model of a Stalag Luft III compound

Stalag Luft III (Stammlager Luft, or Permanent Camp for Airmen #3^{[citation needed]}) was a German Air Force prisoner-of-war camp during World War II that housed captured air force personnel. It was near Sagan, now Żagań in Poland, 100 miles(160 km) southeast of Berlin. The site was selected because it would be difficult to escape by tunnelling, but it is best known for two famous prisoner escapes that took place there by tunnelling (see The Great Escape & The Wooden Horse). Image File history File linksMetadata Model_Stalag_Luft_III.jpg Description maquette du Stalag, Stalag Luft III tiré de . ... Image File history File linksMetadata Model_Stalag_Luft_III.jpg Description maquette du Stalag, Stalag Luft III tiré de . ... In Germany, Stalag was a term used for prisoner-of-war camps. ... The Luftwaffe (literally, air weapon, prounounced looft-vaaf-fa) is the air force of Germany. ... A Prisoner-of-war camp is a site for the containment of persons captured by the enemy in time of war. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... An Air force is a military or armed service that primarily conducts aerial warfare. ... CoA of Å»agaÅ„ Å»agaÅ„ (French and German Sagan) is a town in western Poland with 26,500 inhabitants (2004). ... Location of Berlin within Germany / EU Coordinates Time zone CET/CEST (UTC+1/+2) Administration Country NUTS Region DE3 City subdivisions 12 boroughs Governing Mayor Klaus Wowereit (SPD) Governing parties SPD / Left. ... The Great Escape, written by James Clavell, W.R. Burnett, and Walter Newman (uncredited), and directed by John Sturges is a popular 1963 World War II film, based on a true story about Allied prisoners of war with a record for escaping from German prisoner-of-war camps. ... The Wooden Horse is a 1950 2nd World War film starring Leo Genn, Anthony Steel and David Tomlinson. ...

The Camp

The first prisoners to be housed at Stalag Luft III were British RAF and Fleet Air Arm officers, arriving in April 1942. The first compound of the camp was completed and opened in May. USAAF prisoners began arriving in significant numbers in October, 1943, followed by completion of a second and third compound by March 1944, when U.S. officers were separated from their RAF counterparts and housed separately. Eventually the camp grew to approximately 60 acres in size and housed 10,000 allied airmen.^{[citation needed]} The Royal Air Force (RAF) is the air force branch of the British Armed Forces. ... The Fleet Air Arm is the operational group of the Royal Navy responsible for the operation of the aircraft on board their ships. ... USAAF recruitment poster. ...

The prison camp had a number of design features that made escape extremely difficult. The digging of escape tunnels, in particular, was discouraged by several factors. First, the barracks housing the prisoners were raised several inches off the ground to make it easier for guards to detect any tunnelling activity. Second, the camp itself had been constructed on land that had a very sandy subsoil. The sand was bright yellow, so it could easily be detected if anyone dumped it on the surface (which consisted of grey dust), or even just had some of it on their clothing. (See picture taken on the site of the East Compound in 1994 by Ian Lawther showing about 15 cm (6 in) of grey top soil and yellow subsoil^[1].) In addition, the loose, unconsolidated sand meant the structural integrity of a tunnel would be very poor. A third defence against tunnelling was the placement of seismograph microphones around the perimeter of the camp, which were expected to detect any sounds of digging just below the surface.^{[citation needed]} An escape tunnel is a form of secret passage used as part of an escape from captivity. ... A barracks housing conscripts of Norrbottens regemente in Boden, Sweden. ... Seismographs (in Greek seismos = earthquake and graphein = write) are used by seismologists to record seismic waves. ...

The first success was in 1943, and was recorded in the book and film The Wooden Horse. The second, in March 1944, was later immortalized by the book and film The Great Escape. The Wooden Horse is a 1950 2nd World War film starring Leo Genn, Anthony Steel and David Tomlinson. ... The Great Escape, written by James Clavell, W.R. Burnett, and Walter Newman (uncredited), and directed by John Sturges is a popular 1963 World War II film, based on a true story about Allied prisoners of war with a record for escaping from German prisoner-of-war camps. ...

