, Peru An Andean bronze bottle made by Chim... Capital Cusco 1197-1533 Vilcabamba 1533-1572 Language(s) Quechua, Aymara, Jaqi family, Mochic and scores of smaller languages. ... There lies Peru with its riches; Here, Panama and its poverty. ... Created in 1542, the Viceroyalty of Peru (in Spanish, Virreinato del Perú) contained most of Spanish-ruled South America until the creation of the separate viceroyalties of New Granada (now Colombia, Ecuador, Panamá and Venezuela, the last-named previously in the Viceroyalty of New Spain) in 1717 and Río... The economic crisis favored the indigenous rebellion from 1780 to 1781. ... Combatants Republic of Peru Republic of Bolivia Republic of Chile Commanders Juan Buendía Andrés Cáceres Miguel Grau Manuel Baquedano Patricio Lynch Juan Williams Strength Peru-Bolivian Army 7,000 soldiers in 1878 Peruvian Navy 2 ironclad, 1 corvette, 1 gunboat Army of Chile 4,000 soldiers in... Combatants Republic of Peru Republic of Ecuador Commanders Gen. ... Combatants Republic of Peru Shining Path Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement Commanders Fernando Belaúnde Terry Alan García Alberto Fujimori Abimael Guzmán Óscar Ramírez Comrade ArtemioVíctor Polay Nestor Cerpa Cartolini It has been estimated that nearly 70,000 people died in the internal conflict in Peru... The Inca Empire was an empire centered in what is now Peru from AD 1438 to AD 1533. ... // Inca economy was mainly agricultural, although it reached some animal husbandry and mining development. ... 3000 BC - 1800 BC: Norte Chico 900 BC - 200 BC: Chavín 300 BC - AD 1480 Moche, Chimu 300 BC - AD 800 Nazca_culture 300 - 1100 Tiwanaku 500 - 1000 Huari 1100 - 1572: Inca Empire 1532 - 1572: Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire 1542 - 1821: Viceroyalty of Peru 1836 - 1839: Peru-Bolivian... Carte dAmérique (18th century Delisle map) File links The following pages link to this file: New World Guillaume Delisle Categories: NowCommons | Author died more than 100 years ago public domain images ... Template:Spanish colonization of America The Spanish colonization of America began with the arrival in the Western Hemisphere of Christopher Columbus (Cristóbal Colón) in 1492. ... Inter caetera (Among other [works]) was a papal bull issued by Pope Alexander VI on May 4, 1493, which granted to Spain (the Crowns of Castile and Aragon) all lands to the west and south of a pole-of-pole line 100 leagues (418 km) west and south of any... Captain Juan Francisco Bodega y Quadra, circa 1785. ... The Spanish Missions in California (more simply referred to as the California Missions) comprise a series of religious outposts established by Spanish Catholic Dominicans, Jesuits, and Franciscans, to spread the Christian doctrine among the local Native Americans. ... Spanish Florida refers to the Spanish colony of Florida. ... This does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... The Spanish Conquest of Yucatán was the campaign undertaken by the Spanish conquistadores against the Late Postclassic Maya states and polities, particularly in the northern and central Yucatán Peninsula but also involving the Maya polities of the Guatemalan highlands region. ...

Conquistadores

Vasco Núñez de Balboa Francisco Vásquez de Coronado Hernán Cortés Juan Ponce de León Francisco de Montejo Pánfilo de Narváez Francisco Pizarro Diego de Almagro Hernando de Soto Sebastián de Belalcázar Pedro de Valdivia Conquistadors (Spanish: []) (English: Conqueror) were Spanish soldiers, explorers and adventurers who invaded and conquered much of the Americas and Asia Pacific, bringing them under Spanish colonial rule between the 15th and 17th centuries, starting with the 1492 settlement by Christopher Columbus in what is now the Bahamas // Hernán Cort... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Hernán(do) Cortés Pizarro, 1st Marqués del Valle de Oaxaca (1485–December 2, 1547) was the conquistador who became famous for leading the military expedition that initiated the Spanish Conquest of Mexico. ... Juan Ponce de León Juan Ponce de León (c. ... Francisco de Montejo (c. ... Pánfilo de Narváez Pánfilo de Narváez (1470 – 1528) was a Spanish conqueror and soldier in the Americas. ... Francisco Pizarro Francisco Pizarro (c. ... Diego de Almagro Diego de Almagro (b. ... Hernando de Soto. ... Sebastián de Belalcázar (1479 or 1480 to 1551) was a Spanish conquistador. ... Pedro de Valdivia Pedro de Valdivia (c. ...

The Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire was a process through which a group of Spaniards led by Francisco Pizarro succeeded in toppling the Inca Empire in the early 16th-century. They took advantage of a recent civil war in the empire to capture the ruling monarch, Inca Atahualpa in the city of Cajamarca on November 16, 1532. In the following years the conquistadors managed to consolidate their power over the whole Andean region, repressing successive indigenous rebellions. Francisco Pizarro Francisco Pizarro (c. ... Capital Cusco 1197-1533 Vilcabamba 1533-1572 Language(s) Quechua, Aymara, Jaqi family, Mochic and scores of smaller languages. ... As a means of recording the passage of time, the 16th century was that century which lasted from 1501 through 1600. ... Lifetime portrait of Atahuallpa, the 13th and last sovereign Inca emperor Atahuallpa or Atawallpa (c. ... Coordinates: Country Peru Region Cajamarca Region Province Cajamarca Province Founded 19 December 1802 Government  - Mayor Marco La Torre Sanchez Elevation 2,750 m (9,022. ... November 16 is the 320th day of the year (321st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 45 days remaining. ... Events May 16 - Sir Thomas More resigns as Lord Chancellor of England. ... Conquistadors (Spanish: []) (English: Conqueror) were Spanish soldiers, explorers and adventurers who invaded and conquered much of the Americas and Asia Pacific, bringing them under Spanish colonial rule between the 15th and 17th centuries, starting with the 1492 settlement by Christopher Columbus in what is now the Bahamas // Hernán Cort...

Background

For a discussion of Inca civilization, see Inca Empire.

By the early 16th century, the Inca empire had seen many years of strong leadership under Huayna Capac. However, the emperor and his designated heir, Ninan Coyuchui, died probably of smallpox. The ensuing war of succession between the Panakas (royal lines) weakened the Inca leadership and contributed to its speedy downfall. At the centre of the conflict were the two main contenders, Huascar and Atahualpa, who were both sons of Huayna Capac. Capital Cusco 1197-1533 Vilcabamba 1533-1572 Language(s) Quechua, Aymara, Jaqi family, Mochic and scores of smaller languages. ... Huayna Capac (Quechua Wayna Qhapaq splendid youth) was the eleventh Sapa Inca (1493 - 1527) of the Inca Empire, and sixth of the Hanan dynasty. ... Smallpox (also known by the Latin names Variola or Variola vera) is a highly contagious disease unique to humans. ... Panakas are the sacred (huaca) compounds of which there were 12-13 located in Cuzco in which the royal mummys of the preceding Incas were housed and honored by their own royal entourages and households between their necessary attendance in all civil-political rituals. ... Alternate meaning: Huáscar (warship) Huascar, in full Inti Cusi Huallpa Huáscar (“Sun of Joy”) (died 1532). ... Lifetime portrait of Atahuallpa, the 13th and last sovereign Inca emperor Atahuallpa or Atawallpa (c. ...

Huascar may have been proclaimed the new emperor, though no records remain to confirm that he was indeed the intended heir. Huascar was known for his cruelty and came close to murdering his sister and mother. Nonetheless, he was well-liked in the southern regions of the empire. Atahualpa, on the other hand, was chosen to govern the northern territory known as the Kingdom of Quito, which was located in modern-day Ecuador and southern Colombia. Lifetime portrait of Atahuallpa, the 13th and last sovereign Inca emperor Atahuallpa or Atawallpa (c. ... Nickname: Luz de América Map of Ecuador showing location of Quito Coordinates: Country Ecuador Province Pichincha Canton Quito  - Mayor Paco Moncayo Area approx    - City 290 km²  - Land 290 km²  - Water 0 km² Elevation 2,800 m Population (2005, estimation)  - City 1,865,541 (canton)  - Density ~4,800/km² Time...

