The naval St James' Day Battle (also known as the St James's Day Fight, the Battle of the North Foreland and the Battle of Orfordness) took place on 4-5 August 1666 during the Second Anglo-Dutch War and was fought between fleets of England and the United Provinces commanded by Lieutenant-Admiral Michiel de Ruyter. (4 August was 25 July—St James' day in the Julian calendar then in use in England). In The Netherlands the battle is known as the Two Days Battle. The Royal Prince and other vessels at the Four Days Fight, 11–14 June 1666 by Abraham Storck depicts a battle of the Second Anglo-Dutch War. ... August 4 is the 216th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (217th in leap years), with 149 days remaining. ... August 5 is the 217th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (218th in leap years), with 148 days remaining. ... 1666 is often called Annus Mirabilis. ... The North Foreland and South Foreland are two chalk headlands on the Kent coast of southern England, overlooking the Strait of Dover. ... Motto (French) God and my right Anthem God Save the King (Queen) England() – on the European continent() – in the United Kingdom() Capital (and largest city) London (de facto) Official languages English (de facto) Government Constitutional monarchy  -  Queen Queen Elizabeth II  -  Prime Minister Tony Blair MP Unification  -  by Athelstan 967  Area... Motto (French) God and my right Anthem God Save the King (Queen) England() – on the European continent() – in the United Kingdom() Capital (and largest city) London (de facto) Official languages English (de facto) Government Constitutional monarchy  -  Queen Queen Elizabeth II  -  Prime Minister Tony Blair MP Unification  -  by Athelstan 967  Area... Map of Dutch Republic by Joannes Janssonius United Netherlands redirects here. ... Prince Rupert of the Rhine Rupert, Count Palatine of the Rhine, Duke of Bavaria (German: Ruprecht Pfalzgraf bei Rhein, Herzog von Bayern), commonly called Prince Rupert of the Rhine, (17 December 1619 – 19 November 1682), soldier, inventor and amateur artist in mezzotint, was a younger son of Frederick V, Elector... Michiel Adriaenszoon de Ruyter, Lieutenant-Admiral of the United Provinces by Ferdinand Bol, painted 1667 Michiel Adriaenszoon de Ruyter (24 March 1607 - 29 April 1676) is one of the most famous admirals in Dutch history. ... The Royal Prince and other vessels at the Four Days Fight, 11–14 June 1666 by Abraham Storck depicts a battle of the Second Anglo-Dutch War. ... The Battle of Lowestoft, 13 June 1665, showing HMS Royal Charles and the Eendracht by Hendrik van Minderhout, painted c. ... Combatants Dutch Republic (supported by Norwegian fortress) England Commanders Dutch: Pieter de Bitter Norwegian: Claus von Ahlefeldt Sir Thomas Teddiman Casualties 100 Dutch casualties, 8 Norwegian casualties, 10 civilians 500 The Battle of VÃ¥gen was a naval battle between a Dutch merchant fleet and an English fleet of warships... Combatants England United Provinces Commanders George Monck,Duke of Albemarle Michiel de Ruyter Strength 79 ships 84 ships Casualties 10 English ships lost 4 Dutch ships lost The Four Days Battle was a naval battle of the Second Anglo-Dutch War. ... Dutch Attack on the Medway, June 1667 by Pieter Cornelisz van Soest, painted c. ... August 4 is the 216th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (217th in leap years), with 149 days remaining. ... August 5 is the 217th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (218th in leap years), with 148 days remaining. ... 1666 is often called Annus Mirabilis. ... The Royal Prince and other vessels at the Four Days Fight, 11–14 June 1666 by Abraham Storck depicts a battle of the Second Anglo-Dutch War. ... Royal motto: Dieu et mon droit (French: God and my right)1 Capital Winchester, then London from 11th century. ... Map of Dutch Republic by Joannes Janssonius United Netherlands redirects here. ... Michiel Adriaenszoon de Ruyter, Lieutenant-Admiral of the United Provinces by Ferdinand Bol, painted 1667 Michiel Adriaenszoon de Ruyter (24 March 1607 - 29 April 1676) is one of the most famous admirals in Dutch history. ... August 4 is the 216th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (217th in leap years), with 149 days remaining. ... July 25 is the 206th day (207th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar, with 159 days remaining. ... Saint James the Great (d. ... The Julian calendar was introduced in 46 BC by Julius Caesar and came into force in 45 BC (709 ab urbe condita). ... Motto: Je Maintiendrai (Dutch: Ik zal handhaven, English: I Shall Uphold) Anthem: Wilhelmus van Nassouwe Capital Amsterdam1 Largest city Amsterdam Official language(s) Dutch2 Government Parliamentary democracy Constitutional monarchy  - Queen Beatrix  - Prime minister Jan Peter Balkenende Independence Eighty Years War   - Declared July 26, 1581   - Recognised January 30, 1648 (by Spain...