Notable prisoners

The actor Peter Butterworth and the writer Talbot Rothwell were both inmates of Stalag Luft III - the two became friends and later worked together on the Carry On films. Peter Butterworth (February 4, 1919 - January 16, 1979) was an English comic actor who appeared in sixteen of the Carry On films. ... Talbot Nelson Conn Rothwell OBE (born November 12, 1916, died February 28, 1981) was born in Bromley, Kent, he had a variety of jobs during his early life; Town clerk, Police officer and Pilot. ... The Carry On films were a long-running series of British low-budget comedy films, directed by Gerald Thomas and produced by Peter Rogers. ...

Singer Cy Grant, born in Guyana (then British Guiana), served as a Flight Lieutenant in the RAF, and spent two years as a prisoner of war. After the war he qualified as a Barrister at Law, but went on to be a singer/actor/author. His was the first black face to be regularly seen on British Television, singing topical calypsos on television on the BBC Tonight programme^[2]. Cy Grant Has a career spanning over six decades! Known by many for his topical calypso on BBCTonight in the 1950S and also as the voice of Lieutenant Green in Cult TV series Captain Scarlet Born in Guyana (then British Guiana), Cy Grant has lived an extraordinarily varied life. ... A Flight Lieutenants sleeve/shoulder insignia Flight Lieutenant (abbreviated as Flt Lt and pronounced as flight lef-tenant, see Lieutenant) is a junior commissioned rank in the Royal Air Force and the air forces of many Commonwealth countries. ... The Royal Air Force (RAF) is the air force branch of the British Armed Forces. ... // Artists impression of an English barrister A barrister is a lawyer found in many common law jurisdictions which employ a split profession (as opposed to a fused profession) in relation to legal representation. ... Calypso is a style of Afro-Caribbean music which originated in Trinidad at about the start of the 20th century. ... Tonight was a BBC television current affairs programme presented by Cliff Michelmore and broadcast in Britain live on weekday evenings from 1957 to 1965. ...

The writer Paul Brickhill was an inmate at Stalag Luft III. He chronicled the two most famous escapes, that of Douglas Bader in Reach for the Sky, and the more well-known mass escape of 76 inmates (50 were executed, 23 were returned to the camp, and 3 were successful).^{[citation needed]} Paul Chester Jerome Brickhill (December 20, 1916 – April 23, 1991) was an Australian writer, whose World War II books were turned into popular movies. ... Group Captain Sir Douglas Robert Steuart Bader, CBE, DSO and Bar, DFC and Bar, FRAeS, DL, RAF (21 February 1910–5 September 1982); surname pronounced ) was a successful fighter pilot in the Royal Air Force during the Second World War. ... Reach For The Sky is the name of the biography of Douglas Bader, by Paul Brickhill, and also of a film of Baders story released in 1956, starring Kenneth More and directed by Lewis Gilbert. ...

The "Great Escape"

In January 1943, Roger Bushell led a plot for a major escape from the camp. The plan was to dig three deep tunnels, codenamed "Tom," "Dick," and "Harry." Each of the tunnel entrances was carefully selected to ensure they were undetectable by the camp guards. The tunnel "Tom" began in a darkened corner of a hall in one of the buildings. "Dick's" entrance was carefully hidden in a drain sump in one of the washrooms. The entrance to "Harry" was hidden under a stove.^{[citation needed]} Roger Bushell in his RAF uniform shortly before his capture. ... Look up drain in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... A sump is a low area that collects an often-undesirable liquid(s) such as water or chemicals. ... A stove is a heat-producing device. ...