After a few years of relative peace, war broke out between the two brothers. It is estimated that 100,000 people were killed in this bloodthirsty dispute.^{[citation needed]} After many struggles, Atahualpa finally defeated Huascar. Atahualpa himself teetered towards insanity and treated the losers terribly. Many had stones dropped on their backs to cripple them, fetuses were ripped from wombs and bodies were stuck on spikes for display, and nearly 1,500 members of the royal family were cut up in front of Huascar, including his own children.^{[citation needed]}

After sending Huascar to prison, Atahualpa took the throne. He paid a terrible price for his cruelty, as it had contributed to the weakening of the empire.^{[citation needed]} It was at this critical moment that the Spanish conquistadors under Francisco Pizarro arrived. Conquistadors (Spanish: []) (English: Conqueror) were Spanish soldiers, explorers and adventurers who invaded and conquered much of the Americas and Asia Pacific, bringing them under Spanish colonial rule between the 15th and 17th centuries, starting with the 1492 settlement by Christopher Columbus in what is now the Bahamas // Hernán Cort... Francisco Pizarro Francisco Pizarro (c. ...

Arrival of Pizarro

Francisco Pizarro and his brothers (Gonzalo, Juan, and Hernando) were attracted by the news of a rich and fabulous kingdom. Francisco Pizarro Francisco Pizarro (c. ... Gonzalo Pizarro (b. ... Juan Terrin Pizarro born February 2, 1973 in Santurce, Puerto Rico, was a major league baseball pitcher. ... Hernando Pizarro (1508-1608?) was a Spanish conquistador and one of the Pizarro brothers who ruled over Peru. ...

They arrived to Inca territory in 1531, which they called Peru. According to historian Raúl Porras Barrenechea, Peru is not a Quechuan nor Caribbean word, but Indo-Hispanic or Hybrid. January 26 - Lisbon, Portugal is hit by an earthquake - thousands die. ... Quechua (Runa Simi; Kichwa in Ecuador) is a Native American language of South America. ... Caribbean Spanish (español caribeño) is the general name of the Spanish language dialects spoken in the Caribbean region. ...

After three long expeditions, Pizarro established the first Spanish settlement in northern Peru, calling it San Miguel de Piura. On July 1532. Pizarro sent his fellow conquistador, Hernando de Soto, to explore the land and soon returned with an envoy from the emperor Atahualpa, bringing presents and an invitation for a meeting with the Spanish. Piura: Plaza de Armas Piura is a city in northwestern Peru. ... Hernando de Soto. ...

Capture of Atahualpa

After his victory over his brother, Atahualpa began his southward march from Quito to claim the Inca throne in Cusco. Atahualpa had heard tales of "white bearded men" approaching his territory. Some accounts say that Atahualpa sent messengers with presents to Pizarro and his men to induce them to leave, and others contend that it was Pizarro who sent a messenger to Atahualpa requesting a meeting. Most accounts agree, however, that Atahualpa met with Pizarro voluntarily. Nickname: Luz de América Map of Ecuador showing location of Quito Coordinates: Country Ecuador Province Pichincha Canton Quito  - Mayor Paco Moncayo Area approx    - City 290 km²  - Land 290 km²  - Water 0 km² Elevation 2,800 m Population (2005, estimation)  - City 1,865,541 (canton)  - Density ~4,800/km² Time... Nickname: Location in Peru Coordinates: , Country Peru Region Cusco Province Cusco Founded 1100 A.D. 1st Government  - Type Democracy  - Mayor Carlos Valencia Miranda Elevation 3,310 m (10,859. ... Francisco Pizarro ( 1475–June 26, 1541) was a Spanish conquistador, conqueror of the Inca Empire and founder of the city of Lima. ...