Dutch intentions

After the Dutch had inflicted enormous damage on the British fleet in the Four Days Battle, the leading Dutch politician Grand Pensionary Johan de Witt ordered Lieutenant-Admiral Michiel de Ruyter to carry out a plan that had been prepared for over a year: to land in the Medway to destroy the British fleet while it was being repaired in the Chatham dockyards. For this purpose ten fluyt ships carried 2,700 marines of the newly created Dutch Marine Corps, the first in history to be specialised in amphibious landings. Also De Ruyter was to combine his fleet with the French one. Combatants England United Provinces Commanders George Monck,Duke of Albemarle Michiel de Ruyter Strength 79 ships 84 ships Casualties 10 English ships lost 4 Dutch ships lost The Four Days Battle was a naval battle of the Second Anglo-Dutch War. ... The Grand Pensionary (Dutch: raad(s)pensionaris) was the most important Dutch official during the time of the United Provinces. ... Johan de Witt (September 24, 1625, Dordrecht - August 20, 1672, The Hague) was a significant Dutch political figure. ... Michiel Adriaenszoon de Ruyter, Lieutenant-Admiral of the United Provinces by Ferdinand Bol, painted 1667 Michiel Adriaenszoon de Ruyter (24 March 1607 - 29 April 1676) is one of the most famous admirals in Dutch history. ... Medway is the name given to a conurbation in the north of Kent, England. ... Chatham is a large English town that developed around an important naval dockyard on the east bank of the River Medway to the south-east of London in the county of Kent. ... Dutch fluyts of 17th Century A fluyt or a flute (IPA: ) is a type of sailing vessel originally designed as a dedicated cargo vessel. ... France Marines is the name of a commune in the département of Val dOise, France. ... The Royal Netherlands Marine Corps is the marine corps of the Netherlands. ...

The French however didn't show up and bad weather prevented the landing. De Ruyter had to limit his actions to a blockade of the Thames. On the 1st of August he observed that the British fleet was leaving port - earlier than expected. Then a storm drove the Dutch fleet back to the Flemish coast. On the 3rd De Ruyter again crossed the North Sea, leaving behind the troop ships. Several places exist with the name Thames, and the word is also used as part of several brand and company names Most famous is the River Thames in England, on which the city of London stands Other Thames Rivers There is a Thames River in Canada There is a Thames...

First day

In the early morning of the 4th the Dutch fleet of 88 ships discovered near North Foreland the British of 89 ships sailing to the north and pursued it from the southeast, in a leeward position as the wind blew from the northwest. Suddenly the wind turned to the northeast. The commander of the British fleet, Prince Rupert of the Rhine, then turned sharply east to regain the weather gauge; and De Ruyter followed to keep it. This proved to be a fatal manoeuvre for the Dutch. They now sailed right into the core of a high pressure area. The Dutch van, commanded by Lieutenant-Admiral Johan Evertsen, lost all speed and couldn't maintain a line of battle. This awkward situation lasted for hours; then again a soft breeze began to blow from the northeast. Immediately the British van commanded by Thomas Allin and part of the centre formed a line of battle and sailed right to the Dutch van, still in disarray and basically defenseless. Ship after ship of the Frisian fleet was mauled by the combined fire power of the British line. Vice-Admiral Rudolf Coenders was killed. Lieutenant-Admiral Tjerk Hiddes de Vries had an arm and a leg shot off, yet still tried to bring cohesion to his force — but to no avail. Unable to reach them with his centre, the horrified De Ruyter saw the Frisian ships drifting to the south, now no more than floating wrecks full of dead, the moans of the dying clearly audible above the other sounds of battle. Prince Rupert of the Rhine Rupert, Count Palatine of the Rhine, Duke of Bavaria (German: Ruprecht Pfalzgraf bei Rhein, Herzog von Bayern), commonly called Prince Rupert of the Rhine, (17 December 1619 – 19 November 1682), soldier, inventor and amateur artist in mezzotint, was a younger son of Frederick V, Elector... The weather gage (less commonly weather gauge) is the favorable position of a sailing vessel relative to the wind. ...

Now Rupert combined his full van and centre to deliver the coup-de-grâce to the Dutch centre. George Monck, accompanying Rupert, predicted that De Ruyter would give two broadsides and run, but the latter put up a furious fight on the Dutch flagship De Zeven Provinciën. He withstood a combined attack by Sovereign of the Seas and Royal Charles and forced Rupert to leave the damaged Royal Charles for Royal James. This way he covered the retreat of the Dutch van. George Monck, 1st Duke of Albemarle by Sir Peter Lely, painted 1665–1666. ... Eight ships of the Royal Netherlands Navy have been named HNLMS De Zeven Provinciën or similar, after the original seven provinces of the Netherlands forming the Union of Utrecht:[1] Zeven Provinciën (1643-1659), ship of the line of the Amsterdam Admirality; Verenigde Provinciën (1665-1667), ship... Sovereign of the Seas HMS Sovereign of the Seas was a 17th century British Royal Navy first-rate ship of the line of 100 guns, later known as just Sovereign and then Royal Sovereign. ... Two ships of the British Royal Navy have been named HMS Royal Charles, both after King Charles II. The first Royal Charles was an 80-gun ship of the line, launched as Naseby in 1655, renamed in 1660, and captured by the Dutch in the Raid on the Medway in...

