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Named after Saint Andrew the Apostle, St Andrews (Scottish Gaelic: Cill Rìmhinn) is a town and former royal burgh on the east coast of Fife, Scotland, and the home of golf. It has a population of about 18 000, and stands on the North Sea coast between Edinburgh and Dundee. It is home to Scotland's oldest university, the University of St Andrews. For local government purposes, Scotland is divided into 32 areas designated as Council Areas of Scotland which are all governed by unitary authorities designated as Councils which have the option under the Local Government (Gaelic Names) (Scotland) Act 1997(as chosen by Na h-Eileanan an Iar) of being known... Fife (Fìobh in Gaelic) is a council area of Scotland, situated between the Firth of Tay and the Firth of Forth, with landward boundaries to Perth and Kinross and Clackmannanshire. ... The Lieutenancy areas of Scotland are the areas used for the ceremonial lords-lieutenant, the monarchs representatives, in Scotland. ... Fife (Fìobh in Gaelic) is a council area of Scotland, situated between the Firth of Tay and the Firth of Forth, with landward boundaries to Perth and Kinross and Clackmannanshire. ... This is an alphabetical list of countries of the world, including independent states (both those that are internationally recognised and generally unrecognised), inhabited dependent territories and areas of special sovereignty. ... Motto (Latin) No one provokes me with impunity Cha togar mfhearg gun dioladh (Scottish Gaelic)1 Wha daur meddle wi me?(Scots)1 Anthem (Multiple unofficial anthems) Scotlands location in Europe Capital Edinburgh Largest city Glasgow Official languages English, Gaelic Government Constitutional monarchy  -  Queen Queen Elizabeth II  -  Prime... This is an alphabetical list of the sovereign states of the world, including both de jure and de facto independent states. ... A post town is a required part of all UK postal addresses. ... UK postal codes are known as postcodes. ... The KY postcode area, also known as the Kirkcaldy postcode area[2], is a group of postal districts around Anstruther, Burntisland, Cowdenbeath, Cupar, Dunfermline, Glenrothes, Inverkeithing, Kelty, Kinross, Kirkcaldy, Leven, Lochgelly and St Andrews in Scotland. ... The UK telephone numbering plan, also known as the National Numbering Plan, is regulated by the Office of Communications (Ofcom), which replaced the Office of Telecommunications (Oftel) in 2003. ... In the United Kingdom, all motor-powered road vehicles, including cars (but excepting the official cars of the reigning monarch) have had to carry registration plates (more commonly known as number plates) since 1904. ... The following are the vehicle number plate identifiers used in Great Britain since the 2001 changes to British vehicle number plates. ... Fife Police bike photographed at Kirkcaldy police station. ... A Fire Appliance belonging to the Greater Manchester Fire and Rescue Service The fire service in the United Kingdom has undergone dramatic changes since the beginning of the 21st century, a process that has been propelled by a devolution of central government powers, new legislation and a change to operational... Fife Fire and Rescue Service is the statutory fire and rescue service for the area of Fife, Scotland, its Chief Fire Officer is Danny ODonnell. ... Crest of NHS ambulance services in England Crest of the Scottish Ambulance Service In the UK, the majority of ambulance services are provided under the National Health Service through local ambulance trusts. Each trust is specific to a county or area, and so the country is divided across a number... Two Mercedes-Benz Sprinter-based ambulances of the Scottish Ambulance Service The Scottish Ambulance Service serves all of Scotland and is a special health board funded directly by the health department of the Scottish Executive. ... The United Kingdom House of Commons is made up of Members of Parliament (MPs). ... North East Fife is a constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. ... For the national legislative body up to 1707, see Parliament of Scotland. ... North East Fife is a plurality voting system constituency represented in the Scottish Parliament since 1999 and is part of the Mid Scotland and Fife electoral region for the additional member system (AMS). ... Mid Scotland and Fife is one of the eight electoral regions of the Scottish Parliament which were created in 1999. ... This is a list of Members of the European Parliament for the United Kingdom in the 2004 to 2009 session, ordered by name. ... Scotland constitutes a single constituency of the European Parliament. ... List of burghs in Scotland List of cities in the United Kingdom Lists of places within Scottish regions List of places in Orkney List of places in Shetland List of places in the Borders region of Scotland List of places in the Central region of Scotland List of places in... Saint Andrew Greek( Ανδρέας, Andreas), called in the Orthodox tradition Protocletos, or the First-called, is a Christian Apostle and the younger brother of Saint Peter. ... The Twelve Apostles (in Koine Greek απόστολος apostolos [1], someone sent forth/sent out, an emissary) were probably Galilean Jewish men (10 names are Aramaic, 4 names are Greek) chosen from among the disciples, who were sent forth by Jesus of Nazareth to preach the Gospel to both Jews and Gentiles... // Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) is a member of the Goidelic branch of Celtic languages. ... A Royal Burgh is a type of Scottish burgh (town or city), used today for ceremonial purposes only. ... Fife (Fìobh in Gaelic) is a council area of Scotland, situated between the Firth of Tay and the Firth of Forth, with landward boundaries to Perth and Kinross and Clackmannanshire. ... Motto (Latin) No one provokes me with impunity Cha togar mfhearg gun dioladh (Scottish Gaelic)1 Wha daur meddle wi me?(Scots)1 Anthem (Multiple unofficial anthems) Scotlands location in Europe Capital Edinburgh Largest city Glasgow Official languages English, Gaelic Government Constitutional monarchy  -  Queen Queen Elizabeth II  -  Prime... Golf is a sport in which individual players or teams hit a ball into a hole using various clubs, and also is one of the few ball games that does not use a fixed standard playing area. ... The North Sea is a sea of the Atlantic Ocean, located between the coasts of Norway and Denmark in the east, the coast of the British Isles in the west, and the German, Dutch, Belgian and French coasts in the south. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... For other uses see Dundee (disambiguation) Dundee is Scotlands fourth largest city, population 154 674 (2001), situated on the North bank of the Firth of Tay. ... St Marys College Bute Medical School St Leonards College[5][6] Affiliations 1994 Group Website http://www. ...