Atahualpa and his forces met with the Spaniards at Cajamarca on the evening of November 15th. Rather than meeting with Atahualpa himself, Pizarro sent Hernando de Soto, friar Vincente de Valverde and native interpreter Felipillo to speak with the Inca leader. De Soto spoke with Atahualpa for a while and told them that they were emissaries from King Charles I of Spain. They also said they came in peace and were prepared to serve him against his enemies. Atahualpa nearly scoffed at that as he believed their behavior was not what one would expect of embassies and emissaries. In fact he knew of their earlier atrocities against the nuns dedicated to serve the god Inti in his temple. He demanded a full accounting of their behavior in his country and an apology from their leader Pizarro. He did however agree to meet with them in the city the next day. Coordinates: Country Peru Region Cajamarca Region Province Cajamarca Province Founded 19 December 1802 Government  - Mayor Marco La Torre Sanchez Elevation 2,750 m (9,022. ... Hernando de Soto. ... Vincente de Valverde was a Spanish bishop. ... Charles (February 24, 1500 – September 21, 1558) was Holy Roman Emperor (as Charles V) from 1519-1558; he was also King of Spain from 1516_1556, officially as Charles I of Spain, although often referred to as Charles V (Carlos Quinto or Carlos V) in Spain and Latin America. ... Inti or Sun of May of the flag of Argentina, 1818 In Inca mythology, Inti was the sun god, as well a patron deity of Tahuantinsuyu. ...

Pizarro and his followers founding Lima

De Soto noticed the sight of his horses were unnerving some of the Inca's attendants so with an incredible display of horsemanship, he performed the tricks an experienced horseman would do. He stopped short of the Inca with the horse just inches away from Atahualpa. While this frightened the attendants, the Inca was unblinking. This told the Spaniards that they were not dealing with a fearful one like Moctezuma II in Mexico and it gave them even more fear the night of the 15th and early on the 16th. However it gave Pizarro the idea he needed to win Peru. Pizarro in Lima This work is presumed to be copyrighted, but its source has not been determined. ... Pizarro in Lima This work is presumed to be copyrighted, but its source has not been determined. ... Moctezuma or Montezuma II, also known as Motecuhzoma Xocoyotzin (c. ...

The next morning, Pizarro had his men strategically placed around the square where they were to meet. When Atahualpa came with 4,000 unarmed soldiers and attendant, Friar Valverde spoke with him about the Spanish presence in his lands as well as engaged in a poorly executed attempt to explain to him the precepts of the Catholic religion, an attempt which was certainly not helped by an unskilled translator. After doing so, he offered Atahualpa a Bible in the expectation that he and his men would immediately convert to Christianity or be considered an enemy of the Church and of Spain by the Spanish Crown. Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Wycliffe Tyndale · Luther · Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Pope · Archbishop of Canterbury Patriarch of Constantinople Christianity Portal This box:      As a Christian ecclesiastical... This Gutenberg Bible is displayed by the United States Library of Congress. ... Christianity percentage by country, purple is highest, orange is lowest Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Wycliffe Tyndale · Luther · Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Pope · Archbishop of Canterbury Patriarch... Coat of Arms of the King of Spain King of Spain redirects here. ...

The Inca-Spanish confrontation in the Battle of Cajamarca left thousands of natives dead

Atahualpa stated that he was no one's vassal and asked where they got their authority to do this. A popular but widely disputed legend states that Valverde pointed to the Book saying that it contained God's word and handed it over to Atahualpa. Supposedly, when the Inca was presented with the Book he shook it close to his ear and asked "Why doesn't it speak to me?" Having literally never seen a book before, then threw the unfamiliar object aside. Supposedly, this is what gave the Spanish a reason to attack, starting the Battle of Cajamarca on November 16, 1532. Though the historical accounts relating to these circumstances vary, the true motivations for the attack seemed to be a desire for loot and flat out impatience, in that the Inca did not adequately understand the Conquistadores' demands. Pizarro executed Atahualpa's 12 man honor guard and took the Inca captive at the so-called ransom room, where they demanded a lofty of sum of precious gems and metals to be exchanged for Atahualpa. Image File history File links Inca-Spanish confrontation in Cajamarca This work is presumed to be copyrighted, but its source has not been determined. ... Image File history File links Inca-Spanish confrontation in Cajamarca This work is presumed to be copyrighted, but its source has not been determined. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... November 16 is the 320th day of the year (321st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 45 days remaining. ... Events May 16 - Sir Thomas More resigns as Lord Chancellor of England. ... Conquistador (meaning Conqueror in the Spanish language) is the term used to refer to the soldiers, explorers, and adventurers who brought much of the Americas under Spanish rule between the 15th and 17th centuries. ... The Ransom room from the outside El Cuarto del Rescate (The Ransom Room) is a small room located in Cajamarca, Peru. ...