Tunnel construction

In order to keep the tunnels from being detected by the perimeter microphones, they were very deep — about 9 metres (30 feet) below the surface. The tunnels were very small, only two feet square (about 0.37 m²), though larger chambers were dug to house the air pump, a workshop, and staging posts along each tunnel. The sandy walls of the tunnels were shored up with pieces of wood scavenged from all over the camp. One main source of wood was the prisoners' beds. At the beginning, each had about twenty boards supporting the mattress. By the time of the escape, only about eight were left on each bed. A number of other pieces of wooden furniture were also scavenged.^{[citation needed]} A square metre (US spelling: square meter) is by definition the area enclosed by a square with sides each 1 metre long. ... Trunks A tree trunk as found at the Veluwe, The Netherlands Wood is a solid material derived from woody plants, notably trees but also shrubs. ... See also Mattresses, a race in The Hitchhikers Guide to the Galaxy A pillowtop queen-size mattress. ...

A variety of other materials was also scavenged. Perhaps the most-used item was the Klim can, a tin can that originally held powdered milk ("Klim" is "milk" spelled backwards), supplied by the Red Cross for the prisoners. The metal in the cans could be fashioned into a variety of different tools and other useful items such as scoops and candle holders. Candles were fashioned by skimming the fat off the top of soup served at the camp and putting it in tiny tin vessels. Wicks were readily available from old and worn clothing.^{[citation needed]}But the main use of the Klim tins was in the construction of the extensive ventilation ducting in all three tunnels. Klim was the name given to powdered milk rations issued by the International Red Cross to Allied prisoners in German captivity during the World War II. The name is a simple reversal of MILK. It is also the name of a brand of milk under the Nestlé stable, acquired in... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Photo of powdered milk Powdered milk is a powder made from dried milk solids. ... The Anarchist Black Cross was originally called the Anarchist Red Cross. The band Redd Kross was originally called Red Cross. This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Fats consist of a wide group of compounds that are generally soluble in organic solvents and largely insoluble in water. ...

As the tunnels grew longer, a number of technical innovations made the job easier and safer. One important issue was ensuring that the person digging had enough oxygen to breathe and keep his lamps lit. A pump was built to push fresh air along the ducting into the tunnels. The pumps were built of a number of odd items including major bed pieces, hockey sticks, and knapsacks — not to mention the ubiquitous Klim tins.^{[citation needed]} General Name, Symbol, Number oxygen, O, 8 Chemical series nonmetals, chalcogens Group, Period, Block 16, 2, p Appearance colorless (gas) very pale blue (liquid) Standard atomic weight 15. ... An electrically driven pump (electropump) for waterworks near the Hengsteysee, Germany. ... Field hockey stick Girl with a field hockey stick In climatology, the Hockey Stick graph is a nickname for a rising temperature reconstruction. ... This article is on the type of backpack; for information on the musical band, see Knapsack (band). ...

Later, electric lighting was installed and hooked into the camp's electrical grid. The tunnellers also installed small rail car systems for moving sand more quickly, much like the systems used in old mining operations. The rails were key to moving 130 tons of material in a five-month period; they also reduced the time taken for tunnellers to reach the digging faces. Most of the industrialized world is lit by electric lights, which are used both at night and to provide additional light during the daytime. ... Railway tracks running through a railway station in North East England A railway yard in Portland, Oregon. ... This article is about mineral extraction. ...

With three tunnels, the prisoners were running out of places to dump sand. The usual method of disposing of sand was to discreetly scatter it on the surface. Small pouches made of old socks were attached inside the prisoners' trousers. As the prisoners walked around, the sand would scatter. Sometimes, the prisoners would dump sand into small gardens that they were allowed to tend. As one prisoner turned the soil, another would release sand while the two appeared to carry on a normal conversation.^{[citation needed]} A garden is a planned space, usually outdoors, set aside for the display, cultivation, and enjoyment of plants and other forms of nature. ...

