Saint Paulinus II (c. 730-40 - 802) was an Italian ecclesiastic, scholar and poet who served as the Patriarch of Aquileia. List of Bishops and Archbishops of Aquileia. ...

Born at Premariacco, near Cividale (the Roman Forum Iulii) in the Friuli region of north-eastern Italy, probably of a Roman family during Lombard rule, Paulinus was brought up in the patriarchal schools at Cividale. After ordination to the priesthood, he became master of the school. He acquired a thorough Latin culture, both in pagan and Christian classics. He had also a deep knowledge of jurisprudence, and extensive Scriptural, theological, and patristic training. Paulinus would play an important part in the Carolinigan Renaissance, assisting in the promotion of Christendom and the restoration of civilization in the West after centuries of unstable barbarian rule. Cividale del Friuli (Friulian Cividât, Slovenian Čedad) is a town in Northern Italy, close to Urine. ... Friulian Coats of Arms Friuli (Furlan: Friûl, German: Friaul, Slovenian: Furlanija) is an area in northeastern Italy, comprising the major part of the autonomous region Friuli-Venezia Giulia. ... Latin is an ancient Indo-European language originally spoken in Latium, the region immediately surrounding Rome. ... This T-and-O map, which abstracts the known world to a cross inscribed within an orb, remakes geography in the service of Christian iconography. ...

Paulinus' education won him the favour of Charlemagne. After the Frankish destruction of the Kingdom of the Lombards in 774, Charles invited Paulinus to France in 776, to be "royal master of grammar". In 777 Paulinus made his first acquaintance with Petrus of Pisa, Alcuin, Arno, Albrico, Bona, Riculph, Raefgot, Rado, Lullus, Bassinus, Fuldrad, Eginard, Adalard, and Adelbert, the leading men of that age. A portrait of Charlemagne by Albrecht Dürer that was painted several centuries after Charlemagnes death. ... The Lombards (Latin Langobardi, whence comes the alternative name Longobards found in older English texts), were a Germanic people originally from Northern Europe that entered the late Roman Empire. ... Rabanus Maurus (left), supported by Alcuin (middle), presents his work to Otgar of Mainz Flaccus Albinus Alcuinus or Ealhwine (c. ...

His devotion to Charlemagne was rewarded by many favours, among them the gift of the property of Waldand, son of Mimo of Lavariano, with a diploma dated from Ivrea. In 787, on the death of Siguald, Charles appointed Paulinus to be consecrated as the Patriarch of Aquileia. As patriarch, Paulinus took a more prominent part in the important matters of his day. In his relations with the churches of Istria, or with the Patriarch of Grado, the representative of Byzantine interests, he showed the greatest prudence and pastoral zeal. Paulinus obtained diplomas for the free election of the future patriarchs, and other privileges for the Church of Aquileia, viz. the monastery of St. Mary in Organo, the church of St. Lawrence of Buia, the hospitals of St. John at Cividale and St. Mary at Verona. He helped in preparing the new Christian legislation, and we find some canons of his synods. Aquileia (Friulian Aquilee, Slovene Oglej) is an ancient Roman town of Italy, at the head of the Adriatic at the edge of the lagoons, about 10 km from the sea, on the river Natiso (modern Natisone), the course of which has changed somewhat since Roman times. ... Map of Istria Istria (Croatian and Slovenian: Istra, Italian: Istria) is the largest peninsula in the Adriatic Sea. ... This is a list of Patriarchs of Grado. ... Verona is an ancient town, episcopal see, and province in Veneto, Northern Italy. ...

