St. Valentine's Day
The Roman Catholic Saint Valentine
Official Name	{{{official_name}}}
Also Called	Singles Awareness Day
Observed By	Western/Western-Influenced Cultures
Type	Cultural, Multi-National
Significance	Lovers express their love to each other
Begins	{{{begins}}}
Ends	{{{ends}}}
Date	February 14
Gregorian Date (2006)	{{{date2006}}}
Celebrations	{{{celebrations}}}
Observances	Sending greeting cards and gifts to those you love, Dating.
Related To	The Night of Sevens, a Chinese holiday that also relates to love.

St. Valentine's Day falls on February 14, and is the traditional day on which lovers let each other know about their love, by sending Valentine's cards, which are often anonymous. The history of Valentine's day can be traced back to a Catholic Church feast day, in honor of Saint Valentine. The day's associations with romantic love arrived after the High Middle Ages, during which the concept of courtly love, which had a large impact on the modern Western conception of love, was formulated. Image File history File linksMetadata St_Valentine. ... The Roman Catholic Church, most often spoken of simply as the Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with over one billion members. ... In general, the term Saint refers to someone who is exceptionally virtuous and holy. ... A depiction of St. ... Singles Awareness Day, on February 14, is celebrated by people who dont have relationships (or do, and they hate Valentines Day anyway) as a reminder to the couples to remember those less fortunate than they are. ... February 14 is the 45th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... Qi Xi (七夕; Pinyin: qī xī; The Night of Sevens), sometimes called Chinese Valentines Day, falls on the seventh day of lunar month seven of the Chinese calendar and thus its name. ... February 14 is the 45th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... Greeting cards on display at retail. ... The Roman Catholic Church (commonly known as the Catholic Church) is the Christian Church which is led by the Pope, the Bishop of Rome, currently Pope Benedict XVI. The Roman Catholic Church teaches that it is the one holy catholic and apostolic Church founded by Jesus Christ. ... A depiction of St. ... Romantic love is a form of love that is often regarded as different from mere needs driven by sexual desire, or lust. ... The Middle Ages formed the middle period in a traditional schematic division of European history into three ages: the classical civilization of Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and modern times, beginning with the Renaissance. ... Court of Love in Provence in the 14th Century (after a manuscript in the Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris). ...

The day is now most closely associated with the mutual exchange of love notes in the form of "valentines". Modern Valentine symbols include the heart-shaped outline and the figure of the winged Cupid. Since the 19th century, the practice of hand writing notes has largely given way to the exchange of mass-produced greeting cards. The Greeting Card Association estimates that, world-wide, approximately one billion valentine cards are sent each year, making the day the second largest card-sending holiday of the year behind Christmas. The association also estimates that women purchase approximately 85 percent of all valentines. Cupidon (French for Cupid), by William-Adolphe Bouguereau, 1875. ... Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ... Greeting cards on display at retail. ... The Greeting Card Association is an international trade organization representing the interests of greeting card and stationery manufacturers. ... Christmas (literally, the Mass of Jesus Christ) is a traditional holiday observed on 25 December. ...

History

February fertility festivals

The association of the middle of February with love and fertility dates to ancient times. In the calendar of Ancient Athens, the period between mid January and mid February was the month of Gamelion, which was dedicated to the sacred marriage of Zeus and Hera. A view of the Acropolis of Athens during the Ottoman period, showing the buildings which were removed at the time of independence The history of Athens is the longest of any city in Europe: Athens has been continuously inhabited for at least 3,000 years. ... The Attic calendar is the name of the calendar used in Ancient Athens. ... The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view. ... Statue of Zeus Phidias created the 12-m (40-ft) tall statue of Zeus at Olympia about 435 BC. The statue was perhaps the most famous sculpture in ancient Greece, imagined here in a 16th-century engraving. ... In the Olympian pantheon of classical Greek Mythology, Hêra (World Book «HIHR uh») (Greek or ) was the wife and sister of Zeus. ...

