Stansfield Turner
12th Director of Central Intelligence
In office March 9, 1977 – January 20, 1981
President	Jimmy Carter
Preceded by	George H. W. Bush
Succeeded by	William J. Casey
Born	December 1, 1923 Highland Park, Illinois

Stansfield Turner (born December 1, 1923 in Highland Park, Illinois, USA) was an Admiral and Director of Central Intelligence. He is currently a senior research scholar at the University of Maryland, College Park School of Public Policy . Image File history File links Size of this preview: 480 × 600 pixelsFull resolution‎ (2,058 × 2,572 pixels, file size: 1. ... The Office of Director of Central Intelligence (DCI) was established on January 23rd 1946 with Adm. ... is the 68th day of the year (69th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Also: 1977 (album) by Ash. ... is the 20th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1981 (MCMLXXXI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link displays the 1981 Gregorian calendar). ... For other persons named Jimmy Carter, see Jimmy Carter (disambiguation). ... George Herbert Walker Bush (born June 12, 1924) was the 41st President of the United States, serving from 1989 to 1993. ... William Joseph Casey (March 13, 1913 – May 6, 1987) was the Director of Central Intelligence from 1981 to 1987. ... is the 335th day of the year (336th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1923 (MCMXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Incorporated City in 1869. ... is the 335th day of the year (336th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1923 (MCMXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Incorporated City in 1869. ... Official language(s) English[1] Capital Springfield Largest city Chicago Largest metro area Chicago Metropolitan Area Area  Ranked 25th  - Total 57,918 sq mi (140,998 km²)  - Width 210 miles (340 km)  - Length 390 miles (629 km)  - % water 4. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... The Office of Director of Central Intelligence (DCI) was established on January 23rd 1946 with Adm. ... The University of Maryland, College Park (also known as UM, UMD, or UMCP) is a public university located in the city of College Park, in Prince Georges County, Maryland, just outside Washington, D.C., in the United States. ... The School of Public Policy at the University of Maryland, College Park is one of the nations premier public policy schools and is the only Washington, D.C.-area policy school embedded within a major research university. ...

Military career

Following graduation from Highland Park High School, Turner attended Amherst College, entering it in 1941, and graduated from the U.S. Naval Academy with the Class of 1947 and attained a commission in the United States Navy in June, 1946 (during WWII classes were graduated in three years). He was a Rhodes Scholar at Oxford while serving in the navy, earning a Master's Degree in philosophy, politics, and economics in 1950. During his naval career he served as commanding officer of the Guided Missile Cruiser USS Horne (DLG-30) [1]and later commander of U.S forces in Japan and Korea, as well as commander in chief Allied Forces Southern Europe within the NATO. Highland Park High School, or HPHS, is a public four-year high school located in Highland Park, Illinois, a North Shore suburb of Chicago, Illinois, in the United States. ... Amherst College is a private liberal arts college in Amherst, Massachusetts, USA. It is the third oldest college in Massachusetts. ... For other uses, see 1941 (disambiguation). ... Year 1947 (MCMXLVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1947 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... In military organizations, a commissioned officer is a member of the service who derives authority directly from a sovereign power, and as such holds a commission from that power. ... USN redirects here. ... Year 1946 (MCMXLVI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full 1946 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Rhodes House in Oxford Rhodes Scholarships were created by Cecil John Rhodes. ... Year 1950 (MCML) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Commander is a military rank which is also sometimes used as a military title depending on the individual customs of a given military service. ... This article is about the Korean civilization. ... Allied Joint Force Command Naples or JFC Naples is a NATO military command. ... NATO 2002 Summit The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO), sometimes called North Atlantic Alliance, Atlantic Alliance or the Western Alliance, is an international organisation for defence collaboration established in 1949, in support of the North Atlantic Treaty signed in Washington, DC, on April 4, 1949. ...