Royal & Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews and former Hamilton Hall

St Andrews has acquired the name "home of golf" for two reasons. First, the Royal and Ancient Golf Club, founded in 1754, exercises legislative authority over the game worldwide except in the U.S. and Mexico. Second, the beautiful links (acquired by the town in 1894) is the most frequent venue for The Open Championship, the oldest of golf's four major championships. Visitors travel to St Andrews in great numbers for several courses ranked amongst the finest in the world, as well as for the sandy beaches. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... The Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews (or R&A for short) is not only one of the oldest golf clubs, but also the governing body of golf in much of the world. ... 1754 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... St Andrews Links in the city of St Andrews, Scotland, is regarded as the home of golf.It is the oldest course in the world. ... 1894 (MDCCCXCIV) was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... “British Open” redirects here. ... The Major Championships, often referred to simply as the Majors are the four most prestigious annual golf tournaments in mens professional golf. ...

The Martyrs Memorial, erected to the honour of Patrick Hamilton, George Wishart, and other martyrs of the Reformation epoch, stands at the west end of the Scores on a cliff overlooking the sea. Patrick Hamilton (1504 - February 29, 1528) was a Scottish churchman and Reformer. ... George Wishart George Wishart (c. ... The Reformation was a movement in the 16th century to reform the Catholic Church in Western Europe. ...

History

A Pictish stronghold probably stood on the site of St Andrews, and tradition declares that Kenneth, the patron saint of Kennoway, established a Céli Dé monastery here in the 6th century. The place is not actually attested in contemporary records until 747, when the Irish annals report the death of Túathalán, abbot of "Cennrígmonaid" (Old Irish for "head of the King's monad", monad being a broad term meaning anything from "mountain" to "pastureland"). The foundations of the little church dedicated to the Virgin were discovered on the Kirkheugh in 1860. Another Céli Dé church of St Mary on the Rock is supposed to have stood on the Lady's Craig, now covered by the sea. Kennoway is a village in Fife, Scotland, near the larger population centres in the area of Leven and Methil. ... The Culdees formed an ancient monastic order with settlements in Ireland and Scotland. ... Monastery of St. ... Events Abu Muslim unites the Abbasid Empire against the Umayyads. ... Túathalán († 747) was a Gaelic or Scoto-Pictish abbot of Cennrigmonaid. ... Old Irish is the name given to the oldest form of the Irish language which can be more or less fully reconstructed from extant sources. ...

In the 12th and 13th centuries, the settlement had the name of Kilrymont (a Normanized spelling of Cell Rígmonaid, "the church of the King's monad") or of Muckross ("the promontory of the boars"). Another legend tells how Saint Regulus or Rule (Riagail), the bishop of Patras in Achaea, was guided hither bearing the relics of Saint Andrew. The Pictish king Angus MacFergus gave him a tract of land called the "Boar's Raik", perhaps preserved in the nearby settlement of Boarhills of the present day, and the name of the spot was changed to "St Andrews". (11th century - 12th century - 13th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 12th century was that century which lasted from 1101 to 1200. ... (12th century - 13th century - 14th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 13th century was that century which lasted from 1201 to 1300. ... Saint Regulus or Saint Rule was a monk of the East who, in the 4th century, it is said, came to Scotland from the Greek island of Patmos with the bones of Saint Andrew, and deposited them at St Andrews. ... Coordinates 38°15′ N 21°44′ E Country Greece Periphery West Greece Prefecture Achaea Province Greece Population 161,114 (2001 [1]) Area 125. ... Achaea (Greek: , Achaïa; see also List of traditional Greek place names) is an ancient province and a present prefecture of Greece, on the northern coast of the Peloponnese, stretching from the mountain ranges of Erymanthus and Cyllene on the south to a narrow strip of fertile land on the... Saint Andrew Greek( Ανδρέας, Andreas), called in the Orthodox tradition Protocletos, or the First-called, is a Christian Apostle and the younger brother of Saint Peter. ... A replica of the Hilton of Cadboll Stone. ...

