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Encyclopedia > Spanish phonology

Note: This page or section contains IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. See Help:IPA for a pronunciation key. Articles with similar titles include the NATO phonetic alphabet, which has also informally been called the “International Phonetic Alphabet”. For information on how to read IPA transcriptions of English words, see IPA chart for English. ... The Unicode Standard, Version 5. ...

Spanish language
The letter Ñ on a Spanish keyboard
Names for the language
History
Pronunciation
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Orthography
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This article is about the phonology of the Spanish language. It deals with current phonology and phonetics as well as with historical developments thereof, including geographical variants (for details, see the articles on History of the Spanish language and Spanish dialects and varieties). This article is about the international language known as Spanish. ... Image File history File links Please see the file description page for further information. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Note: This page or section contains IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. ... Note: This page or section contains IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. ... Spanish (Español) is a language originating in North-Central Spain which is spoken throughout Spain, most countries in the Americas, the Philippines and Equatorial Guinea. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... The Spanish language has nouns that express concrete objects, groups and classes of objects, qualities, feelings and other abstractions. ... The Spanish language has a range of pronouns that in some ways work quite differently from English ones. ... The Spanish language uses adjectives in a similar way to English and most other Indo-European languages. ... The Spanish language has a relatively large number of prepositions. ... Spanish verbs are one of the most complex areas of Spanish grammar. ... Main article: Spanish verbs This is a paradigm of Spanish verbs, that is, a set of conjugation tables, for the model regular verbs and for some of the most common irregular verbs (see the article on Spanish irregular verbs for common patterns of irregularity that may help understanding this paradigm). ... Spanish verbs are a complex area of Spanish grammar, with many combinations of tenses, aspects and moods (up to fifty conjugated forms per verb). ... Phonology (Greek phonē = voice/sound and logos = word/speech), is a subfield of linguistics which studies the sound system of a specific language (or languages). ... This article is about the international language known as Spanish. ... Phonetics (from the Greek word φωνή, phone meaning sound, voice) is the study of the sounds of human speech. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Note: This page or section contains IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. ...


Spanish has many allophones, so it is important here to distinguish phonemes (written in slashes / /) and corresponding allophones (written in brackets [ ]). In phonetics, an allophone is one of several similar phones that belong to the same phoneme. ... In human language, a phoneme is the theoretical representation of a sound. ...

Contents

Consonants

Table of consonant phonemes of Spanish[1]
Bilabial Labio-
dental		 Dental Alveolar Palatal Velar
Nasal m n ɲ
Stop p   b t   d tʃ ɟʝ k   g
Fricative  f  θ  s  x
Trill r
Tap ɾ
Lateral l ʎ

In phonetics, a bilabial consonant is a consonant articulated with both lips. ... In phonetics, labiodentals are consonants articulated with the lower lips and the upper teeth, or viceversa. ... Dentals are consonants such as t, d, n, and l articulated with either the lower or the upper teeth, or both, rather than with the gum ridge as in English. ... Alveolar consonants are articulated with the tongue against or close to the superior alveolar ridge, which is called that because it contains the alveoli (the sockets) of the superior teeth. ... Palatal consonants are consonants articulated with the body of the tongue raised against the hard palate (the middle part of the roof of the mouth). ... Velars are consonants articulated with the back part of the tongue (the dorsum) against the soft palate (the back part of the roof of the mouth, known also as the velum). ... A nasal consonant is produced when the velum—that fleshy part of the palate near the back—is lowered, allowing air to escape freely through the nose. ... A stop, plosive, or occlusive is a consonant sound produced by stopping the airflow in the vocal tract. ... Fricatives (or spirants) are consonants produced by forcing air through a narrow channel made by placing two articulators close together. ... In phonetics, a trill is a consonantal sound produced by vibrations between the articulator and the place of articulation. ... In phonetics, a flap or tap is a type of consonantal sound, which is produced with a single contraction of the muscles so that one articulator (such as the tongue) is thrown against another. ... Laterals are L-like consonants pronounced with an occlusion made somewhere along the axis of the tongue, while air from the lungs escapes at one side or both sides of the tongue. ...