Although largely unarmed, the fact that a small number of Spanish troops were able to defeat the thousands Inca warriors at Cajamarca is attributable to many factors, among them that the Spanish had horses. The fact that the Inca Empire had a highly centralized chain of command correlated with the emperor's well being or military victories created a fictional perception of how the various gods perceived the Inca to either soldiers or commoners alike, which meant that not only the advent of the Spaniards holding the emperor hostage effectively paralyzed the empires' forces for a time. The Spanish weapons included heavy metal swords and shields, some had guns and perhaps cannons; the Inca's weapons were by far inferior to those of the Spaniards. The Inca used heavy cloth, wood, and leather for their armor, and their weapons were made of sharpened stones and wood that they used as spears as well as bows and arrows. Nevertheless, there were many more Incas than Spaniards; this added to the Inca's inability to comprehend the threat of the Spanish. horse, see Horse (disambiguation). ...

The Incas were eventually defeated due to inferior weapons, 'open battle' tactics, disease, internal unrest, and the capture of their emperor. Some of the same factors contributed to the success of similar, small Spanish bands against the Aztecs and other Andean civilizations. However, ensuing hostilities like the Mixtón Rebellion, Chichimeca War, and Arauco War would require that the conquistadors sometimes ally with friendly tribes in these later expeditions. Many of the guns used by the Spaniards were obsolete and clumsy to use in the close-combat situations that the Spanish found themselves in, and most natives adapted in 'guerilla fashion' by only shooting at the legs of the conquistadors if they happened to be unarmored.^[1] Military tactics (Greek: TaktikÄ“, the art of organizing an army) are the collective name for methods for engaging and defeating an enemy in battle. ... The word Aztec is usually used as a historical term, although some contemporary Nahuatl speakers would consider themselves Aztecs. ... After the conquest of Mesoamerica, the Spaniards sent various expeditions to explore La Gran Chichimeca. ... Combatants Chichimeca(Zacateco, Guachichil) Spaniards, Indian Allies Nine years after the Mixtón Rebellion, the Chichimeca War officially began. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

During Atahualpa's captivity, the Spanish, although greatly outnumbered, forced him to order his generals to back down by threatening to kill him if he did not. According to the Spanish envoy's demands, Atahualpa offered to fill a large room with gold and promised the Spanish twice that amount in silver. While Pizarro ostensibly accepted this offer and allowed the gold to pile up, he had no intention of releasing the Inca; he needed Atahualpa's influence over his generals and the people in order to maintain the peace. The Ransom room from the outside El Cuarto del Rescate (The Ransom Room) is a small room located in Cajamarca, Peru. ... General Name, Symbol, Number silver, Ag, 47 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 11, 5, d Appearance lustrous white metal Standard atomic weight 107. ...

Atahualpa feared that if Huascar came into contact with the Spanish, he would be so useful to them that Pizarro would no longer need Atahualpa and have him killed. To avoid this, Atahualpa ordered Huascar's execution, which took place not far from Cajamarca according to some chronicles. Others mentioned that Huascar had been previously killed in battle, and a few others that Huascar was killed before Pizarro's arrival. Coordinates: Country Peru Region Cajamarca Region Province Cajamarca Province Founded 19 December 1802 Government  - Mayor Marco La Torre Sanchez Elevation 2,750 m (9,022. ...

In the end, this tactic was futile; months passed, and as it became clear to Atahualpa that the Spanish did not intend to free him, he began to call on his generals to launch an attack on the Spanish. Still outnumbered and fearing an imminent attack from the Inca general Rumiñahui, the Spanish began to see Atahualpa as too much of a liability. He was charged with 12 crimes, the most grave being attempting to revolt against the Spanish, practicing idolatry and murdering his brother, Huascar. He was found guilty of all 12 charges and garroted on August 29, 1533. This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Idolatry is a major sin in the Abrahamic religions regarding image. ... August 29 is the 241st day of the year (242nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events January 25 - King Henry VIII of England marries Anne Boleyn, his second Queen consort. ...