St Andrews is said to have become a bishopric in the 9th century, and when the Pictish and Scottish churches merged in 908, the primacy was transferred to it from Dunkeld, its bishop becoming thereafter known as "bishop" or "high bishop of Scotland" (ardepiscop Alban). It became an archbishopric during the primacy of Patrick Graham (1466 - 1478). The town was created a royal burgh in 1124. Dunkeld (Dùn Chailleann in Scottish Gaelic) is a small town in Strathtay, Perth and Kinross, Scotland, approximately 15 miles north of Perth on the A9 road into the Scottish Highlands and on the opposite (north) side of the River Tay from the Victorian village of Birnam. ... The Bishop of St. ... A Royal Burgh is a type of Scottish burgh (town or city), used today for ceremonial purposes only. ... Events March 26 - Henry I of Englands forces defeat Norman rebels at Bourgtheroulde. ...

In the 16th century St Andrews functioned as one of the most important ports north of the Forth and allegedly had 14,000 inhabitants, but it fell into decay after the violent Scottish Reformation and the English Civil War. Daniel Defoe says that when he saw it one-sixth of its houses were ruinous and the sea had so encroached on the harbour that it was never likely to be restored; but the slight improvement in trade and public spirit which Bishop Pococke seemed to detect in 1760 continued throughout the 19th century. (15th century - 16th century - 17th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 16th century was that century which lasted from 1501 to 1600. ... The Firth of Forth from Calton Hill The Forth Bridges cross the Firth Satellite photo of the Firth and the surrounding area Map of the Firth The Firth of Forth (Scottish Gaelic: Linne Foirthe) is the estuary or firth of Scotlands River Forth, where it flows into the North... John Knox regarded as the leader of the Scottish Reformation The Scottish Reformation was Scotlands formal break with the papacy in 1560, and the events surrounding this. ... The English Civil War consisted of a series of armed conflicts and political machinations that took place between Parliamentarians (known as Roundheads) and Royalists (known as Cavaliers) between 1642 and 1651. ... Daniel Defoe Daniel Defoe (1660 [?] â€“ April 1731) was an English writer, journalist and spy, who gained enduring fame for his novel Robinson Crusoe. ... Richard Pococke (1704-1765) was an English prelate and anthropologist. ... Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Still, by the late-19th century the town was dilapidated. The masters at the university complained of the conditions and contemplated moving either to Perth or to Dumfries. In the 1960s the town was revitalised by growth in the university and the growing popularity of golf. St Marys College Bute Medical School St Leonards College[5][6] Affiliations 1994 Group Website http://www. ... The Royal Burgh of Perth (Peairt in Scottish Gaelic) is a large burgh in central Scotland. ... The Buccleuch St Bridge Devorgilla Bridge Overlooking Dumfries The Old Bridge House Dumfries ((IPA: ) pronounced dum-freece, not dum-fries) (Dùn Phris in Scottish Gaelic) is a former royal burgh and town with a population of around 31,146 (37,846 including the Locharbriggs and Cargenbridge areas). ... The 1960s decade refers to the years from January 1, 1960 to December 31, 1969, inclusive. ... St Marys College Bute Medical School St Leonards College[5][6] Affiliations 1994 Group Website http://www. ... Golf is a sport in which individual players or teams hit a ball into a hole using various clubs, and also is one of the few ball games that does not use a fixed standard playing area. ...

Buildings

St Andrew's cathedral ruins

View of the cathedral grounds from the top of St Rules Tower.

Download high resolution version (1000x259, 248 KB)A panorama I took of St Andrews from the top of St Rules Tower. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1600x1200, 474 KB)A view of the Scottish countryside from the top of St. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1600x1200, 474 KB)A view of the Scottish countryside from the top of St. ...