In 792 he was present at the Council of Ratisbon, which condemned the heresy of Adoptionism taught by Eliphand and Felix, Bishop of Urgel. In 794 he took a leading part in the national Synod of Frankfort-on-the-Main, where Adoptionism was again condemned, and wrote a book against it which was sent to Spain in the name of the council. Leaving Frankfort, Paulinus returned to Cividale and then accompanied Pepin against the nearby Avars. At Salzburg he presided over a synod of bishops, in which were discussed the evangelization and baptism of the barbarians, as we learn from letters of Charles, Alcuin, Arno, and Paulinus. Returning from the expedition, the patriarch once more opposed the Adoptionists at the Synod of Cividale in 796. Paulinus expounded the Catholic doctrine about the Blessed Trinity, especially about the procession of the Holy Ghost from the Father and the Son. At this synod fourteen "canons" on ecclesiastical discipline, and on the sacrament of marriage, were framed and a copy of the Acts was sent to the emperor. Paulinus is said to have assisted at the Council of Altinum, but Hefele has proved that a council was never held there. Adoptionism or adoptianism is an attempt to explain how Jesus is related God (that is, it was one option that arose in the Trinitarian controversies of the early church). ... Frankfort is the name of several places: Frankfort, Illinois Frankfort, Indiana Frankfort, Kentucky Frankfort, Michigan Village of Frankfort, New York Town of Frankfort, New York Frankfort, Ohio Frankfort, Wisconsin Frankfort, South Africa Today, Frankfurt, the name of two cities in Germany, is known as that in English. ... Map showing the location of Avar Khaganate, c. ...   is the fourth-largest city in Austria and the capital of the federal state of Salzburg. ... The traditional Christian doctrine of the Trinity teaches One God who exists, simultaneously and eternally, as a community (in a technical theological sense) of three distinguishable persons: the Father, the Son (the eternal Logos, incarnate in time, space, and history as Jesus of Nazareth), and the Holy Spirit. ...

In 798 he was "Missus Dominicus" of Charlemagne at Pistoia, with Arno and ten other bishops; and afterwards he went to Rome as imperial legate to the Pope. A missus dominicus (plural missi dominici), Latin for Envoy of the Lord [ruler], also known as Sendgraf in German, Zendgraaf in Dutch, both meaning sent Graf, was an official commissioned by the Frankish king or emperor to supervise the administration, mainly justice, in a part of his dominions, not unlike... Pistoia (ancient Pistoria) is a city in the Tuscany region of Italy, the capital of a province of the same name, located about 30 km (18 mi) west and north of Florence. ...

The activity of Paulinus as metropolitan is clear from the "Sponsio Episcoporum ad S. Aquileiensem Sedem . Among his works are: Libellus Sacrosyllabus contra Elipandum; Liber Exhortationis; Libri III contra Felicem; and the protocol of the conference with Pepin and the bishops on the Danube, a work very important for the history of that expedition.

Paulinus was also a poet, and we still possess some of his poetical productions: "Carmen de regula fidei ; the rhythmus or elegy for the death of his friend, Duke Eric of Friuli who was killed in battle, 799; another rhythm on the destruction of Aquileia; eight rhythms or hymns to be sung in his own church for Christmas, the Purification, Lent, Easter, St. Mark, Sts. Peter and Paul, the dedication, and "Versus de Lazaro". He died in 802, revered as a saint. Eric (died 799) was the Duke of Friuli from 789 to his death. ... Events 31 October - Irene deposed as Emperoress of Byzantium and replaced by Nicephorus I. She is banished to Lesbos. ...

Veneration

After several translations the relics of the saintly patriarch were laid to rest under the altar of the crypt of the basilica of Cividale del Friuli.

The first appearance of the name St. Paulinus in the Liturgy occurs in the "Litaniae" of Charles the Bald of the ninth century. It appears also in the "Litaniae Carolinae," in the Litaniae a S. Patribus constitutae," and finally in the Litaniae" of the Gertrudian MS. of the tenth century. Charles the Bald - Detail from a painting in the First Bible of Charles the Bald, painted ca. ...

In MSS. prior to the Martyrology of Usuard his feast is recorded on 11 January. In the calendars of saints of the thirteenth, fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, used in the Church of Aquileia and Cividale, his feast has a special rubric. Until the sixteenth century the feast continued to be celebrated on 11 January, during the privileged octave of the Epiphany. The patriarch Francesco Barbaro at the beginning of the seventeenth century translated the feast to 9 February. The Church of Cividale keeps his feast on 2 March. According to the most recent (2004) edition of the Roman Martyrology, the Roman calendar assigns his feast to 11 January. January 11 is the 11th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Cividale del Friuli (Friulian Cividât, Slovenian Čedad) is a town in Northern Italy, close to Urine. ... The Wise Men (Magi) adoring the infant Jesus. ... February 9 is the 40th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... March 2 is the 61st day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (62nd in leap years). ...

Source

This article incorporates text from the public-domain Catholic Encyclopedia of 1913.

• Martyrologium Romanum, Editio Altera, (Citta del Vaticano: Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 2004) 94.
• History of the Christian Church, Volume IV: Mediaeval Christianity [1]