In Ancient Rome, the day of February 15 was Lupercalia, the festival of Lupercus, the god of fertility, who was represented by two half-naked young men, dressed in goat skins. As part of the purification ritual, the priests of Lupercus would sacrifice goats to the god, and after drinking wine, they chose two young men to run through the streets of Rome holding pieces of the goat skin above their heads, striking anyone they met with the goat hide. Young women especially would come forth voluntarily for the occasion, in the belief that being so touched would render them fruitful and bring easy childbirth. The Roman Forum was the central area around which ancient Rome developed. ... February 15 is the 46th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... The Lupercalia was an annual Roman festival held on February 15 to honour Faunus, god of fertility and forests. ... In Roman mythology, Lupercus was a name for Faunus as well as another god. ... This article is about goats, the animals. ... Wine is an alcoholic beverage produced by the fermentation of grapes and grape juice. ... Childbirth (also called labour, birth, partus or parturition) is the culmination of a human pregnancy with the emergence of a newborn infant from its mothers uterus. ...

According to the Catholic Encyclopedia (1908), at least three different Saint Valentines, all of them martyrs and all quite obscure, are mentioned in the early martyrologies under the date of February 14: The Catholic Encyclopedia (also referred to as the Old Catholic Encyclopedia today) is an English-language encyclopedia published in 1913 by the The Encyclopedia Press, designed to give authoritative information on the entire cycle of Catholic interests, action and doctrine. // History The writing of the encyclopedia began on January 11... Historically, a martyr is a person who dies for their convictions or religious faith, such as during the persecution of early Christians in the Roman Empire. ... February 14 is the 45th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ...

• a priest in Rome who suffered martyrdom in the second half of the 3rd century and was buried on the Via Flaminia.
• a bishop of Interamna (modern Terni) also suffered martyrdom in the second half of the 3rd century and was also buried on the Via Flaminia, but in a different location than the priest.
• a martyr in North Africa, about whom little else is known.

The connection between St. Valentine and romantic love is not mentioned in any early histories and is regarded by secular historians as purely a matter of legend (see below). The feast of St. Valentine was first declared to be on February 14 by Pope Gelasius I in 496. There is a widespread legend that he created the day to counter the practice held on Lupercalia of young men and women pairing off as lovers by drawing their names out of an urn, but this practice is not attested in any sources from that era. City motto: Senatus Populusque Romanus – SPQR (The Senate and the People of Rome) Founded 21 April 753 BC mythical, 1st millennium BC Region Latium Mayor Walter Veltroni (Left-Wing Democrats) Area  - City Proper  1285 km² Population  - City (2004)  - Metropolitan  - Density (city proper) 2,553,873 almost 4,300,000 1. ... // Overview Events 212: Constitutio Antoniniana grants citizenship to all free Roman men 212-216: Baths of Caracalla 230-232: Sassanid dynasty of Persia launches a war to reconquer lost lands in the Roman east 235-284: Crisis of the Third Century shakes Roman Empire 250-538: Kofun era, the first... The Via Flaminia was a Roman road leading from Rome to Ariminum (Rimini), and was the most important route to the north. ... Terni, (Latin: Interamna Nahars) an ancient town of Italy, capital of Terni province in southern Umbria, 42°33N, 12°39E, at 130 meters (427 ft) above sea-level in the plain of the Nera river. ... Categories: Historical stubs | Ancient Roman provinces ... February 14 is the 45th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... Gelasius I was Pope (492 - 496). ... Events Battle of Tolbiac; Clovis I defeats the Alamanni accepts Catholic baptism at Reims. ...

In the 19th century, relics of St. Valentine were donated by Pope Gregory XVI to the Whitefriar Street Carmelite Church in Dublin, Ireland, which has become a popular place of pilgrimage on February 14. Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ... Some of the Roman Catholics relics are two thousand years old A view inside the shrine of Saint Boniface of Dokkum in the hermit-church of Warfhuizen. ... Pope Gregory XVI, O.S.B., born Bartolomeo Alberto Mauro Cappellari (September 18, 1765 – June 1, 1846), was Pope from 1831 to 1846. ... The Whitefriar Street Carmelite Church is a church in Dublin, Ireland maintained by the Carmelite order. ... Dublin (Irish: Baile Átha Cliath) is the capital and largest city of the Republic of Ireland, located near the midpoint of Irelands east coast, at the mouth of the River Liffey and at the centre of the Dublin Region. ... February 14 is the 45th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ...

In 1969, as part of a larger effort to pare down the number of saint days of purely legendary origin, the Church removed St. Valentine's Day as an official holiday from its calendar. 1969 (MCMLXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1969 calendar). ...

Valentine

The influential Gnostic teacher Valentinius was a candidate for Bishop of Rome in 143. In his teachings, the marriage bed assumed a central place in his version of Christian love, an emphasis sharply in contrast with the asceticism of mainstream Christianity. Stephan A. Hoeller assesses Valentinius on the subject: "In addition to baptism, anointing, eucharist, the initiation of priests and the rites of the dying, the Valentinian Gnosis mentions prominently two great and mysterious sacraments called 'redemption' (apolytrosis) and 'bridal chamber' respectively." [1]. To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article may require cleanup. ... A teachers room in a Japanese middle school, 2005. ... Valentinius, more usually called Valentinus (c. ... Events A revolt of the Brigantes tribe of Britannia was suppresed by Q. Lollius Urbicus Births Emperor Chong of Han China Category: ... Stephan A. Hoeller, (1931 - ) is a writer, scholar and religious leader. ...

Medieval era

Swedish calendar showing St Valentine's Day 14 February 1712

The first recorded association of St. Valentine's Day with romantic love was in the 14th century in England and France, where February 14 was traditionally the day on which birds paired off to mate. This belief is mentioned in Geoffrey Chaucer's Parlement of Foules (1381). It was common during that era for lovers to exchange notes on this day and to call each other their "Valentines". A 14th century valentine is said to be in the collection of the British Library. It is probable that many of the legends about St. Valentine were invented during this period. Among the legends are ones that assert that: The picture shows two pages from a Swedish almanac from 1712. ... The picture shows two pages from a Swedish almanac from 1712. ... February 14 is the 45th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... This 14th-century statue from south India depicts the gods Shiva (on the left) and Uma (on the right). ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... February 14 is the 45th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... Chaucer: Illustration from Cassells History of England, circa 1902. ... The Parlement of Foules (also known as the Parliament of Fowls, Parlement of Briddes, Assembly of Fowls or Assemble of Foules) is a poem by Geoffrey Chaucer (1343?-1400) made up by approximately 700 lines. ...

• On the evening before St. Valentine was to be martyred for being a Christian, he passed a love note to his jailer's daughter that read, "From Your Valentine."
• During a ban on marriages of Roman soldiers by the Emperor Claudius II, St. Valentine secretly helped arrange marriages.

In most versions of these legends, February 14 is the date associated with his martyrdom. Christianity is a monotheistic religion centered on the life, teachings, and actions of Jesus, the Christ, as recounted in the New Testament. ... Claudius Gothicus on a coin celebrating his equity (AEQUITAS AUGUSTI). ... February 14 is the 45th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ...

One of the most famous, though often overlooked, mentions of Valentine's Day in literature is made by Ophelia during her insane speech in Act IV of Hamlet by William Shakespeare when she says the line "Tomorrow is Saint Valentine's Day." The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark is a tragedy by William Shakespeare and one of his best-known and most oft-quoted plays. ... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ...

Valentine's Day in North America

Valentine's Day postcard, circa 1910

Valentine's Day was probably imported into North America in the 19th century with settlers from Britain. In the United States, the first mass-produced valentines of embossed paper lace were produced and sold shortly after 1847 by Esther Howland (1828 – 1904) of Worcester, Massachusetts. Her father operated a large book and stationery store, and she took her inspiration from an English valentine she had received. (Since 2001, the Greeting Card Association has been giving an annual "Esther Howland Award for a Greeting Card Visionary".) Valentines Day postcard, c. ... Valentines Day postcard, c. ... World map showing North America A satellite composite image of North America. ... Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1847 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Esther Howland (1828-1904) is known as the Mother of the American Valentine. ... 1828 was a leap year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... 1904 (MCMIV) was a leap year starting on a Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... Nickname: The Heart of the Commonwealth, The City of the Seven Hills, Wormtown, Woo-town, Wortown (war-town), The City of Diners Motto: Official website: www. ... 2001: A Space Odyssey. ...

In the United States in the second half of the 20th century, the practice of exchanging cards was extended to include the giving of all manner of gifts, usually from a man to a woman. Such gifts typically include roses and chocolates. In the 1980s, the diamond industry began to promote Valentine's Day as an occasion for giving jewelry. (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999 in the... Species About 100, see text A rose is a flowering shrub of the genus Rosa and the flower of this shrub. ... Chocolate most commonly comes in dark, milk, and white varieties, with cocoa solids contributing to the brown coloration. ... The 1980s decade refers to the years from 1980 to 1989, inclusive. ... For other uses, see Diamond (disambiguation). ... Jewelry (the American spelling; spelled jewellery in Commonwealth English) consists of ornamental devices worn by persons, typically made with gems and precious metals. ...

The day has come to be associated with a generic platonic greeting of "Happy Valentine's Day." Plato and his disciples. ...

Those without a significant other often speak with sarcasm by referring to Valentine's Day as Singles' Awareness Day. Significant Other is the second album by Limp Bizkit. ... Sarcasm is sneering, jesting, or mocking a person, situation or thing. ... Singles Awareness Day, on February 14, is celebrated by people who dont have relationships (or do, and they hate Valentines Day anyway) as a reminder to the couples to remember those less fortunate than they are. ...

Controversy was brought forth on 16 February 2004 when Nickelodeon aired an episode of Blue's Clues that was an obvious St. Valentine's Day special, yet was referring to the holiday as "Love Day". Nickelodeon was widely criticized for attempting to evade the Christian connotations concerning the Catholic St. Valentine. February 16 is the 47th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Nickelodeon (Nick for short) is a cable TV network primarily for children and pre-teens, but also features shows for teenagers in TEENick. ... toys made in Blue and Periwinkles image Blues Clues is a daytime childrens show which airs on Nickelodeon. ... A Christian is a follower of Jesus Christ. ... Saint Valentine or Saint Valentinus refers to one of at least three martyred saints of Ancient Rome. ...

In many North American elementary schools, students are required to give a Valentine card or small gift to everyone in the class. The greeting cards of these students often mention what they appreciate about each other. Though this practice has been criticized for possibly being irrelevant or inappropriate, it has continued for decades. Primary or elementary education is the first years of formal, structured education that occurs during childhood. ...

Conversation hearts are the most popular Valentines day candy, according to NECCO, one of its producers. ... The St. ...

Valentine's Day in other cultures

In Japan and Korea Valentine's Day has emerged, thanks to a concentrated marketing effort, as a day on which women, and less commonly men, give candy, chocolate or flowers to people they like. Rather than being voluntary however, this has become for many women – especially those who work in offices – an obligation, and they give chocolates to all their male co-workers, sometimes at significant personal expense. This chocolate is known as giri-choko (義理チョコ), in Japan, from the words giri (obligation) and choko, a common short version of chokorēto (チョコレート), meaning chocolate. This is opposed to honmei-choko, which is given to a person that someone loves or has a strong relationship with. Friends (usually girls) exchange chocolate that is referred to as tomo-choko. Korea (see Names of Korea) refers to the civilization and geographical area situated on the Korean Peninsula in East Asia, bordering China to the northwest and Russia to the northeast, and Japan to the southeast across the Korea Strait. ...

By a further marketing effort, a reciprocal day, called White Day has emerged. On this day (March 14), men are supposed to return the favour by giving something to those who gave them chocolates on Valentine's Day. Many men, however, give only to their girlfriends. Originally the return gift was supposed to be white chocolate or marshmallows (hence the name "White Day"). However, more recently men have taken the name to a different meaning, thus lingerie is quite a common gift. White Day is a holiday that was created by a concentrated marketing effort in Japan. ... March 14 is the 73rd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (74th in Leap years) with 292 days remaining in the year. ... Lingerie is a term, derived from the French language, for womens undergarments. ...

In Korea, there is also an additional Black Day, held on April 14, when males who did not receive anything for Valentine's Day gather together to eat Jajangmyun (Chinese-style noodles in black sauce). In South Korea, there is also Pepero Day, celebrated on November 11, during which young couples give each other romantic gifts. Korea (see Names of Korea) refers to the civilization and geographical area situated on the Korean Peninsula in East Asia, bordering China to the northwest and Russia to the northeast, and Japan to the southeast across the Korea Strait. ... On April 14 in South Korea there is an informal tradition for single people to get together and eat noodles with black bean sauce to celebrate Black Day. ... Jjajangmyeon (also spelled chachangmyun chachang myun, chajangmyun, chajang myun, ja jang myun, jajang myun, or jajangmyun) is a Korean dish consisting of wheat noodles topped with a thick sauce made of black bean paste, diced seafood and vegetables, and sometimes also meat. ... A box of Pepero. ...

In Chinese Culture, there is a similar counterpart of the Valentine's Day. It is called "The Night of Sevens", on the 7th day of the 7th month of the lunar calendar; the last one being August 11, 2005 [2]. (A slightly different version of this day is celebrated in Japan as Tanabata, on July 7th (the same day, but transcribed to the solar calendar)). There is also another Chinese version of Valentine's Day on the 15th day of the 1st month of the lunar calendar. That day also the 'Last Day of Chinese New Year' where Chinese celebrate Chinese New Year as long as 15 days. During that day, girls write their name and address on a mandarin orange, modern people will write their name, address, cellphone number and also e-mail and finally throw it onto river to seek for future lover and boys will seek for these oranges to find their future lover. This tradition kept until today. This is the current collaboration of the week! Please help improve it to featured article standard. ... Qi Xi (七夕; Pinyin: qī xì; The Night of Sevens), sometimes called Chinese Valentines Day, falls on the seventh day of the seventh lunar month of the Chinese calendar and thus its name. ... August 11 is the 223rd day of the year (224th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... People dressed in yukata at Tanabata Tanabata (七夕, meaning Seven Evenings) is a Japanese star festival, derived from Obon traditions and the Chinese star festival, Qi Xi. ...

In Persian Culture (Iran) this popular date is discreetly celebrated by most lovers despite the disapproval of such occasion by the hardline Islamic government as a copycat of the west, but Persian youths and adults manage to celebrate following the traditions of the west disregarding the limitations and restrictions imposed by the government.

According to Jewish tradition the 15th day of the month of Av (Tubeav) (usually late August is the festival of love (hag haahava). In ancient times girls would wear white dresses and dance in the vineyards, there the boys would be waiting for them (Mishna Taanith end of Chapter 4). In modern Israeli culture this is a popular day to pronounce love, propose marriage and give gifts like cards or flowers. The word Jew ( Hebrew: יהודי) is used in a wide number of ways, but generally refers to a follower of the Jewish faith, a child of a Jewish mother, or someone of Jewish descent with a connection to Jewish culture or ethnicity and often a combination of these attributes. ... The Mishnah (Hebrew משנה, Repetition) is a major source of rabbinic Judaisms religious texts. ...

In Brazil, there is no such day as Valentine's Day. Instead, on June 12, "Dia dos Namorados" (lit. "Day of the enamored", or "Boyfriend's/Girlfriend's Day") is celebrated. On this day, boyfriends and girlfriends, husbands and wives, exchange gifts (lingerie, chocolates, and more), cards and usually a flower bouquet. This day is chosen probably because it is one day before the Saint Anthony's day, there known as the marriage saint, when many single women perform popular rituals in order to find a good husband (or, more modernly, a boyfriend). June 12 is the 163rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (164th in leap years), with 202 days remaining. ... Saint Anthony of Padua Saint Anthony of Padua, also venerated as Anthony of Lisbon, particularly in Portugal (August 15, 1195 – June 13, 1231) is a Catholic saint who was born in Lisbon as Fernando de Bulhões, to a wealthy family. ...

In Colombia, the "Día del amor y la amistad" (lit. "Love and Friendship Day") is celebrated on the third Friday and Saturday in September, because of commercial issues. In this country the Amigo secreto ("Secret friend") tradition is quite popular, which consists of randomly assigning to each participant a recipient who is to be given an anonymous gift (similar to the Christmas tradition of Secret Santa). Friday is the fifth day of the week, falling between Thursday and Saturday. ... Saturday is the seventh (sixth in some countries) day of the week, between Friday and Sunday. ... Look up September in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Secret Santa, Kris Kindle or Kris Kringle is a Christmas ritual involving a group of people exchanging anonymous gifts. ...

In Mexico, the "Día del amor y la amistad" is celebrated similar to Colombia but this one falls on February 14. February 14 is the 45th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ...

In Finland, Valentine's Day is called "Ystävänpäivä" which translates into Friend's day. As the name says the day is more about remembering your friends than your loved ones.

In Slovenia, a proverb says that St Valentine brings the keys of roots so on 14th February plants and flowers start to grow. Valentine's Day has been celebrated as the day when the first works in the vineyards and on the fields commence. It is also said that birds propose to each other or marry on that day. Nevertheless, it has only recently been celebrated as the day of love. The day of love is traditionally 12th March, the Saint Gregory's day. Another proverb says "Valentin - prvi spomladin" (Valentine — first saint of spring), as in some places (especially White Carniola) Saint Valentine marks the beginning of spring. (Redirected from 12th March) March 12 is the 71st day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (72nd in Leap years). ... Pope Saint Gregory I or Gregory the Great (c. ... White Carniola (Bela krajina) is on the south-east part of Slovenia. ...

In Romania, the traditional holiday for lovers is Dragobete, which is celebrated on February 24. It is named after a character from Romanian folklore who was supposed to be the son of Baba Dochia. Part of his name is the word "drag" (dear), which can also be found in the word "dragoste" (love). In recent years, Romania has also started celebrating Valentine's Day, despite already having Dragobete as a traditional holiday. This has drawn backlash from many groups, particularly nationalist organizations like Noua Dreaptǎ, who condemn Valentine's Day for being superficial, commercialist and imported Western kitsch. Dragobete is a traditional Romanian holiday. ... February 24 is the 55th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... In Romanian mythology, Baba Dochia, or The Old Dokia, is a name originating from the Byzantine calendar which celebrates the Martyr Evdokia on 1 March. ... Noua Dreaptă (The New Right) is a nationalist organization in Romania. ... Art in questionable taste is sometimes referred to as kitsch Kitsch is a German term meaning trash that has been used to categorize art that is considered an inferior copy of an existing style. ...

In Norway Valentines Day is known as "Valentinsdagen". It is not celebrated to a large extent, but you are almost supposed to do something romantic for your partner, or send a card to a secret love of yours.

Qi Xi (七夕; Pinyin: qī xì; The Night of Sevens), sometimes called Chinese Valentines Day, falls on the seventh day of the seventh lunar month of the Chinese calendar and thus its name. ... The St. ...

External links

• Catholic Encylopedia entry on St. Valentine.
• History of Valentine's Day by the History Channel.
• Bryn Mawr Classical Review on Gamelion.
• Esther Howland (1828-1904), Mother of the American Valentine
• Valentine Rose Meanings
• Valentine's Day Gift Ideas in Spain
• St. Valentine Love Poems, Stories and Ideas Bank
• Love Quotes from Literature
• Anti-Valentine's Day Forums
• St Valentines Day Festival - Dedicated and comprehensive site on the Festival of Love.
• Singles' Awareness Day - Information about Singles' Awareness Day (also known as Valentine's Day).