Cathedral

The ruins of the Cathedral of St Andrew, at one time Scotland's largest building, originated in the priory of Canons Regular founded by Bishop Robert (1122 - 1159). It was not completed and consecrated until 1318 in the reign of Robert the Bruce (1306-29). The Cathedral and its associated conventual buildings were sacked and became ruinous after the Reformation in 1559. At the end of the 17th century, some of the priory buildings remained entire and considerable remains of others existed, but nearly all traces have now disappeared except much of the defensive Priory wall, with its towers and gates. To the west of the Cathedral, the 14th century main gateway into the Cathedral precinct, known as the Pends, also survives. St Andrews cathedral ruins. ... Motto (Latin) No one provokes me with impunity Cha togar mfhearg gun dioladh (Scottish Gaelic)1 Wha daur meddle wi me?(Scots)1 Anthem (Multiple unofficial anthems) Scotlands location in Europe Capital Edinburgh Largest city Glasgow Official languages English, Gaelic Government Constitutional monarchy  -  Queen Queen Elizabeth II  -  Prime... Events 1 April: Berwick-upon-Tweed is captured by the Scottish from the English Emperor Go-Daigo ascends to the throne of Japan End of the reign of Emperor Hanazono, emperor of Japan Pope John XXII declares the doctrines of the Franciscans advocating ecclesiastical poverty erroneous Qalaun Mosque, Cairo... Robert I, King of Scots, usually known as Robert the Bruce (July 11, 1274 – June 7, 1329, reigned 1306 – 1329), was, according to a modern biographer (Geoffrey Barrow), a great hero who lived in a minor country. ... The Protestant Reformation was a movement which began in the 16th century as a series of attempts to reform the Roman Catholic Church, but ended in division and the establishment of new institutions, most importantly Lutheranism, Reformed churches, and Anabaptists. ... January 15 - Elizabeth I of England is crowned in Westminster Abbey. ... (16th century - 17th century - 18th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 17th century was that century which lasted from 1601-1700. ... This 14th-century statue from south India depicts the gods Shiva (on the left) and Uma (on the right). ...

Apart from most of the east and west gables, the south nave wall, and parts of the south transept, the Cathedral itself has been reduced to its foundations by stone robbing. Fragments can be found built into the older buildings throughout the town. A site museum (Historic Scotland; entrance charge) contains an impressive collection of stonework from all phases of the Cathedral's history, from early medieval to 17th century. The most important single piece is the St Andrews Sarcophagus, a masterpiece of 8th century Pictish sculpture. Links to full descriptions of the elements of a Gothic floorplan are also found at the entry Cathedral diagram. ... Historic Scotland is the Scottish agency looking after historic monuments. ... (16th century - 17th century - 18th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 17th century was that century which lasted from 1601-1700. ... (7th century — 8th century — 9th century — other centuries) Events The Iberian peninsula is taken by Arab and Berber Muslims, thus ending the Visigothic rule, and starting almost 8 centuries of Muslim presence there. ... A replica of the Hilton of Cadboll Stone. ...

St Rule's Tower

St Rule's tower

St Rule's tower is located in the Cathedral grounds but predates it, probably itself having been part of the Cathedral up to the early 12th century. The building was retained to allow worship to continue uninterrupted during the building of its much larger successor. Originally, the tower and adjoining choir were part of a church built probably in the 11th century to hold the relics of St Andrew. The nave, with twin western turrets, and the apse of the church no longer stand. The church's original appearance is illustrated in stylised form on some of the early seals of the Cathedral Priory. Legend credits St Rule (also known as St Regulus) with bringing relics of St Andrew to the area from their original location at Patras in Greece. Today the tower commands an admirable view of the town, harbour, sea, and surrounding countryside. Beautifully built in grey sandstone ashlar, and immensely tall, it is a land- and sea-mark seen from many miles away, its prominence doubtless meant to guide pilgrims to the place of the Apostle's relics. In the Middle Ages a spire atop the tower made it even more prominent. The tower was originally ascended using ladders between wooden floors, but a stone spiral staircase was inserted in the 18th century (Historic Scotland; entrance charge to Tower and site museum). Download high resolution version (600x800, 353 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Download high resolution version (600x800, 353 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... As a means of recording the passage of time, the 11th century was that century which lasted from 1001 to 1100. ... Links to full descriptions of the elements of a Gothic floorplan are also found at the entry Cathedral diagram. ... This article is about an architectural feature; for the astronomical term see apsis. ... Saint Regulus or Saint Rule was a monk of the East who, in the 4th century, it is said, came to Scotland from the Greek island of Patmos with the bones of Saint Andrew, and deposited them at St Andrews. ... Saint Regulus or Saint Rule was a monk of the East who, in the 4th century, it is said, came to Scotland from the Greek island of Patmos with the bones of Saint Andrew, and deposited them at St Andrews. ... Saint Andrew (Greek: Andreas, manly), the Christian Apostle, brother of Saint Peter, was born at Bethsaida on the Lake of Galilee. ... Coordinates 38°15′ N 21°44′ E Country Greece Periphery West Greece Prefecture Achaea Province Greece Population 161,114 (2001 [1]) Area 125. ... Red sandstone interior of Lower Antelope Canyon, Arizona, worn smooth due to erosion by flash flooding over millions of years Sandstone is a sedimentary rock composed mainly of sand-size mineral or rock grains. ... Ashlar is dressed stone work of any type of stone. ... The Twelve Apostles (in Koine Greek απόστολος apostolos [1], someone sent forth/sent out, an emissary) were probably Galilean Jewish men (10 names are Aramaic, 4 names are Greek) chosen from among the disciples, who were sent forth by Jesus of Nazareth to preach the Gospel to both Jews and Gentiles... The Middle Ages formed the middle period in a traditional schematic division of European history into three ages: the classical civilization of Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and modern times, beginning with the Renaissance. ... (17th century - 18th century - 19th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 18th century refers to the century that lasted from 1701 through 1800. ... Historic Scotland is the Scottish agency looking after historic monuments. ...