Rebellion and reconquest

The situation went quickly downhill. As things began to fall apart, many parts of the Inca Empire revolted, some of them joining with the Spanish against their own rulers. Many kingdoms and tribes had been conquered or persuaded to join the Inca empire. They thought that by joining the Spaniards, they could gain their own freedom. But these native people never foresaw the massive waves of Spaniard imigrants coming to their land and the holocaust that they would bring upon their people.

After Atahualpa's execution, Pizarro installed Atahualpa's brother, Tupac Huallpa, as a puppet Inca ruler, but he soon died unexpectedly, leaving Manco Inca Yupanqui in power. He began his rule as an ally of the Spanish and was respected in the southern regions of the empire, but there was still much unrest in the north near Quito where Atahualpa’s generals were amassing troops. Atahulapa's death meant that there was no hostage left to deter these northern armies from attacking the invaders. Led by Atahualpa’s generals Rumiñahui, Zope-Zupahua and Quisquis, the native armies inflicted considerable damage on the Spanish. In the end, however, the Spanish succeeded in re-capturing Quito, effectively ending any organized rebellion in the north of the empire. Tupac Huallpa (? - October 1533) was a puppet Inca Emperor of the conquistadors during the Spanish conquest of Peru, led by Francisco Pizarro. ... Manco Inca Yupanqui (b. ... Quizquiz (Little Bird) was, along with Chalicuchima, one of Atahualpas two leading generals. ...

Manco Inca initially had good relations with Francisco Pizarro and several other Spanish conquistadors. However, in 1535 he was left in Cusco under the control of Pizarro’s cousins Juan and Gonzalo, who so mistreated Manco Inca that he ultimately rebelled. Under the pretense of performing religious ceremonies in the nearby Yucay valley, Manco was able to escape Cusco.

Diego de Almagro, originally one of Francisco Pizarro's party, returned from his exploration of Chile, disappointed in not finding any wealth similar to that of Peru. King Charles I of Spain (Holy Roman Emperor Charles V) had awarded the city of Cuzco to Pizarro, but Almagro attempted to claim the city nonetheless. Manco Inca hoped to use the disagreement between Almagro and Pizarro to his advantage and organized the recapture of Cusco during the spring of 1537. The siege of Cuzco was waged until the following spring, but was ultimately unsuccessful in it's goal of destroying the Spaniards. The Inca leadership did not have the full support of all its subject peoples and further more, the degrading state of Inca morale coupled with the superior Spanish siege weapons soon made Manco Inca realize his hope of recapturing Cuszo was failing. Manco Inca eventually withdrew to Vilcabamba after only 10 months of fighting, and therefore, the Spanish reinforcements from the Indies arriving under the command of Diego de Almagro eventually took the city once again without conflict. Diego de Almagro Diego de Almagro (b. ... Charles (February 24, 1500 – September 21, 1558) was Holy Roman Emperor (as Charles V) from 1519-1558; he was also King of Spain from 1516_1556, officially as Charles I of Spain, although often referred to as Charles V (Carlos Quinto or Carlos V) in Spain and Latin America. ... Nickname: Location in Peru Coordinates: , Country Peru Region Cusco Province Cusco Founded 1100 A.D. 1st Government  - Type Democracy  - Mayor Carlos Valencia Miranda Elevation 3,310 m (10,859. ... Events January 6 - Alessandro de Medici assassinated August 25 - The Honourable Artillery Company, the oldest surviving regiment in the British Army, and the second most senior, was formed. ... This article or section is incomplete and may require expansion and/or cleanup. ...

After the Spanish regained control of Cuzco, Manco Inca and his armies retreated to the fortress at Ollantaytambo. When it became clear that they were outnumbered and defeat was imminent, they retreated further to the mountainous region of Vilcabamba, where the Manco Inca continued to hold some power for several more decades. His son, Túpac Amaru, was the last Inca. After deadly confrontantions, he was murdered by the Spanish in 1572. Ollantaytambo terraces Ollantaytambo is a town in southern Peru, located in the district of Ollantaytambo, province of Urubamba, Cusco region. ... Last refuge of the Inca Empire, Vilcabamba was founded by Manco Inca in 1539 and fell to the Spaniards in 1572, signalling the end of Inca resistance to Spanish rule. ... Túpac Amaru (died September 24, 1572) was the last indigenous leader of the Inca people in Peru . ... January 16 - Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk is tried for treason for his part in the Ridolfi plot to restore Catholicism in England. ...