Phonetic notes

/t/ and /d/ are laminal denti-alveolar.[2]


/b/, /d/, and /g/ are approximants ([β], [ð], [ɣ][3]) in all places except after a pause, a nasal consonant or, in the case of /d/, after a lateral consonant; in such contexts they are voiced plosives.[4] Approximants are speech sounds that could be regarded as intermediate between vowels and typical consonants. ... A nasal consonant is produced when the velum—that fleshy part of the palate near the back—is lowered, allowing air to escape freely through the nose. ... Laterals are L-like consonants pronounced with an occlusion made somewhere along the axis of the tongue, while air from the lungs escapes at one side or both sides of the tongue. ...


/ɟʝ/ is an approximant ([ʝ]) in all contexts except after a nasal, /l/, or a pause where it is an affricate.[5] Affricate consonants begin as stops (most often an alveolar, such as or ) but release as a fricative (such as or or, in a couple of languages, into a fricative trill) rather than directly into the following vowel. ...


/θ/ and /s/ become voiced before voiced consonants as in jazmín ('Jasmine') [xaθ̬ˈmĩn] and rasgo ('feature') [ˈrazɣo̞]. While /s/ becomes dental before denti-alveolar consonants, /θ/ remains interdental in all contexts.[6] /x/ may be pronounced uvular before /u/ (including when it is in the syllable onset as [w]).[7] Dentals are consonants such as t, d, n, and l articulated with either the lower or the upper teeth, or both, rather than with the gum ridge as in English. ... Interdental consonants are produced by placing the blade of the tongue against the upper incisors. ... Uvulars are consonants articulated with the back of the tongue against or near the uvula, that is, further back in the mouth than velar consonants. ...


Archiphonemes

Although there are only three nasal phonemes and two lateral ones, /l/ and the nasal consonants assimilate to the place of articulation of following consonants[8] even across word boundaries;[9] because nasals are only contrastive before vowels (word-finally only /n/ appears) noncontrastive nasal realizations elsewhere are considered part of a nasal archiphoneme;[citation needed] assimilatory allophones are shown in the following table: A nasal consonant is produced when the velum—that fleshy part of the palate near the back—is lowered, allowing air to escape freely through the nose. ... Places of articulation (passive & active): 1. ...

nasal lateral
word IPA gloss word IPA gloss
ánfora [ˈaɱfo̞ɾa] 'amphora'
encía [e̞n̟ˈθia] 'gum' alzar [al̟ˈθaɾ] 'to raise'
antes [ˈan̪t̪e̞s] 'before' alto [ˈal̪t̪o̞] 'tall'
ancha [ˈanʲtʃa] 'wide' colcha [ˈko̞lʲtʃa] 'quilt'
cónyuge [ˈco̞ɲɟʝuxe̞] 'spouse'
rincón [riŋˈko̞n] 'corner'
enjuto [e̞ɴˈχuto̞] 'dry'

Likewise, the alveolar trill and alveolar tap contrast intervocalically but are otherwise in complimentary distribution with the trill appearing in the word onset and after /l/, /n/, or /s/ and the tap appearing elsewhere.[10] A nasal consonant is produced when the velum—that fleshy part of the palate near the back—is lowered, allowing air to escape freely through the nose. ... Laterals are L-like consonants pronounced with an occlusion made somewhere along the axis of the tongue, while air from the lungs escapes at one side or both sides of the tongue. ... Articles with similar titles include the NATO phonetic alphabet, which has also informally been called the “International Phonetic Alphabet”. For information on how to read IPA transcriptions of English words, see IPA chart for English. ... Articles with similar titles include the NATO phonetic alphabet, which has also informally been called the “International Phonetic Alphabet”. For information on how to read IPA transcriptions of English words, see IPA chart for English. ... The alveolar trill is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. ... The alveolar tap or flap is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. ... Complementary distribution in linguistics is the relationship between two different elements, where one element is found in a particular environment and the other element is found in the opposite environment. ...


sounds*2

gn in italian &צרפתית


Vowels

Front Central Back
Close i u
Mid e̞ o̞
Open ä

Spanish has five vowels /i/ /e/ /a/ /o/ /u/. Each occurs in both stressed and unstressed syllables:[11] Vowels Near-close Close-mid Mid Open-mid Near-open Open Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a rounded vowel. ... A central vowel is a type of vowel sound used in some spoken languages. ... A back vowel is a type of vowel sound used in some spoken languages. ... A close vowel is a type of vowel sound used in many spoken languages. ... A mid vowel is a vowel sound used in some spoken languages. ... An open vowel is a vowel sound of a type used in most spoken languages. ...