Castle

St Andrews' Castle

The picturesque ruins of St Andrews Castle stand on a rocky promontory much worn away by the sea. Bishop Roger supposedly erected the first stone castle on the site about the beginning of the 13th century as an episcopal residence, strongly fortified. English invaders frequently captured it, and after its recapture by the Scottish regent, Andrew Murray, in 1336-37, it was destroyed lest it should fall into their hands. Towards the close of the century Bishop Trail rebuilt it in the form of a massive five-sided enclosure with a moat on the south and west sides. James I spent some of his early years within it under the care of Bishop Wardlaw, and it was the birthplace of James III in 1445. From a window in the castle Cardinal Beaton witnessed the burning of the Protestant reformer George Wishart (1546) for the crime of heresy, and in the same year a party of Reformers murdered Beaton within it. The Castle was taken from the conspirators by the French, after a year-long siege, among the prisoners captured being John Knox. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Ruins of St Andrews castle overlooking the North Sea St Andrews castle is a picturesque ruin located in the coastal town of St Andrews in Fife, Scotland. ... The term promontory has several similar meanings in English, including geographical names: A promontory is a prominent mass of land which overlooks lower lying land or a body of water (e. ... (12th century - 13th century - 14th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 13th century was that century which lasted from 1201 to 1300. ... Andrew Murray may refer to: Andrew Moray, commonly referred to as Andrew Murray, Guardian of Scotland during 13th century; key military and political leader of the Scots during the Scottish Wars of Independence Andrew Murray (botanist) (1812–1878), Scottish botanist Andrew Murray (minister) (1828–1917), South African minister of religion... James I (December 10, 1394 – February 21, 1437) reigned as King of Scots from April 4, 1406 until February 21, 1437. ... James III of Scotland (1451/ 1452 – June 11, 1488), son of James II and Mary of Gueldres, created Duke of Rothesay at birth, king of Scotland from 1460 to 1488. ... Events Discovery of Senegal and Cape Verde by Dinas Diaz Births March 1 - Sandro Botticelli, Italian painter (died 1510) March 16 - Johann Geiler von Kaisersberg, Swiss-born preacher (died 1510) Albert Brudzewski, Polish astronomer (died 1497) Nicolas Chuquet, French mathematician Deaths June 5 - Leonel Power, English composer June 11 - Henry... Cardinal David Beaton Archbishop David Cardinal Beaton (c. ... Protestantism is a general grouping of denominations within Christianity. ... George Wishart George Wishart (c. ... // Events Spanish conquest of Yucatan Peace between England and France Foundation of Trinity College, Cambridge by Henry VIII of England Katharina von Bora flees to Magdeburg Science Architecture Michelangelo Buonarroti is made chief architect of St. ... Look up Heresy in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The Reformation was a movement in the 16th century to reform the Catholic Church in Western Europe. ... For other persons named John Knox, see John Knox (disambiguation). ...