Eventually the prisoners felt they could no longer dump sand on the surface, as the German security staff became too efficient in catching prisoners using this method. The decision was made to start filling up "Dick". Since that tunnel's entrance was extremely well-hidden, "Dick" was also used as a storage room for a variety of items such as maps, stamps, forged travel permits, compasses, and clothing such as German uniforms and civilian suits. Some genuine civilian clothes were among material obtained by bribing German staff. These materials would eventually be used by escaping prisoners to travel away from the prison camp more easily – by train, if possible.^{[citation needed]} A map is a simplified depiction of a space which highlights relations between components (objects, regions) of that space. ... A selection of Hong Kong postage stamps A postage stamp is evidence of pre-paying a fee for postal services. ... Forgery is the process of making or adapting objects or documents (see false document), with the intention to deceive. ... Compass in a wooden box A compass (or mariners compass) is a navigational instrument for finding directions on the earth. ... An SP freight train west of Chicago in 1992. ...

As the war progressed, the German prison camps began to be overwhelmed with American prisoners. The Germans decided that new camps would be built specifically for the U.S. airmen. In an effort to allow as many people to escape as possible, including the Americans, efforts on the remaining two tunnels increased. However, the higher level of activity drew the attention of guards, and the entrance to "Tom" was soon discovered.^{[citation needed]} The United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) was a part of the U.S. Army during World War II. The direct precursor to the U.S. Air Force, the USAAF formally existed between 1941 and 1947. ...

Tunnel "Harry" completed

"Harry" was finally ready in March 1944, but by that time the American prisoners, some of whom had worked extremely hard in all the effort to dig the tunnels, were moved to another compound.

The prisoners had to wait about a week for a moonless night so that they could leave under the cover of complete darkness. Finally, on Friday, March 24, the escape attempt began. Unfortunately for the prisoners, the tunnel had come up short. It had been planned that the tunnel would reach into a nearby forest, but the first man out emerged just short of the tree line. Despite this, 76 men crawled through the tunnel to initial freedom, even through an air raid during which the camp's (and the tunnel's) electric lights were shut off. Finally, at 5 AM on March 25, the 77th man was seen emerging from the tunnel by one of the guards. Out of the 76 men only 3 escaped. 50 men were killed and the rest were captured and sent back.^{[citation needed]}(see below) Dark moon is the period when the Moon appears so close to the Sun in the sky that it cannot be seen even near sunset or sunrise. ... March 24 is the 83rd day of the year (84th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Strategic bombing is a military strategem used in a total war style campaign that attempts to destroy the economic ability of a nation-state to wage war. ... March 25 is the 84th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (85th in leap years). ...

After the escape

Nationalities of the 50

21 British

6 Canadian

6 Polish

5 Australian

3 South African

2 Norwegian

2 New Zealander

1 Greek

1 French

1 Lituanian

1 Czech

1 Belgian

Following the escape, the Germans took an inventory of the camp and found out just how extensive the operation had been. 4,000 bed boards had gone missing, not to mention the complete disappearance of 90 beds, 52 tables, and 34 chairs. 1,700 blankets had been used, along with more than 1,400 Klim tins.^{[citation needed]} Image File history File links Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Canada. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Poland_corrected_(bordered). ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_South_Africa_1928-1994. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Norway. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_New_Zealand. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Greece. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_France. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Lithuania. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Czechoslovakia_(bordered). ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Belgium_(civil). ...

Out of 76 escapees, 73 were captured. Adolf Hitler initially wanted to have them all shot as an example, but relented under pressure from Goering, and instead ordered that more than half of them should be shot. General Artur Nebe, one of the most ruthless Nazis of the Second World War, selected the 50 who were subsequently executed. It was a traumatic experience for him.^[3] Hitler redirects here. ... Hermann Wilhelm Göring ( ) (also Goering in English) (January 12, 1893 – October 15, 1946) was a German politician and military leader, a leading member of the Nazi Party, second in command of the Third Reich, and commander of the Luftwaffe. ... SS-Gruppenführer (General) Arthur Nebe (13 November 1894–21 March 1945) was Berlin Police Commissioner in the 1920s and an early member of both the Sturmabteilung (SA) and the Schutzstaffel (SS). ... The Nazi party used a right-facing swastika as their symbol and the red and black colors were said to represent Blut und Boden (blood and soil). ...