The Spaniards destroyed almost every Inca building in Cuzco,^{[citation needed]} built a Spanish city over the old foundations, and proceeded to colonize and exploit the former empire.

In total, the conquest took about forty years to complete. Many Inca attempts to regain the empire had occurred, but none had been successful. Thus the Spanish conquest was achieved through relentless force, zealous fanaticism and deceit aided by factors like smallpox and a great communication and cultural divide. The Spaniards displaced most of the Incan past and imposed the Spanish culture on the native population.

Important Years:

• 1532 - Spaniards capture Atahualpa and force him to paralyze his army
• 1533 - Atahualpa's brother Huascar and then himself are killed. Cuzco seized, Inca army defeated
• 1534 - Northern Inca army defeated, Quito destroyed
• 1535 - Lima is founded, expedition by Diego de Almagro marches south to Chile
• 1536 - Manco Inca reclaim Cuzco but fail to capture Lima
• 1537 - Manco Inca is defeated in Cuzco, his grand army - the last of Incas - disbanded
• 1572 - The last Inca, Tupac Amaru, is executed and last sanctuary Vilcabamba captured

Aftermath

A struggle for power opposed Francisco Pizarro and Diego de Almagro and resulted in a long civil war. Pizarro was killed. Then Pizarro's descendants venged his death by killing Almagro. Despite the war, the Spaniards did not neglect the colonizing process. Its most significant act was the foundation of Lima in January, 1535, from which the political and administrative institutions were organized. The necessity of consolidating a Spanish Real Authority on these territories, led to the creation of a Real Audiencia (Royal Audience). In 1542, the Spanish created the Viceroyalty of New Castilla, that shortly after would be called Viceroyalty of Peru. Nevertheless, the Viceroyalty of Peru was not organized until the arrival of the Viceroy Francisco de Toledo in 1572. Toledo ended the indigenous state of Vilcabamba, executing the Inca Tupac Amaru. He also promoted the economic development from the commercial monopoly and the mineral extraction of the argentiferous mines of Potosí, using the Inca institution called mita. Nickname: Location within Lima Region Coordinates: Country Peru Region Lima Region Province Lima Province Settled 1535 Government  - Mayor Luis Castañeda Lossio Area  - City 804. ... Events January 18 - Lima, Peru founded by Francisco Pizarro April - Jacques Cartier discovers the Iroquois city of Stadacona, Canada (now Quebec) and in May, the even greater Huron city of Hochelaga June 24 - The Anabaptist state of Münster (see Münster Rebellion) is conquered and disbanded. ... An Real Audiencia (Spanish: Royal Audiency) was a Judicial District that functioned as an Appeals Court. ... Events War resumes between Francis I of France and Emperor Charles V. This time Henry VIII of England is allied to the Emperor, while James V of Scotland and Sultan Suleiman I are allied to the French. ... Created in 1542, the Viceroyalty of Peru (in Spanish, Virreinato del Perú) contained most of Spanish-ruled South America until the creation of the separate viceroyalties of New Granada (now Colombia, Ecuador, Panamá and Venezuela, the last-named previously in the Viceroyalty of New Spain) in 1717 and Río... Created in 1542, the Viceroyalty of Peru (in Spanish, Virreinato del Perú) contained most of Spanish-ruled South America until the creation of the separate viceroyalties of New Granada (now Colombia, Ecuador, Panamá and Venezuela, the last-named previously in the Viceroyalty of New Spain) in 1717 and Río... Created in 1542, the Viceroyalty of Peru (in Spanish, Virreinato del Perú) contained most of Spanish-ruled South America until the creation of the separate viceroyalties of New Granada (now Colombia, Ecuador, Panamá and Venezuela, the last-named previously in the Viceroyalty of New Spain) in 1717 and Río... Francisco de Toledo (1515 - 1584) Born on July 10, 1515 in the village of Oropesa in Spain. ... January 16 - Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk is tried for treason for his part in the Ridolfi plot to restore Catholicism in England. ... Francisco de Toledo (1515 - 1584) Born on July 10, 1515 in the village of Oropesa in Spain. ... Vilcabamba was a city founded by Manco Inca in 1539 and was the last refuge of the Inca Empire until it fell to the Spaniards in 1572, signalling the end of Inca resistance to Spanish rule. ... This article refers to the Inca Túpac Amaru who died in 1572, see Túpac Amaru II for the man whose Christian name was José Gabriel Condorcanqui. ... Potosí is a city, the capital of the department of Potosí in Bolivia. ... For other meanings of Inca, see Inca (disambiguation). ... Mita was mandatory public service by society in ancient South America. ...