stressed unstressed
piso 'I step' pisó 's/he stepped
peso 'I weigh' pesó 's/he weighed'
paso 'I pass' pasó 's/he passed'
poso 'I pose' posó 's/he posed'
puso 's/he placed' pujó 's/he struggled'

Also, spanish is a syllable timed language, each syllable has the same duration regardless of stress.[12] Rising diphthongs are formed with nonsyllabic /i/ and /u/ preceding another vowel and vice versa for falling diphthongs; In fast speech, [ew], [aw], and [ow] are also possible diphthongs.[13] In phonetics, a diphthong (also gliding vowel) (Greek δίφθογγος, diphthongos, literally with two sounds, or with two tones) is a monosyllabic vowel combination involving a quick but smooth movement from one vowel to another, often interpreted by listeners as a single vowel sound or phoneme. ...


Vowels are nasalized between nasal consonants or when preceding a syllable final nasal.[14]


An epinthetic [e̞] is inserted before word-initial /s/ + consonant. e.g escribir ('to write') but transcribir ('to transcribe').[15]


Stress

Stress only occurs in one of the last three syllables of a word. Although there are many exceptions, the general tendencies of stress assignment go as follows:[16]

  • In words ending in vowels and /s/, stress falls on the penultimate syllable.
  • In words ending in consonants other than /s/, the stress falls on the ultimate syllable.
  • Preantepenultimate stress occurs rarely and only in words like guardánoselos ('saving them for him/her') where a clitic follows certain verbal forms.

Stress may be marked mantél, distinción, etc). This generally marks exceptions to the rules above but may be redundant (as with the case of distinción). An accute acent may also differentiate homophones (such as té and te) and words which contrast solely on stress such as sabána ('savannah') and sábana ('sheet').


Dialectal variation

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This section has been tagged since November 2007.

One notable dialectal feature is the merging of /ɟʝ/ and /ʎ/ into one phoneme (yeismo); in metropolitan areas of the Iberian Peninsula, /ʎ/ simply loses its laterality and in some South American countries, they both have become [ʒ].[17] Other dialectal variations include /x/ → [h] and the merging of /θ/ and /s/ in areas of Andalusia, Canary Islands, and Latin America (see ceceo and seseo for more information).[18] Main article: Spanish phonology Yeísmo is a distinctive feature of many dialects of the Spanish language, which consists in the merge of the palatal lateral approximant phoneme (written ll) with another phoneme, usually realized as a palatal fricative or affricate. ... Ceceo is a phenomenon in the Spanish language whereby the voiceless interdental fricative (International Phonetic Alphabet , the th in think) is used in place of the voiceless dental fricative . ... There are a series of significant differences in the way the Spanish language is spoken in the 20 or so countries and territories where it is an official language. ...


/s/ is also the subject of some variation; in most of Spain, it is apicoalveolar while it is laminal in Andalusia, Canary Islands, and Latin America.[19] [s] may become the approximant [ɹ] before a rhotic (israelita: [iɹrae̞ˈlit̪a]). In many places it debuccalizes to [h] in final position (niños), or before another consonant (fósforo) - in other words, the change occurs in the coda position in a syllable. In the Colombian Caribe, germination may occur before /k/ or /f/ consonants (pescado: [pe̞ˈkːaðo̞] or [pe̞ˈkːao̞], fósforo: [ˈfo̞fːo̞ro̞]). It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Voiceless alveolar fricative. ... A laminal consonant is a phone produced by obstructing the air passage with the blade of the tongue, which is the flat top front surface just behind the tip of the tongue. ... Rhotic consonants, or R-like sounds, are non-lateral liquid consonants. ... Note: This page contains phonetic information presented in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) using Unicode. ... Not to be confused with Gemination in phonetics. ...