The remaining 23 were held in the custody of the Gestapo before being sent off to other camps. Seventeen were returned to Stalag Luft III, four were sent to Sachsenhausen concentration camp, where they managed to tunnel out, past the electric fences and doubled guards.^[4] , and two to Oflag IV-C Colditz. This article or section includes a list of works cited or a list of external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks in-text citations. ... Entry to the camp Sachsenhausen was a concentration camp in Germany, operating between 1936 and 1950. ... Colditz Castle in April 1945. ... Colditz is a city in Saxony, Germany, located at the banks of the river Mulde. ...

Demographics

There were actually three New Zealanders in the ranks of the fifty who were executed. However, one of them - Squadron Leader John Edwin Ashleigh Williams, Service No. 40652 - was serving with the RAAF.

Of 76 men, only three were able to evade capture: Norwegians Per Bergsland and Jens Müller, and the Dutchman Bram van der Stok. Müller and Bergsland made it to neutral Sweden while van der Stok travelled through the European countryside before finding safety in the British consulate in Spain.^[5] . Per Bergsland was a Norwegian POW in the German POW camp called Stalag Luft III. In the event that has later been know as The Great Escape, he, and fellow Norwegian Jens Muller, were among the 76 prisoners of war that managed to escape the camp. ... Jens Müller in capture in Stalag Luft III. Photo courtesy Jonathan F. Vance, Canada Research Chair, The University of Western Ontario. ... Bram van der Stok Born on October 13, 1915 in Sumatra, Bram van der Stok, also referred to as Bob van der Stok, was the most decorated aviator in Dutch history, as well as one of the few to escape from the German POW camp Stalag Luft III. // Personal Life...

Investigations and repercussions

At Stalag Luft III the Gestapo carried out an investigation into the escape. While the investigation uncovered no significant new information regarding the escape, the camp Kommandant, Von Lindeiner, was removed for court-martial for involvement in a black market organisation bringing fine food and wines from Denmark^{[citation needed]}.

The new Kommandant, Oberst Braune, was appalled by the fact that so many escapees had been killed, and he allowed the prisoners who remained at the camp to build a memorial, to which he also contributed. It still stands today. The other 23 men who had been captured were sent to several different camps in Germany, and most remained imprisoned until the end of the war.

Shortly after learning of the deaths of the 50, the Senior British Officer of the camp, Group Captain Herbert Massey, was repatriated to England due to ill health. Upon his return, he informed the Government about the escape and the executions. In July 1944, the British Foreign Minister, Anthony Eden announced news of the deaths to the House of Commons, and declared that those responsible would be brought to justice. One of the crimes charged in the Nuremburg Trials was of the murder of the 50.^{[citation needed]} Herbert M Massey was born 19th January 1898. ... Robert Anthony Eden, 1st Earl of Avon, KG, MC, PC (12 June 1897 – 14 January 1977) was a British politician who was Foreign Secretary for three periods between 1935 and 1955, including World War II and Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1955 to 1957. ... The House of Commons is the lower house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. ... The Nuremberg Trials is the general name for two sets of trials of Nazis involved in World War II and the Holocaust. ...

Several of the Gestapo officers responsible for the executions of the escapees were themselves tried and executed, or imprisoned, by the Allies after the war. A large manhunt was instigated by the Royal Air Force's investigative branch, the details of which are told in the book Exemplary Justice. Artur Nebe, who was charged with selecting the list of airmen to be shot, was himself executed by hanging with piano wire, for his involvement in the July 20 plot to kill Hitler. This article or section includes a list of works cited or a list of external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks in-text citations. ... SS-Gruppenführer (General) Arthur Nebe (13 November 1894–21 March 1945) was Berlin Police Commissioner in the 1920s and an early member of both the Sturmabteilung (SA) and the Schutzstaffel (SS). ... Claus von Stauffenberg The July 20 Plot was an attempt to assassinate Adolf Hitler, the dictator of Germany, on July 20, 1944. ...