In fiction

The conquest of the Incas is dramatized in Peter Shaffer's play The Royal Hunt of the Sun. In the play, Pizarro, Atahualpa, Valverde and other historical figures appear as characters. // Sir Peter Levin Shaffer (born May 15, 1926) is an English dramatist, author of numerous award-winning plays, several of which have been filmed. ... Original London production at the National Theatre The Royal Hunt of the Sun is a 1964 play by Peter Shaffer that portrays the destruction of the Inca empire by conquistador Francisco Pizarro. ...

The conquest is also used as a starting point for the Matthew Reilly novel Temple, where the siege of Cusco is used. Many historical figures are mentioned, especially Pizarro who is mentioned as the pursuer of the protagonist. Matthew Reilly, born July 2nd, 1974 Sydney, is an Australian action thriller writer. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Nickname: Location in Peru Coordinates: , Country Peru Region Cusco Province Cusco Founded 1100 A.D. 1st Government  - Type Democracy  - Mayor Carlos Valencia Miranda Elevation 3,310 m (10,859. ...

The Inca are featured in the third Campaign in Age of Empires 3, having a Lost City hidden in the Andes. The player has to make his/her way through a blizzard in the mountains before reaching a verdant valley containing the hidden Inca City. They are also in the Multiplayer, found primarily in the areas making up Chile and Argentina. They have spearmen, bola-throwers, and have (as upgrades), the great Inca road systems, cotton armor, and Chasquis messengers. This section of the Campaign is set after the conquest of the Inca, yet the player has to fend off a seperate attack similar to the Spanish Conquest. Age of Empires III (AoE III) is the sequel to Age of Empires II and the fifth title of the history-based real-time strategy Age of Empires series of computer games. ... Chasquis were message carriers who relayed information from anywhere in the Incan empire (modern-day Peru) to Cusco. ...

Quotes

When has it ever happened, either in ancient or modern times, that such amazing exploits have been achieved? Over so many climes, across so many seas, over such distances by land, to subdue the unseen and unknown? Whose deeds can be compared with those of Spain? Not even the ancient Greeks and Romans.

—Francisco Xerez, Report on the Discovery of Peru

When I set out to write for the people of today and of the future, about the conquest and discovery that our Spaniards made here in Peru, I could not but reflect that I was dealing with the greatest matters one could possibly write about in all of creation as far as secular history goes. Where have men ever seen the things they have seen here? And to think that God should have permitted something so great to remain hidden from the world for so long in history, unknown to men, and then let it be found, discovered and won all in our own time! Francisco Xerez (Seville, Spain, 1495 - 1565?) was a Spanish explorer-turned-historian, the personal secretary of conquistador Francisco Pizarro. ...

—Pedro Cieza de León, Chronicles of Peru

Pedro Cieza de León (Llerena, Spain c. ...

See also

• History of Peru
• Inca Empire
• The Ransom Room
• Spanish colonization of the Americas
• Paititi

This is the history of Peru. ... Capital Cusco 1197-1533 Vilcabamba 1533-1572 Language(s) Quechua, Aymara, Jaqi family, Mochic and scores of smaller languages. ... The Ransom room from the outside El Cuarto del Rescate (The Ransom Room) is a small room located in Cajamarca, Peru. ... Template:Spanish colonization of America The Spanish colonization of America began with the arrival in the Western Hemisphere of Christopher Columbus (Cristóbal Colón) in 1492. ... Paititi refers to the legendary lost city said to lie east of the Andes, hidden somewhere within the remote rain forests of southeast Peru, northern Bolivia, and southwest Brazil. ...

Footnotes

Bibliography

• John Hemming, 1970, Conquest of the Incas

External links

• All Empires Online History Community