Parish Church of the Holy Trinity

Bishop Thurgot founded the town church (officially known as the Parish Church of the Holy Trinity) in 1112. Originally standing close to the east end of the Cathedral, the parish church was moved in the 15th century to a new site on the north side of South Street. This was one of Scotland's largest parish churches, with a round-pillared nave and chancel, and a north-west tower crowned by a stone spire. Largely rebuilt in the 18th century, the church was restored to a (more elaborately decorated) approximation of its medieval appearance in the early 20th century. Only the tower, part of the west wall and the internal pillars survive from the original building. In this church John Knox first preached in public (May or June) 1547, and in it, on 4 June 1559, he delivered the famous sermon from St Matthew xxi. 12, 13, which led to the stripping of the Cathedral and the destruction of the monastic buildings. Holy Trinity contains an elaborate monument in white marble to James Sharp, Archbishop of St Andrews (assassinated 1679). A rare survival from the Middle Ages are a few of the church's carved choir stalls. Turgot (or Thurgot) was the first Norman Bishop of Saint Andrews (then called Cell Rígmonaid, and Kilrymont by Scoto-Normans). ... (14th century - 15th century - 16th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 15th century was that century which lasted from 1401 to 1500. ... Motto (Latin) No one provokes me with impunity Cha togar mfhearg gun dioladh (Scottish Gaelic)1 Wha daur meddle wi me?(Scots)1 Anthem (Multiple unofficial anthems) Scotlands location in Europe Capital Edinburgh Largest city Glasgow Official languages English, Gaelic Government Constitutional monarchy  -  Queen Queen Elizabeth II  -  Prime... (17th century - 18th century - 19th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 18th century refers to the century that lasted from 1701 through 1800. ... (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999... For other persons named John Knox, see John Knox (disambiguation). ... Year 1547 was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. ... June 4 is the 155th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (156th in leap years), with 210 days remaining. ... January 15 - Elizabeth I of England is crowned in Westminster Abbey. ... James Sharp (1613-1679) was a Presbyterian minister, and later Archbishop of St Andrews (1661-1679). ... Events January 24 - King Charles II of England disbands Parliament August 7 - The brigantine Le Griffon, which was commissioned by René Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, is towed to the southern end of the Niagara River, to become the first ship to sail the upper Great Lakes. ... The Middle Ages formed the middle period in a traditional schematic division of European history into three ages: the classical civilization of Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and modern times, beginning with the Renaissance. ...

Holy Trinity Parish Church is a congregation of the Presbyterian Church of Scotland. The current (2006) minister is the Rev. Rory MacLeod. Presbyterianism is part of the Reformed churches family of denominations of Christian Protestantism based on the teachings of John Calvin which traces its institutional roots to the Scottish Reformation, especially as led by John Knox. ... The Church of Scotland (CofS, known informally as The Kirk, Eaglais na h-Alba in Scottish Gaelic) is the national church of Scotland. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ...

The town also has other churches, including three other Church of Scotland congregations (St Leonards, Martyrs' and Hope Park), a Free Church of Scotland, two Scottish Episcopal Church congregations (St Andrews and All Saints'), a Baptist church, a Roman Catholic church (St James' built in 1909), the Eden Fellowship, a Gospel Hall, a Religious Society of Friends (Quaker) Meeting House and a Kingdom Vineyard Fellowship. Hope Park Church in St Andrews, Fife is a congregation of the Church of Scotland. ... The neutrality of this article is disputed. ... Baptist is a term describing a tradition within Christianity and may also refer to individuals belonging to a Baptist church or a Baptist denomination. ... The Roman Catholic Church, most often spoken of simply as the Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with over one billion members. ... A Gospel Hall is the name usually given to a special auditorium used for peaching of the good news. ... Pendle Hill, a landmark in the history of the Society of Friends. ... Sydney Friends meeting house A Friends meeting house is a place of worship for the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers). ...

Chapel of the Blackfriars

In South Street stands the elegant late medieval ruin of the north transept of the chapel of the Dominican Friary, founded by Bishop Wishart in 1274, the only part of the House of the Blackfriars to remain above ground. Events May 7 - In France the Second Council of Lyons opens to consider the condition of the Holy Land and to agree to a union with the Byzantine church. ... Categories: City of London | Districts of London | London geography stubs ...

All traces of the Observantine Franciscan Friary founded about 1450 by Bishop Kennedy have disappeared, except the well and a small section of boundary wall. The Order of Friars Minor and other Franciscan movements are disciples of Saint Francis of Assisi. ...