From an autosegmental point of view, the /s/ phoneme in Madrid is defined only by its voiceless and fricative features. This means that the point of articulation is not defined and is determined from the sounds following it in the word or sentence. Thus in Madrid the following realizations are found: /peskado/ → [pe̞xkao̞] and /fosforo/ → [fo̞fːo̞ro̞]). In parts of southern Spain, the only feature defined for /s/ appears to be voiceless;[20] it may lose its oral articulation entirely to become [h]) or even a geminate with the following consonant ([o̞βihpo̞] or [o̞βipːo̞] from /obispo/ 'bishop').


In most of Spain and the Caribbean, /d/ is usually omitted in the past participle ending -ado (this is also true in Southern Spain for -ada and -ido). In Southern Spain, /x/ may be dropped in final position. West Indies redirects here. ...


For /ʧ/ Castilian Spanish has laminal/dorsal affricate realizations in the alveolo-palatal to pre-palatal area ([ʨ], [ʨ̠], [c̟͡ç]); plosive variants ([t̠ʲ], [c̟]) can be recognized as allophones but it is seldom pronounced solely as a plosive. Other dialects have apical domed palato-alveolar realizations.


In some parts of Latin America /ɲ/ has become a palatalized alveolar [nʲ] or the sequence [nj], the latter making pairs such as huraño/uranio and Ñetas/nietas homophones. The Ñetas Association (Spanish language Asociación Ñetas, or simply Ñetas) is the name of an association or gang. ...


In colloquial Chilean speech, /ɾ/ is totally assimilated to produce gemination before /t/ (carta: [ˈkat̪ːa]), /n/ (carne: [ˈkanːe̞]) and /l/ (perla: [ˈpe̞lːa]). In the Colombian Caribe, it produces gemination before almost every consonant (barco: [ˈbakːo̞], árbol: [ˈabːo̞l], arde: [ˈad̪ːe̞], etc.), and is replaced by [ʔ] in final position (saber: [saˈβe̞ʔ]). Listen to this article · (info) This audio file was created from the revision dated 2005-07-20, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. ...


In Cuba and Puerto Rico this realization is replaced by [l] (puerco: [ˈpwe̞lko̞]).


In some parts of Latin America, mainly in Ecuador and northern Argentina, /r/ is pronounced similarly to [ʒ] (arriba: [aˈʒiβa]).


Notes

  1. ^ Martínez-Celdrán et al (2003:255)
  2. ^ Martínez-Celdrán et al (2003:257)
  3. ^ <ɰ> is not adequate to represent the approximant allophone of /g/ because that character represents a specifically unrounded approximant, a feature that this sound is neutral to. See velar approximant
  4. ^ Martínez-Celdrán et al (2003:257)
  5. ^ Martínez-Celdrán et al (2003:258)
  6. ^ Martínez-Celdrán et al (2003:258)
  7. ^ Martínez-Celdrán et al (2003:258)
  8. ^ Martínez-Celdrán et al (2003:258)
  9. ^ Cressey (1978:61)
  10. ^ Martínez-Celdrán et al (2003:258)
  11. ^ Martínez-Celdrán et al (2003:256)
  12. ^ Cressey (1978:152)
  13. ^ Martínez-Celdrán et al (2003:256)
  14. ^ Martínez-Celdrán et al (2003:256)
  15. ^ Cressey (1978:86)
  16. ^ Eddington (2000:96)
  17. ^ Martínez-Celdrán et al (2003:258)
  18. ^ Martínez-Celdrán et al (2003:258)
  19. ^ Martínez-Celdrán et al (2003:258)
  20. ^ http://jotamartin.byethost33.com/alpi_aspira_e.php

Note: This page or section contains IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. ... Note: This page or section contains IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. ... The velar approximant is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. ... Note: This page or section contains IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. ... Note: This page or section contains IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. ... Note: This page or section contains IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. ... Note: This page or section contains IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. ... Note: This page or section contains IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. ... Note: This page or section contains IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. ... Note: This page or section contains IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. ... Note: This page or section contains IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. ... Note: This page or section contains IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. ... Note: This page or section contains IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. ... Note: This page or section contains IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. ... Note: This page or section contains IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. ... Note: This page or section contains IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. ... Note: This page or section contains IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. ... Note: This page or section contains IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. ... Note: This page or section contains IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. ...

References

  • Eddington, David (2000), "Spanish Stress Assignment within the Analogical Modeling of Language", Language 76 (1): 92-109
  • Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Ana Ma. Fernández-Planas & Josefina Carrera-Sabaté (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33 (2): 255-259
  • Robert M. Hammond (2001). The Sounds of Spanish: Analysis and Application. Somerville, Massachusetts: Cascadilla Press. ISBN 1-57473-018-5. 
  • Cressey, William Whitney (1978), Spanish Phonology and Morphology: A Generative View, Georgetown University Press, ISBN 0878400451

Year 2001 (MMI) was a common year starting on Monday (link displays the 2001 Gregorian calendar). ... Location in Middlesex County in Massachusetts Coordinates: , Country State County Middlesex Settled 1630 Incorporated 1842 Government  - Type Mayor-council city  - Mayor Joseph A. Curtatone Area  - Total 4. ...

See also

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Gimson Allophone Alveolar approximant Alveolar consonant Alveolar ejective fricative Alveolar ejective Alveolar flap Alveolar nasal Alveolar ridge Alveolar trill Alveolo-palatal consonant Apical consonant Approximant consonant Articulatory phonetics aspiration Auditory phonetics Back vowel Bilabial click Bilabial consonant Bilabial ejective Bilabial nasal Bilabial trill... Phonology (Greek phonÄ“ = voice/sound and logos = word/speech), is a subfield of linguistics which studies the sound system of a specific language (or languages). ... This list of languages is alphabetical by English name. ... Note: This page or section contains IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. ... The Arabic language has a standard pronunciation, which is basically the one used to recite the Quran. ... Bengali phonology is the study of the inventory and patterns of the consonants, vowels, and prosody of the Bengali language. ... // Diachronical Phonological Features in Relation to Latin Several characteristic features of Catalan as a Romance language: Like Occitan, loss of Latin final unstressed vowels, except -a; and then after some of the resulting consonantic groups a support vowel appears, e. ... The phonology of Old English is necessarily somewhat speculative, since it is preserved purely as a written language. ... English phonology is the study of the phonology (ie the sound system) of the English language. ... The creator of Esperanto, L. L. Zamenhof, did not specify phonemic-phonetic correspondences for his language. ... Note: This page contains IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. ... Quebec French has differs from more phonemes than Metropolitan French, as it retains phonemic distinctions between and , and , and and whereas the latter of each pair has disappeared in Paris and several other parts of France. ... Note: This page contains IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. ... Note: This page contains IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. ... Ancient Greek phonology is the study of the phonology, or pronunciation, of Ancient Greek. ... Koine Greek is phonologically a transition period: at the start of the period, the language was virtually identical to Classical Ancient Greek, whereas in the end the language had phonologically a lot more in common with Modern Greek than Ancient Greek. ... This page presents a sketch of the phonology of Standard Modern Greek. ... Gujarati phonology is the study of the inventory and patterns of the consonants, vowels, and prosody of the Gujarati language. ... Note: This page contains IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. ... Note: This page contains IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. ... Note: This page or section contains IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. ... The Roman alphabet or Latin alphabet was adapted from an Etruscan alphabet, to represent the phonemes of the Latin language. ... Mahal (މަހަލް) or Mahl, also known locally as Maliku Bas, is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by the people of Minicoy Island (Maliku), in the Union Territory of Lakshadweep, India. ... This article deals with the phonology of the Mapudungun language, and its proposed orthographies. ... The Ojibwe language is an Algonquian American Indian language spoken throughout the Great Lakes region and westward onto the northern plains. ... The Persian language has six vowels and twenty-three consonants, including one glide //, and two affricates // and //. Vowels Diachronically, Persian possessed a distinction of length in its underlying vowel inventory, contrasting the long vowels , , with the short vowels , , . In Modern Persian, this distinction of quantity is neutralized in most environments... The phonology of the Proto-Indo-European language (PIE) has been recontructed by linguists, based off of the similarities and differences among current and dead Indo-European languages. ... Template:Sotho language Notes: All examples marked with ‡ are included in the audio samples. ... Note: This page or section contains IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. ... The Tamil alphabet distinguishes 12 vowels and 18 consonants. ... Ubykh, a North-West Caucasian language, has the largest consonant inventory of all documented languages which do not use clicks, and also has the most disproportional ratio of phonemic consonants to vowels. ... There is significant phonological variation among the various dialects of the Yiddish language. ...


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