Specific storage (S_s), storativity (S), specific yield (S_y) and specific capacity are aquifer properties; they are measures of the ability of an aquifer to release groundwater from storage, due to a unit decline in hydraulic head. They are often determined in hydrogeology using an aquifer test. An aquifer is an underground layer of water-bearing permeable rock or unconsolidated materials (gravel, sand, silt, or clay) from which groundwater can be usefully extracted using a water well. ... Groundwater is water located beneath the ground surface in soil pore spaces and in the fractures of geologic formations. ... It has been suggested that Hydraulic head (hydrology) and Head (hydraulic) be merged into this article or section. ... Hydrogeology (hydro- meaning water, and -geology meaning the study of the Earth) is the part of hydrology that deals with the distribution and movement of groundwater in the soil and rocks of the Earths crust, (commonly in aquifers). ... An Aquifer test is conducted to evaluate an aquifer by stimulating the aquifer through constant pumping, and observing the aquifers response (drawdown) in observation wells. ...

Specific storage

The specific storage is the amount of water which a given volume of aquifer will produce, provided a unit change in hydraulic head is applied to it (while it still remains fully saturated); it has units of inverse length, [L^-1]. It is the primary mechanism for storage in confined aquifers. It can be expressed as the volume of water released from storage per unit decline in hydraulic head in the aquifer, per unit volume of aquifer. The value of specific storage is typically very small, generally 0.0001 1/ft or less. An aquifer is an underground layer of water-bearing permeable rock or unconsolidated materials (gravel, sand, silt, or clay) from which groundwater can be usefully extracted using a water well. ...

In terms of measurable physical properties, specific storage can be expressed as

)

where

γ is the specific weight of water (N•m^-3 or [ML^-2T^-2])

n is the porosity of the material (dimensionless ratio between 0 and 1)

β_p is the compressibility of the bulk aquifer material, and

β_w is the compressibility of water (m²N^-1 or [LM^-1T²])

The compressibility terms relate a given change in stress to a change in volume (a strain). These two terms can be defined as: The specific weight of a structure or material is the weight required to carry out a particular task, e. ... The newton (symbol: N) is the SI unit of force. ... Porosity is a measure of the void spaces in a material, and is measured as a fraction, between 0–1, or as a percent between 0–100%. The term porosity is used in multiple fields including manufacturing, earth sciences and construction. ... Fluid Dynamics Compressibility (physics) is a measure of the relative volume change of fluid or solid as a response to a pressure (or mean stress) change: . For a gas the magnitude of the compressibility depends strongly on whether the process is adiabatic or isothermal, while this difference is small in...

where

σ_e is the effective stress (N or [MLT^-2])

These equations relate a change in total or water volume (V_t or V_w) per change in applied stress (effective stress — σ_e or pore pressure — p) per unit volume. The compressibilities (and therefore also S_s) can be estimated from laboratory consolidation tests (in an apparatus called a consolidometer), using the consolidation theory of soil mechanics (developed by Karl Terzaghi). Effective stress (σ) is a value reflecting the strength of a soil. ... Soil mechanics is a discipline that applies the principles of engineering mechanics to soil to predict the mechanical behavior of soil. ... Karl von Terzaghi (Prague, October 2, 1883 – Winchester, Massachusetts, October 25, 1963) was an Austrian civil engineer, called the father of soil mechanics. ...

Storativity

Storativity is the volume of water release from storage per unit decline in hydraulic head in the aquifer, per unit area of the aquifer, or: The volume of a solid object is the three-dimensional concept of how much space it occupies, often quantified numerically. ... It has been suggested that Hydraulic head (hydrology) and Head (hydraulic) be merged into this article or section. ... Area is a physical quantity expressing the size of a part of a surface. ...

Storativity is the vertically averaged specific storage value for an aquifer or aquitard. For a homogeneous aquifer or aquitard they are simply related by:

where b is the thickness of aquifer. Storativity is a dimensionless quantity, and ranges between 0 and the effective porosity of the aquifer; although for confined aquifers, this number is usually much less than 0.01. Porosity is a measure of the void spaces in a material, and is measured as a fraction, between 0–1, or as a percent between 0–100%. The term porosity is used in multiple fields including manufacturing, earth sciences and construction. ...

Specific yield

Specific yield, also known as the drainable porosity, is a ratio, less than or equal to the effective porosity, indicating the volumetric fraction of the bulk aquifer volume that a given aquifer will yield when all the water is allowed to drain out of it under the forces of gravity: An aquifer is an underground layer of water-bearing permeable rock or unconsolidated materials (gravel, sand, silt, or clay) from which groundwater can be usefully extracted using a water well. ...

where

V_wd is the volume of water drained, and

V_T is the total rock or material volume

It is primarily used for unconfined aquifers, since the elastic storage component, S_s, is relatively small and usually has an insignificant contribution. Specific yield can be close to effective porosity, but there are several subtle things which make this value more complicated than it seems. Some water always remains in the formation, even after drainage (hysteresis); it clings to the grains of sand and clay in the formation. Also, the value of specific yield may not be fully realized until very large times, due to complications caused by unsaturated flow. Hysteresis is a property of systems (usually physical systems) that do not instantly follow the forces applied to them, but react slowly, or do not return completely to their original state: that is, systems whose states depend on their immediate history. ...

Specific capacity

Specific capacity is a quantity that which a water well can produce per unit of drawdown. It has units of or , and is expressed as: Cable tool water well drilling rig in Kimball, West Virginia. ...

where

S_c is the specific capacity ([L²T⁻¹]; m²/day or USgal/day/ft)

Q is the pumping rate ([L³T⁻¹]; m³/day or USgal/day), and

h₀ − h is the drawdown ([L]; m or ft)

The specific capacity of a well is also a function of the pumping rate it is determined at. Due to non-linear well losses the specific drawdown will be greater at higher pumping rates than it is at low pumping rates. This complication makes the absolute value of specific capacity of little use; though it is useful for comparing the efficiency of the same well through time (e.g., to see if the well requires rehabilitation). This article discusses Water well testing; the testing of other wells, eg. ...

See also

• Aquifer test
• Soil mechanics

An Aquifer test is conducted to evaluate an aquifer by stimulating the aquifer through constant pumping, and observing the aquifers response (drawdown) in observation wells. ... Soil mechanics is a discipline that applies the principles of engineering mechanics to soil to predict the mechanical behavior of soil. ...

Reference

• Johnson, A.I. 1967. Specific yield — compilation of specific yields for various materials. U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1662-D, 74 p.
• Morris, D.A. and Johnson, A.I., 1967. Summary of hydrologic and physical properties of rock and soil materials as analyzed by the Hydrologic Laboratory of the U.S. Geological Survey 1948-1960. U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1839-D, 42 p.