Education

The University of St Andrews

Main article: University of St Andrews

St Andrews University classics building

The University of St Andrews owed its origin to a society formed in 1410 by Lawrence of Lindores, abbot of Scone, Richard Cornwall, archdeacon of Lothian, William Stephenson, afterwards bishop of Dunblane, and a few others. Bishop Henry Wardlaw (died 1440) issued a charter in 1411 and attracted the most learned men in Scotland as professors. In 1413 Avignon Pope Benedict XIII issued six bulls confirming the charter and constituting the society a university. Lectures took place in various parts of the town until 1430, when Wardlaw allowed the lecturers the use of a building called the Paedagogium, or St Johns College. Bishop Kennedy founded and richly endowed St Salvator's College in 1450; seven years later it gained the right to confer degrees in theology and philosophy, and by the end of the century was regarded as a constituent part of the university. St Marys College Bute Medical School St Leonards College[5][6] Affiliations 1994 Group Website http://www. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... St Marys College Bute Medical School St Leonards College[5][6] Affiliations 1994 Group Website http://www. ... March 29 - The Aragonese capture Oristano, capital of the giudicato di Arborea in Sardinia July 15 – Battle of Grunwald (also known as Tannenberg or Zalgiris). ... Scone is a large village, a mile north of Perth, Scotland. ... Lothian (Lowden in Scots, Lodainn in Gaelic) forms a traditional region of Scotland, lying between the southern shore of the Firth of Forth and the Lammermuir Hills. ... This article is about a title or office in religious bodies. ... Dunblane (Gaelic: Dùn Bhlàthain) is a small town north of Stirling in the Stirling council area in Scotland. ... Henry Wardlaw (d. ... // March 21 - Henry V becomes King of England. ... Benedict XIII, born Pedro Martínez de Luna, (b. ... Papal bull of Pope Urban VIII, 1637, sealed with a leaden bulla. ... Representation of a university class, 1350s. ... St Salvators College, north and east wings St Salvators College of the University of St Andrews was formed in 1450 by Bishop James Kennedy, at the site that it presently occupies on North Street, St Andrews. ... At Wikiversity you can learn more and teach others about Theology at: The School of Theology Theology finds its scholars pursuing the understanding of and providing reasoned discourse of religion, spirituality and God or the gods. ... The philosopher Socrates about to take poison hemlock as ordered by the court. ...

In 1512 Prior John Hepburn and Archbishop Alexander Stewart founded St Leonard's College on the site of the buildings which at one time served as a hostel for pilgrims. In the same year Archbishop Stewart nominally changed the original Paedagogium into a college and annexed to it the parish church of St Michael of Tarvet; but its actual erection into a college did not take place until 1537, when it was dedicated to the Blessed Virgin Mary of the Assumption. The outline of the ancient structure has survived, but various restorations have much altered its general character. It forms two sides of a quadrangle, the library and principal's residence standing on the north and the lecture rooms and the old dining-hall to the west. There have been a number of notable people called Alexander Stewart, including several members of the Scottish royal family. ... St Leonards College, University of St Andrews (originally ‘the College of Poor Clerks of the Church of St Andrews’) was founded in 1511 by Prior Hepburn (receiving Papal recognition by proxy in 1545), on the site of St Leonards hospital and church. ... Saint Mary and Saint Mary the Virgin both redirect here. ...

The University library, which now includes the older college libraries, was founded in 1612, rebuilt in 1764, and improved in 1829 and 1889 - 1890. The lower hall in the older part of the building was used at times as a provincial meeting-place for the Scottish Parliament. When the constitution of the colleges was remodelled in 1579 St Mary's was set apart for theology; and in 1747 the colleges of St Salvator and St Leonard were formed into the United College. A co-educational school now occupies the buildings of St Leonards. For the national legislative body up to 1707, see Parliament of Scotland. ... The United College (in full, United College of St Salvator and St Leonard) is one of the two colleges of the University of St Andrews in St Andrews, Scotland. ... Founded in 1877 by Dame Louisa Lumsden amid the increased demand for womans education, St Leonards School and Sixth Form College, located on the east coast of Scotland, is now co-educational. ...

St Salvator's Chapel

The University retains ownership of the tiny St Leonards college chapel, and candle-lit services take place weekly during term-time. The United College occupies the site of St Salvator's College, but, with the exception of the college chapel, the entrance gateway and clock tower (152 feet high) and the janitor's house with some classrooms above, the original buildings have been removed. The chapel is now used as the university chapel, and is a fine Gothic structure, containing an elaborate tomb of Bishop Kennedy and Knox's pulpit. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Interior of Cologne Cathedral Gothic architecture is a style of architecture, particularly associated with cathedrals and other churches, which flourished in Europe during the high and late medieval period. ...

The modern buildings, in the Jacobean style, were erected between 1827 and 1847. University College, Dundee, became in 1890 affiliated to the University of St Andrews. The House of Lords set aside this arrangement in 1895, but a re-affiliation took place in 1897. This affiliation ended in 1967 with the founding of the University of Dundee. In 1887 - 1888 a common dining-hall for the students was established; in 1892 provision was made within the university for the instruction of women, and in 1896 a permanent building was opened for the board and residence of women students. To the south of the library, the Bute Medical Buildings, erected by the munificence of the 3rd Marquess of Bute, was opened in 1899. It was during the principalship of Dr James Donaldson, who succeeded John Tulloch (1823 - 1886), that most of the modern improvements were introduced. The Jacobean style is the name given to the second phase of Renaissance architecture in England, following the Elizabethan style. ... The House of Lords is the upper house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom and is also commonly referred to as the Lords. The Sovereign, the House of Commons (which is the lower house of Parliament and referred to as the Commons), and the Lords together comprise the Parliament. ... 1895 (MDCCCXCV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... 1897 (MDCCCXCVII) was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... 1967 (MCMLXVII) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar (the link is to a full 1967 calendar). ... The University of Dundee is the principal university in the city and Royal burgh of Dundee, Scotland. ... The Bute Medical School is the school of medicine at the University of St Andrews in Fife, Scotland. ... John Crichton-Stuart, 3rd Marquess of Bute John Patrick Crichton-Stuart, 3rd Marquess of Bute KT (12 September 1847 – 9 October 1900) is remembered chiefly for his links with the city of Cardiff, Wales, and particularly for the restoration of Cardiff Castle. ... John Tulloch (1823 - February 13, 1886) was a Scottish theologian. ...