Questioning the strategy

In The Latter Days At Colditz, Patrick Reid, who escaped from Oflag IV-C at Colditz, characterized the strategy of mass escapes as ill-judged, and not just because most of the prisoners were massacred. Reid noted that the "Great Escape" provoked the Germans into putting substantial resources into searching the area, resulting in few successes. Other, slightly smaller, mass escapes during the war met similar fates: Pat Reid photographed shortly after crossing the Swiss border on October 18, 1942. ... Colditz Castle in April 1945. ... Colditz is a city in Saxony, Germany, located at the banks of the river Mulde. ...

• the escape Oflag VI-B, near Warburg which also resulted in execution of all recaptured officers, and
• a later escape by tunnel from Oflag VII-B in Bavaria, when the escapees were all recaptured.

Oflag VI-B Dössel (Doessel) was a World War II German POW camp for officers located 5 km (3 miles) SW of the small town Dössel (now part of Warburg) in north-western Germany. ... Warburg is a city in the east of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, in the district Höxter. ... Oflag VII-B was a World War II German POW camp for officers, located 1 km from Eichstätt, Bavaria. ... The geographic region and Free State of Bavaria (German:  ), with an area of 70,553 km² (27,241 square miles) and 12. ...

Other large escapes during World War II

The "Great Escape" was not the largest POW escape, and was just one of several mass breakouts during the war. For example:

• at Oflag VI-B Doessel, 20 September 1943, 47 Polish officers crawled out through a tunnel. Within four days, 20 of them had been captured and returned to the camp, from where they were transported to the Buchenwald concentration camp and executed. In the next few days 17 more were captured and taken to the Gestapo prison in Dortmund where they were murdered. Only 10 managed to reach freedom.
• the escape from Oflag XVII-A Doellersheim, Germany of 131 French soldiers in September 1943. Only two succeeded in evading recapture.
• at Jasenovac concentration camp, Croatia in April 1945, after Ustaše guards accelerated the killing of prisoners, 600 revolted; 520 prisoners were killed and 80 escaped.
• in the Cowra breakout of August 1944, 545 Japanese POWs in Australia attempted escape and/or suicide: 231 prisoners and four Australian soldiers died during the uprising. The surviving escapees were recaptured.
• at Sobibór extermination camp in October 1943, about 300 prisoners escaped. Only about 50 escapees survived the war. They killed at least 11 SS and Trawniki guards in the lead-up to the break.
• in Flossenbürg concentration camp there was an uprising and mass escape in May 1944. Prisoners killed some Kapos, but SS guards crushed the revolt and killed about 200 prisoners. Another 40 prisoners involved in the revolt were also killed later.
• in March 1945, 70 German POWs escaped from Island Farm near Bridgend, Wales. All were recaptured.
• in November 1944, 1,500 Canadians escaped from Stalag II-D, at Stargard in Pomerania. A 'considerable number' were killed.

Oflag VI-B Dössel (Doessel) was a World War II German POW camp for officers located 5 km (3 miles) SW of the small town Dössel (now part of Warburg) in north-western Germany. ... Warburg is a city in the east of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, in the district Höxter. ... September 20 is the 263rd day of the year (264th in leap years). ... 1943 (MCMXLIII) was a common year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1943 calendar). ... Slave laborers in the Buchenwald concentration camp (Elie Wiesel is second row, seventh from left). ... It has been suggested that Internment be merged into this article or section. ... This article or section includes a list of works cited or a list of external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks in-text citations. ... Dortmund is a city in Germany, located in the Bundesland of North Rhine-Westphalia, in the Ruhr area. ... Oflag XVII-A, was a German Army prisoner-of-war camp in World War II for officers. ... Jasenovac concentration camp (in Croatian: Logor Jasenovac in Serbian: Логор Јасеновац) was the largest concentration and extermination camp in Croatia during World War II. It was established by the UstaÅ¡a (Ustasha) regime of the Independent State of Croatia in August 1941. ... The UstaÅ¡e (often spelled Ustashe in English; singular UstaÅ¡a or Ustasha) was a Croatian organization placed in control of the Independent State of Croatia by the Axis Powers in 1941, which pursued Nazi policies. ... Cowra POW Camp, 1 July, 1944. ... Sobibór was a Nazi German extermination camp that was part of Operation Reinhard, the official German name was SS-Sonderkommando Sobibor. ... The   (German for Protective Squadron), abbreviated (Runic) or SS (Latin), was a large security and military organization of the National Socialist German Workers Party (Nazi Party) in Germany. ... Trawniki was a Nazi labour camp in occupied Poland during the Second World War, under the command of HauptsturmfÇ–hrer Theodor von Eupen. ... Flossenbürg concentration camp was a German prison built in 1938 at Flossenbürg, in the Oberpfalz region of Bavaria. ... Kapo can refer to several things: In Polynesian mythology (specifically: Hawaii), Kapo is a goddess of fertility, sorcery and dark powers who can assume any shape she wills. ... Island Farm was a former Prisoner of War Camp (Camp 198/Special Camp IX) on the outskirts of the town of Bridgend, South Wales. ... Bridgend (Welsh: Pen-y-bont ar Ogwr) is a town in the traditional county of Glamorgan and the main town in the county borough of Bridgend in south Wales. ... This article is about the country. ... Stalag II-D Stargard was a World War II German Army Prisoner-of-war camp located near Stargard, today Stargard Szczecinski, in western Pomerania, 30 km east of Szczecin. ...

Sources

• Details of the "Great Escape" compiled by USAF 392nd Bomber Group Association.
• Memories of Australian prisoner-Sgt. Alf Miners
• "Stalag Luft III" by Arthur A Durand, Patrick Stephens Ltd 1989, ISBN 1-85260-248-1

See also

• World War II POW camps
• Cowra breakout

Cowra POW Camp, 1 July, 1944. ...

General references

1. ^ [1]
2. ^ about Cy Grant to meet citation request
3. ^ Carroll, Tim (2004). The Great Escapers. Mainstream Publishers. ISBN 1-84018-904-5. 
4. ^ Carroll, Tim (2004). The Great Escapers. Mainstream Publishers. ISBN 1-84018-904-5. 
5. ^ Carroll, Tim (2004). The Great Escapers. Mainstream Publishers. ISBN 1-84018-904-5. 

• William Ash, Under the Wire, 2005 (ISBN 0-593-05408-3)
• Paul Brickhill, The Great Escape. New York, Norton, 1950
• Alan Burgess, The Longest Tunnel, New York, Pocket, 1991
• Albert P. Clark, 33 Months as a POW in Stalag Luft III, 2005 (ISBN 1-55591-536-1)
• B.A. "Jimmy" James, Moonless Night, London, William Kimber, 1983
• George Millar, Horned Pigeon
• Ken Rees, Lie in the Dark and Listen, Karen Arrandale
• Calton Younger, No Flight from the Cage, 1956 (ISBN 0-352-30828-1)
• Great Escape, from the Nova website. Accessed June 19, 2006.
• [2] History In Film website
• Foot & Langley, 'MI9', Book Club Associates 1979

William Shepperd Ashe (1814-1862) was a Democratic U.S. Congressman from North Carolina between 1849 and 1855. ... Paul Chester Jerome Brickhill (December 20, 1916 – April 23, 1991) was an Australian writer, whose World War II books were turned into popular movies. ... Lieutenant General Albert P. Clark was the sixth superintendent of the United States Air Force Academy near Colorado Springs, Colorado. ... Nova is a popular science television series from the USA produced by WGBH and can be seen on PBS and in more than 100 countries. ...

External links

• Wooden horse escape kit presented to Imperial War Museum
• Interactive Map of the Tunnel "Harry" used for the Great Escape