Meanwhile Lieutenant-Admiral Cornelis Tromp, commanding the Dutch rear, had from a great distance seen the sad events evolve. Annoyed by the lack of competence shown, he decided to give the correct example. He turned sharply to the west, crossed the line of the British rear, commanded by Jeremy Smith, separating it from the rest of the English fleet and then, having the weather gauge, kept on attacking it rabidly until at last the British were routed and fled to the west. He pursued well into the night, destroying Resolution with a fireship. After Tromp three times shot the entire crew from its rigging, Smith's flagship Loyal London had to be towed home. Subcommander of the British rear was Edward Spragge, who felt so humiliated by the course of events, he became a personal enemy of Tromp, dying himself while trying to kill his foe in the Battle of Texel. Cornelis Tromp, 1629–1691 by Sir Peter Lely, painted c. ... Resolution in a gale by Willem van de Velde, the younger depicts the first Resolution c. ... This article is not about the fireboats that fight fire Defeat of the Spanish Armada, 1588-08-08 by Philippe-Jacques de Loutherbourg, painted 1796, depicts Drakes fire ship attack on the Spanish Armada. ... Sir Edward Spragge (circa 1629 - 11 August 1673) was an English admiral. ... For the 1653 battle near Texel, see the Battle of Scheveningen The Battle of the Texel, 11/21 August 1673 by Willem van de Velde, the younger, painted 1683. ...

Second day

On the morning of the 5th Tromp broke off pursuit, well pleased with his first real victory as a squadron commander. During the night a ship had brought him the message that De Ruyter had likewise been victorious, so Tromp was in a euphoric mood. That abruptly changed upon the discovery of the drifting flagship of the dying Tjerk Hiddes. Suddenly he feared that his was now the only remnant of the Dutch fleet and he was in mortal peril. Behind him those ships of the British rear still operational had again turned to the east. In front the other enemy squadrons surely awaited him. On the horizon only English flags were to be seen. Manoeuvring wildly, Tromp, drinking a lot of gin to restore his nerve, dodged any attempt to trap him and brought his squadron safely home in the port of Flushing on the morning of the 6th. There, to great mutual relief, he discovered the rest of the Dutch fleet. Flushing (Dutch Vlissingen) is a municipality and a city in the southwestern Netherlands on the former island of Walcheren. ...

It took Tromp six hours to gather enough courage to face De Ruyter. It was obvious to him that he should never have allowed himself to get completely separated from the main force. Indeed De Ruyter, not being his usual charitable self, immediately blamed him for the defeat and ordered Tromp and his subcommanders Isaac Sweers and Willem van der Zaan from his sight,and told them to never again set foot on the Zeven Provinciën. The commander of the Dutch fleet still hadn't mentally recovered from the events of the previous day. Schout-bij-nacht literally means Sheriff-at-Night, and is a Dutch rank equivalent to Rear Admiral Willem van der Zaan (29 June 1621 - 17 March 1669) was a Dutch Admiral. ...

After a short summer's night, De Ruyter on the morning of the 5th discovered that his position had become hopeless. Lieutenant-Admiral Johan Evertsen had died after losing a leg. De Ruyter's force was now reduced to about forty ships, crowding together. Most of these were inoperational, survivors of the van. Some fifteen good ships had apparently deserted during the night. A strong gale from the east prevented an easy retreat to the continental coast. To the west the British van and centre (about fifty ships) surrounded him in a half-circle, safely bombarding him from a leeward position.

De Ruyter was desperate. When his second-in-command of the centre, Lieutenant-Admiral Aert Jansse van Nes visited him for a council of war, he exclaimed "With seven or eight against the mass!" He then sagged, mumbling: "What's wrong with us? I wish I were dead." His close personal friend Van Nes tried to cheer him up, joking: "Me too. But you never die when you want to!" No sooner had both men left the cabin, the table they had been sitting at was smashed by a cannon ball.

The British however had their problems too. The strong gale prevented them from closing with the Dutch. They tried to use fire ships, but these too had trouble reaching the enemy. Only the sloop Fan-Fan, Rupert's personal pleasure yacht, rowed to the Dutch flagship De Zeven Provinciën to harass it with its two little guns, much to the hilarious laughter of the British crews.

When his ship had again warded off an attack by a fire ship (the Land of Promise) and Tromp still didn't show up, for De Ruyter tension became unbearable. He sought death exposing himself deliberately on the deck. When he failed to be hit, he exclaimed: "O, God, how infortunate I am: among so many thousands of cannon balls, is there not one that would take me?" His son-in-law, Captain of the Marines Johann de Witte, heard him and said: "Father, what desperate words! If you merely want to die, let us then turn, sail in the midst of our enemies and fight ourselves to death!". This brave but foolish proposal brought the Admiral back to his senses, for he discovered that he wasn't as desperate as all that and answered: "You don't know what you are talking about! If I did that, all would be lost. But if I can bring myself and these ships safely home, we'll finish the job later."

Then the wind that in this battle had brought so much misfortune to the Dutch saved them by turning to the west. They formed a line of battle and brought their fleet to safety through the Flemish shoals, Vice-Admiral Adriaen Banckert of the Zealandic fleet covering the retreat of all damaged ships with the operational vessels, the number of the latter slowly growing as it turned out that very few ships had actually deserted in the night: most had merely drifted away and now one after the other rejoined the battle. Adriaen Banckert (ca. ...

Results

The battle was a clear English victory — though the separate clash of the two rears was a victory for Tromp. Dutch manpower losses were enormous, immediately after the battle estimated at about 5,000 man (compared with 300 British killed), although more precise information showed that only about 1,200 of these had been killed or seriously wounded. But the Dutch only lost two ships — De Ruyter had been successful at saving almost the complete van, only Sneek and Tholen struck their flag — and they could quickly repair the damage. The twin disasters of the Great Plague of London and the Great Fire of London however, combined with his financial mismanagement, left Charles II without the funds to continue the war. In fact he had had only enough reserves for this last battle. The Dutch soon recovered: within a month they again took sea but only a minor skirmish resulted. During this later fight De Ruyter inhaled a burning fuse filament that burnt a fistula in his throat; he would just recover in time to inflict a severe blow on the English navy in the Raid on the Medway in 1667, when at last he could carry out the plan he was prevented from executing in 1666 by this defeat. poop poop poop A bill of mortality for the plague year of 1665. ... Detail of painting from 1666 of the Great Fire of London by an unknown artist, depicting the fire as it would have appeared on the evening of Tuesday, 4 September from a boat in the vicinity of Tower Wharf. ... Charles II (29 May 1630 – 6 February 1685) was the King of England, King of Scots, and King of Ireland from 30 January 1649 (de jure) or 29 May 1660 (de facto) until his death. ... In medicine, a fistula (pl. ... Dutch Attack on the Medway, June 1667 by Pieter Cornelisz van Soest, painted c. ... // Events January 20 - Poland cedes Kyiv, Smolensk, and eastern Ukraine to Russia in the Treaty of Andrusovo that put a final end to the Deluge, and Poland lost its status as a Central European power. ...

During the weeks that the Dutch fleet was in repair, Admiral Robert Holmes, aided by the Dutch traitor Laurens van Heemskerck penetrated the Vlie estuary, burnt a fleet of 150 merchants (Holmes's Bonfire) and sacked the town of ter Schelling (the present West-Terschelling) on the Frisian island of Terschelling. Fan-Fan was again present. Sir Frescheville Holles and Sir Robert Holmes Sir Robert Holmes ( 1622 – November 18, 1692) was a British Admiral of the Restoration Navy. ... The Vlie or Vliestroom is the seaway between de Dutch islands of Vlieland and Terschelling. ... Terschelling (Frisian: Skylge) is a municipality and an island in the northern Netherlands, one of the West Frisian Islands. ...

In the Republic the defeat had also far-reaching political effects. Tromp was the champion of the orangist party. Now that he was accused of severe neglicence the country split over this issue. To defend himself Tromp let his brother-in-law Johan Kievit publish an account of his conduct. Kievit shortly afterwards was discovered to have planned a coup, secretely negotiating a peace treaty with the English king. He fled to England and was condemned to death in his absence; Tromp's family was fined and he himself forbidden to serve on the fleet. In November 1669 a Tromp-supporter tried to stab Michiel de Ruyter in the entrance-hall of his house. Only in 1672 Tromp would have his revenge on Johan de Witt by having him murdered. The new ruler, William III of Orange, in 1673 with great difficulty succeeded in reconciling De Ruyter with Tromp. // Events Samuel Pepys stopped writing his diary. ... Events England, France, Munster and Cologne invade the United Provinces, therefore this name is know as ´het rampjaar´ (the disaster year) in the Netherlands. ... William III King of England, Scotland and Ireland William III and II (14 November 1650–8 March 1702; also known as William Henry and William of Orange) was Prince of Orange from his birth, King of England and Ireland from 13 February 1689, and King of Scotland from 11... 1673 (MDCLXXIII) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar). ...