Madras College

Main article: Madras College

Madras College, founded and endowed by Dr Andrew Bell (1755-1832), a native of the city, is a famous high school. Madras College is a secondary school located in St. ... Madras College is a secondary school located in St. ...

St Leonards

Main article: St Leonards School

St Leonards[2], originally founded in 1877 as an all-girls school, is now a co-educational school for 3-18 year olds. Founded in 1877 by Dame Louisa Lumsden amid the increased demand for womans education, St Leonards School and Sixth Form College, located on the east coast of Scotland, is now co-educational. ...

Representation

Prior to 1975 the town was governed by a council, provost and baillies. In 1975, St Andrews came under Fife Regional Council and North East Fife District Council, since merged to create a single-tier Fife Council. St Andrews retains its own Community Council. Look up provost in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... A baillie (alternative spelling bailie, from Old French) was a local civic officer in Scottish burghs, approximately equivalent to the post of alderman or magistrate (see bailiff) in other countries. ... Fife (Fìobh in Gaelic) is a council area of Scotland, situated between the Firth of Tay and the Firth of Forth, with landward boundaries to Perth and Kinross and Clackmannanshire. ...

According to the 1911 records, the town gave its name to the district group of burghs for returning one member to parliament, the other constituents being the two Anstruthers, Crail, Cupar, Kilrenny and Pittenweem. Currently, St Andrews is part of the North East Fife Parliamentary Constituency, which is represented in the UK Parliament by Sir Menzies Campbell CBE QC MP and in the Scottish Parliament by Iain Smith MSP. Anstruther seafront. ... Crail is a burgh in Fife, Scotland. ... Location within the British Isles The Royal Burgh of Cupar is a burgh in Fife, Scotland, and is Fifes former county town, although in 1975 the administration of the newly-created Fife Regional Council was moved to Glenrothes. ... Kilrenny is a village in Fife, Scotland. ... Pittenweem from the outer harbour wall. ... North East Fife is a constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. ... The Right Honourable Sir Walter Menzies Campbell (born May 22, 1941) is a Scottish barrister and the Liberal Democrat member of Parliament for North East Fife. ... Iain Smith (born May 1, 1960) is a Scottish Liberal Democrat politician, and Member of the Scottish Parliament for North East Fife. ...

Trivia

The plaque on the bookshop on the corner of South Street and Church Street in St Andrews.

According to a plaque in St Andrews, the first dollar symbol was cast in a type-foundry in Philadelphia in 1797 that belonged to a Scots emigrant John Baine. John Baine and Alexander Wilson, the father of Scottish type-founding, had been supported by Bailie Bell of St Andrews. Bailie Bell was the father of the educationalist Andrew Bell who established Madras College. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2048x1536, 711 KB) [edit] Summary Plaque in St Andrews, Fife, Scotland reading: Here stood the house of Bailie Bell, who, before 1744, was an eager co-worker with Alexander Wilson, the father of Scottish type-founder, and John Baine, in whose... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2048x1536, 711 KB) [edit] Summary Plaque in St Andrews, Fife, Scotland reading: Here stood the house of Bailie Bell, who, before 1744, was an eager co-worker with Alexander Wilson, the father of Scottish type-founder, and John Baine, in whose... Nickname: Motto: Philadelphia maneto - Let brotherly love continue Location in Pennsylvania Coordinates: Country United States Commonwealth Pennsylvania County Philadelphia Founded October 27, 1682 Incorporated October 25, 1701 Government  - Mayor John F. Street (D) Area  - City 369. ... Attila the Stockbroker (born John Baine, October 12, 1957 in Southwick, West Sussex, England) is a punk poet, folk punk musician and songwriter. ... Alexander Wilson. ... Andrew Bell, (1753–1832) was a Scottish Anglican priest and educationalist who pioneered the Madras System of Education (also known as mutual instruction) in schools. ...

See also

• Bishop of St Andrews
• Celtic art - Pictish stones at St Andrews.

The Bishop of St. ... Muiredacha Cross. ...

External links

• Royal Burgh of St Andrews Community Council
• St Andrews travel guide from Wikitravel

Wikitravel is a project to create an open content, complete, up-to-date, and reliable world-wide travel guide. ...

References

• This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain.