In Russian, the term spelling rule is used to describe a number of rules relating to the spelling of words in the language that would appear in most cases to deviate from a strictly phonetic transcription. Phonetic (pho-NET-ic) is a nationwide voicemail-to-text messaging service available for most digital mobile phones in which a subscriber is provided a custom voice mailbox for the purpose of receiving all incoming voice messages as actual transcribed text for reading via short messaging (also known as SMS...

All the spelling rules found in the Russian language dictate that certain consonants cannot be followed either under any circumstance or in an unstressed syllable by certain vowels. In most cases where spelling rules exist, they do not actually effect the pronuncation. this is a result of the fact that five of the eight Russian consonants for which spelling rules of one sort or another apply can only be either "hard" or "soft" and cannot be both. Only with the three velar consonants, which like most Russian consonants have both a hard and a soft form, does the spelling rule actually reflect phonetically based pronunciation. Stress has different meanings in different fields: Look up stress in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Velars are consonants articulated with the back part of the tongue (the dorsum) against the soft palate (the back part of the roof of the mouth, known also as the velum). ...

Spelling rules are of major importance in the study of Russian morphology. They have a very considerable effect on the declension of nouns and adjectives and the conjugation of verbs because many of the endings produce consonant-vowel combinations that the spelling rules strictly forbid. In some cases where stress dictates whether or not a spelling rule is to be applied, "mixed declensions" can result. Russian grammar goes so far as to dictate that the spelling rules must take precedence over any other rule. Morphology is the following: In linguistics, morphology is the study of the structure of word forms. ... In linguistics, declension is the inflection of nouns, pronouns and adjectives to indicate such features as number (typically singular vs. ... Conjugation may refer to: Grammatical conjugation, the modification of runnign a verb from its basic form Latin conjugation, Spanish conjugation and The English verb, each with complex conjugation forms Marriage, relationship between two individuals In mathematics: Complex conjugation, the operation which multiplies the imaginary part of a complex number by...

Basic Russian Spelling Rules

• Spelling Rule #1
  • After the velar consonants г, к, and х:
  • and the sibilant consonants ж, ч, ш, щ:
    • one must never write the "hard" vowel ы, but must always replace it with its "soft" equivalent и, even though after ж and ш, и is pronounced as if it were written ы.

• Spelling Rule #2
  • After the velar consonants г, к, and х:
  • the sibilant consonants ж, ч, ш, щ
  • and the hard consonant ц:
    • one must never write the "soft" vowel ю, but must always replace it with its "hard" equivalent у, even though after ч and щ, у is pronounced as if it were written ю.
    • one must never write the "soft" vowel я, but must always replace it with its "hard" equivalent а, even though after ч and щ, а is pronounced as if it were written я.

• Spelling Rule #3
  • After the sibilant consonants ж, ч, ш, щ and the hard consonant ц:
    • one must never write the letter о unless the syllable in which the о is to be added in the suffix is stressed.
    • if the syllable in which the о is to be added in the suffix is unstressed, then one must always write е after ж, ц, ч, ш and щ.
    • Because of the weakening of both vowels о and е when unstressed to a very weak sound like the schwa, this spelling rule does not have a great deal of effect on actual Russian pronunciation.
    • Note that this rule relates to the fact that stressed о after ж, ц, ч, ш and щ is pronounced the same as the always-stressed letter ё after the same letters. In most words, ё is preferred over stressed о after ж, ц, ч, ш and щ. When stress changes, ё invariably loses its accent.

• Spelling Rule #4
  • If any of the vowels ы, й or я is at the end of a word - as with many feminine and masculine (those ending in й) nouns in Russian - is dropped in order to add another suffix:
    • One must always replace the ы, й or я with и and never with ы, even though after ж, ш, and ц, и is pronounced as if it were written ы and other suffixes for nouns allow ы after the always-hard consonant ц.

A sibilant is a type of fricative, made by speeding up air through a narrow channel and directing it over the sharp edge of the teeth. ... Vowels Near-close Close-mid Mid Open-mid Near-open Open Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a rounded vowel. ... In linguistics, grammatical gender is a morphological category associated with the expression of gender through inflection or agreement. ...

External links

• Spelling rules

See also

• Russian orthography