He served as president of Naval War College from 1972 to 1974, where he successfully introduced a radical improvement of that College's curriculum, introducing educational approaches based on his experience as a Rhodes Scholar at Oxford University. Principle among his innovations at the Naval War College was the introduction of Thucydides' Peloponnesian War as a major book of study, a reading that remains central to the Strategy and Policy curriculum today. After serving as Commander, United States Second Fleet, he commanded the Southern region of NATO and was subsequently Director of Central Intelligence (DCI) from 1977 to 1981 in the administration of his Naval Academy classmate, President Jimmy Carter. He was a member of the Monsanto board of directors. He is now a senior research scholar at the University of Maryland, College Park's School of Public Policy. The Naval War College. ... Year 1972 (MCMLXXII) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1974 (MCMLXXIV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar) of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. ... Rhodes House in Oxford Rhodes Scholarships were created by Cecil John Rhodes. ... The University of Oxford, located in the city of Oxford in England, is the oldest university in the English-speaking world. ... Second Fleet is one of five numbered fleets in the U.S. Navy. ... The Office of Director of Central Intelligence (DCI) was established on January 23rd 1946 with Adm. ... Also: 1977 (album) by Ash. ... Year 1981 (MCMLXXXI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link displays the 1981 Gregorian calendar). ... For other persons named Jimmy Carter, see Jimmy Carter (disambiguation). ... The Monsanto Company (NYSE: MON) is a multinational agricultural biotechnology corporation. ... The University of Maryland, College Park (also known as UM, UMD, or UMCP) is a public university located in the city of College Park, in Prince Georges County, Maryland, just outside Washington, D.C., in the United States. ... The School of Public Policy at the University of Maryland, College Park is one of the nations premier public policy schools and is the only Washington, D.C.-area policy school embedded within a major research university. ...

Central Intelligence Agency

Under Turner's direction, the CIA emphasized TECHINT and SIGINT more than HUMINT. Turner eliminated over 800 operational positions in what was called the 'halloween massacre'. This organizational direction is notable because William Casey was seen to have a completely opposite approach, focusing much of his attention on HUMINT. Turner gave notable testimony to Congress revealing much of the extent of the MKULTRA program, which the CIA ran from the early 1950s to late 1960s. Reform and simplification of the intelligence community's multilayered secrecy system was one of Turner's significant initiatives, but produced no results by the time he left office. Technical Intelligence (TECHINT) is intelligence about weapons and equipment used by the armed forces of foreign nations. ... SIGINT stands for SIGnals INTelligence, which is intelligence-gathering by interception of signals, whether by radio interception or other means. ... HUMINT, a syllabic abbreviation of the words HUMan INTelligence, is a category of intelligence gathering disciplines that encompasses all gathering of intelligence by means of interpersonal contact. ... The Halloween Massacre (November 4, 1975) was the term given by political commentators to U.S. President Gerald R. Fords reorganization of his Cabinet. ... William Joseph Casey (March 13, 1913 - May 6, 1987) was the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency from 1981 to 1987. ... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... The 1950s decade refers to the years 1950 to 1959 inclusive. ... The 1960s decade refers to the years from 1960 to 1969. ...

One exception to Turner's preference for non-human intelligence gathering involved the use of a psychic. In the January 2006 issue of GQ magazine, former President Jimmy Carter reportedthat Turner hired a psychic to help locate a US plane that had been lost in Central Africa. When Turner's preferred TECHINT and SIGINT approaches both failed to find the missing plane, Turner reported to the president that the agency hired a psychic to help find the plane.

During Turner's term as head of the CIA, he became outraged when former agent Frank Snepp published a book called Decent Interval which exposed incompetence among senior American government personnel during the fall of Saigon. Turner accused Snepp of breaking the secrecy agreement required of all CIA agents, and then later was forced to admit under cross-examination that he had never read the agreement signed by Snepp.^[1] Regardless, the CIA ultimately won its case against Snepp at the U.S. Supreme Court. The Court forced Snepp to turn over all his profits from Decent Interval and to seek preclearance of any future writings about intelligence work for the rest of his life. The ultimate irony was that the CIA would later rely on the Snepp legal precedent in forcing Turner to seek preclearance of his own memoirs, which were highly critical of President Ronald Reagan's policies.^[2] Turner, who was not a lawyer, did not understand the concept of precedent, and did not grasp the broader implications of pushing the U.S. Department of Justice to take an aggressive stance against Snepp. Frank Warren Snepp (born 3 May 1943, Kinston, North Carolina) is a journalist and former chief analyst of North Vietnamese strategy for the CIA in Saigon during the Vietnam War. ... Combatants Democratic Republic of Vietnam National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam Republic of Vietnam Commanders Van Tien Dung Nguyen Van Toan Strength ~130,000 ~50,000 Casualties Trivial Unknown The Fall of Saigon (in Vietnamese: Sự kiện 30 tháng 4, or April 30 Incident) was the... The Supreme Court Building, Washington, D.C. The Supreme Court Building, Washington, D.C., (large image) The Supreme Court of the United States, located in Washington, D.C., is the highest court (see supreme court) in the United States; that is, it has ultimate judicial authority within the United States... This article is about the legal term. ... Reagan redirects here. ... For the fish called lawyer, see Burbot. ... The United States Department of Justice (DOJ) is a Cabinet department in the United States government designed to enforce the law and defend the interests of the United States according to the law and to ensure fair and impartial administration of justice for all Americans. ...

During his tenure as Director of Central Intelligence in the early 1980s when asked on an NPR interview program about 'domestic spying', he said, "Americans are not a source of much intelligence."

Post-CIA activities

Upon leaving the agency, Turner became a lecturer, writer, and TV commentator, and served on the Board of Directors of several American corporations. Turner has written several books, including Secrecy and Democracy - The CIA in Transition in 1985, and 2005's Burn Before Reading: Presidents, CIA Directors, and Secret Intelligence, in which he advocates disbanding the CIA. The CIA Seal The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) is an American intelligence agency, responsible for obtaining and analyzing information about foreign governments, corporations, and individuals, and reporting such information to the various branches of the U.S. Government. ... This article is about the year. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Turner has been sharply critical of the Bush administration handling of the Iraq invasion. In September 2003 he wrote that "most of the assumptions behind our invasion have been proven wrong: The intelligence did not support the imminence of a threat, the Iraqis have not broadly welcomed us as liberators, the idea that we could manage this action almost unilaterally is giving way to pleas for troops and money from other nations, the aversion to giving the UN a meaningful role is eroding daily, and the reluctance to get involved in nation building is being supplanted by just that." [2] George Walker Bush (born July 6, 1946) is the forty-third and current President of the United States of America, originally inaugurated on January 20, 2001. ...

In November 2005, after Vice President Dick Cheney had lobbied against a provision to a defence Bill that Republican Senator John McCain had passed in the senate banning "cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment" of all US detainees, Turner was quoted as saying "I am embarrassed that the USA has a vice president for torture. I think it is just reprehensible. He (Mr Cheney) advocates torture, what else is it? I just don't understand how a man in that position can take such a stance." Cheney countered the bill went well beyond banning torture and could be interpreted by courts to ban most forms of interrogation. Richard Bruce Dick Cheney (born January 30, 1941), is the 46th and current Vice President of the United States, serving under President George W. Bush. ...

Turner also serves on the Military Advisors Committee for the Business Leaders for Sensible Priorities, whose mission is to reduce the amount of the discretionary budget going to the military by 15% and reallocate that money to education, healthcare, renewable energies, job training, and humanitarian aid programs. Business Leaders for Sensible Priorities is a nonprofit organization comprised of 700 buiness leaders. ...

He resides in Great Falls, Virginia. Great Falls is the name of several places in the United States of America: Great Falls, Montana Great Falls, South Carolina Great Falls, Virginia it can also refer to: The Great Falls of the Missouri River in Montana The Great Falls of the Passaic River in New Jersey This is... This article is about the U.S. state. ...

References

1. ^ Frank Snepp, Irreparable Harm: A Firsthand Account of How One Agent Took On the CIA in an Epic Battle Over Secrecy and Free Speech (New York: Random House, 1999), 242.
2. ^ Snepp, 359-360.

• Turner, Stansfield, Secrecy and Democracy - The CIA in Transition, Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, 1985, ISBN 0-395-35573-7.

External links

• Prepared Statement before Congress on MKULTRA
• Testimony before Congress on MKULTRA, Part 1
• Testimony before Congress on MKULTRA, Part 2
• Turner Bio

v • d • e Directors of Central Intelligence & Directors of the Central Intelligence Agency
Souers • Vandenberg • Hillenkoetter • Smith • Dulles • McCone • Raborn • Helms • Schlesinger • Colby • Bush • Turner • Casey • Webster • Gates • Woolsey • Deutch • Tenet • Goss • Hayden