NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Starvation

Starvation is a severe reduction in vitamin, nutrient, and energy intake, and is the most extreme form of malnutrition. In humans, prolonged starvation (in excess of 1-2 months) causes permanent organ damage and, eventually, death. Percentage of population affected by malnutrition by country, according to United Nations statistics. ... Starvation may mean: Starvation, the health condition of extreme malnutrition Starvation (glaciology), a cause of glacial retreat Resource starvation, the lack of computing resources This is a disambiguation page, a list of pages that otherwise might share the same title. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (700x1063, 70 KB) Summary starved girl during the Nigerian-Biafran war ( late 1960s). ... Combatants Nigerian federal government Republic of Biafra Commanders Yakubu Gowon Odumegwu Ojukwu Casualties 1,000,000 soldiers and civilians Estimated 2,000,000 civilians The Nigerian Civil War, also known as the Biafran War, July 6, 1967 â€“ January 13, 1970, was a political conflict caused by the attempted secession of... The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (most commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) provides codes to classify diseases and a wide variety of signs, symptoms, abnormal findings, complaints, social circumstances and external causes of injury or disease. ... The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision (ICD-10) is a coding of diseases and signs, symptoms, abnormal findings, complaints, social circumstances and external causes of injury or diseases, as classified by the World Health Organization (WHO). ... // S00-T98 - Injury, poisoning and certain other consequences of external causes (S00-S09) Injuries to the head (S00) Superficial injury of head (S01) Open wound of head (S02) Fracture of skull and facial bones (S03) Dislocation, sprain and strain of joints and ligaments of head (S04) Injury of cranial nerves... The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (most commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) provides codes to classify diseases and a wide variety of signs, symptoms, abnormal findings, complaints, social circumstances and external causes of injury or disease. ... The following is a list of codes for International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems. ... The Disease Bold textDatabase is a free website that provides information about the relationships between medical conditions, symptoms, and medications. ... Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) is a huge controlled vocabulary (or metadata system) for the purpose of indexing journal articles and books in the life sciences. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (2154x3000, 693 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Punishment Starvation ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (2154x3000, 693 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Punishment Starvation ... Retinol (Vitamin A) For the record label, see Vitamin Records A vitamin is an organic compound required in tiny amounts for essential metabolic reactions in a living organism. ... Link title {{portal|Food} A nutrient is either a chemical element or compound used in an organisms metabolism or physiology. ... Percentage of population affected by malnutrition by country, according to United Nations statistics. ... This article is about modern humans. ... Åž:For other uses, see Organ (disambiguation) In biology, an organ (Latin: organum, instrument, tool) is a group of tissues that perform a specific function or group of functions. ...

According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, more than 25,000 people died of starvation every day in 2003,^[1] and as of 2001 to 2003, about 800 million people were chronically undernourished.^[2]^[1] Possible meanings: Faro Airport (Portugal) Federation of Astrobiology Organizations Financial Aid Office Food and Agriculture Organization This page expands a three-character combination which might be any or all of: an abbreviation, an acronym, an initialism, a word in English, or a word in another language. ... The foundation of the U.N. The United Nations (UN) is an international organization whose stated aims are to facilitate co-operation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress and human rights issues. ... Year 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2001 (MMI) was a common year starting on Monday (link displays the 2001 Gregorian calendar). ... Year 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Symptoms

Individuals experiencing starvation lose substantial fat and muscle mass as the body breaks down these tissues for energy. Catabolysis is the process (medical condition) of a body breaking down muscles and other tissues in order to keep vital systems -- such as the nervous system and heart muscle -- working. Catabolysis will not begin until there are no usable sources of energy coming into the body. Vitamin deficiency is also a common result of starvation, often resulting in anemia, beriberi, pellagra, and scurvy. These diseases collectively may cause diarrhea, skin rashes, edema, and heart failure. Individuals are often irritable, fatigued, and lethargic as a result. For other uses, see FAT. Fats consist of a wide group of compounds that are generally soluble in organic solvents and largely insoluble in water. ... A top-down view of skeletal muscle Muscle (from Latin musculus little mouse [1]) is contractile tissue of the body and is derived from the mesodermal layer of embryonic germ cells. ... The nervous system of an animal coordinates the activity of the muscles, monitors the organs, constructs and also stops input from the senses, and initiates actions. ... The heart and lungs, from an older edition of Grays Anatomy. ... This article discusses the medical condition. ... Beriberi is a nervous system ailment caused by thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency. ... Pellagra is a vitamin deficiency disease caused by dietary lack of niacin (vitamin B3) and protein, especially proteins containing the essential amino acid tryptophan. ... Scurvy (N.Lat. ... Types 5-7 on the Bristol Stool Chart are often associated with diarrhea Diarrhea (in American English) or diarrhoea (in British English) is a condition in which the sufferer has frequent watery, loose bowel movements (from the Greek word Î´Î¹Î¬ÏÏÎ¿Î¹Î±; literally meaning through-flowing). Acute infectious diarrhea is a common cause... For the manga by Tsukasa Hôjô, see Rash. ... This page is about the condition called edema. ... Irritation is an observable physiological reaction to a stimulus that the organism instinctually avoids. ... The word fatigue is used in everyday living to describe a range of afflictions, varying from a general state of lethargy to a specific work induced burning sensation within muscle. ... Fatigue is a feeling of excessive tiredness or lethargy, with a desire to rest, perhaps to sleep. ...

Psychological effects of starvation

Through several reports and studies, scientists have discovered that starvation has many psychological effects on a person, in addition to its physiological effects.^[3] The most extensive and informative study on starvation's psychological effects is called The Minnesota Starvation-Rehabilitation Experiment, which was carried out from 1944-1946. The subjects of this experiment were thirty-two healthy conscientious objectors, ages twenty to thirty-three.^[3] Subjects experienced three phases of the experiment: twelve weeks of control period, twenty four weeks of semistarvation, and then twelve weeks of rehabilitation. During the control experiments, subjects were given 3,492 calories, during the period of semistarvation, calories were decreased to 1,570, and during the period of rehabilitation, they were re-increased to normal levels. During the period of semistarvation, subjects were fed foods most likely consumed in European famine areas.^[3] The results of the starvation experiment were tested in many ways. According to Josef Brozek, author of Psychology of Human Starvation and Nutritional Rehabilitation, studies "ranged from intelligence and personality tests through ratings to purely descriptive material, provided by the experimenters' notes and diaries kept by the subjects".^[3] According to subjects of the semistarvation experiment, tiredness was the worst effect of the low calorie intake, followed by appetite, muscle soreness, irritability, apathy, sensitivity to noise, and hunger pain.^[3] Standard personality tests revealed that the starving individuals experienced a large rise in the "neurotic triad" -- hypochondriasis, depression, and hysteria. Also, the subjects of the experiment noticed a marked decrease in the drive for activity, and a remarkable decrease in sex drive.^[3] In peer evaluations, other experiment subjects noted great changes in subjects' personalities during the period of semistarvation. In interviews years later, subjects reported that they felt that they had not returned to normal by the end of the three month recovery period.^[4] Subjects' own estimates of the time it took for recovery ranged from two months to two years.^[4] Many subjects reported that they grossly overate and put on fat after the experiment due to the urge to eat.^[4]

Organizations Working to End Starvation

Many organizations have been highly effective at reducing starvation in different regions. Aid agencies give direct assistance to individuals, while political organizations like The Borgen Project pressure political leaders to enact policies that will reduce famine and provide aid.

Common causes of starvation

For the symphonic black metal band, see Anorexia Nervosa (band) For other uses, see Anorexia Anorexia nervosa is a psychiatric diagnosis that describes an eating disorder characterized by low body weight and body image distortion with an obsessive fear of gaining weight. ... Bulimia nervosa, commonly known as bulimia, is an eating disorder. ... Clinical depression (also called major depressive disorder, or unipolar depression when compared to bipolar disorder) is a state of intense sadness, melancholia or despair that has advanced to the point of being disruptive to an individuals social functioning and/or activities of daily living. ... In medicine, a coma (from the Greek koma, meaning deep sleep) is a profound state of unconsciousness. ... For the band, see CrashdÃ¯et. ... For the disease characterized by excretion of large amounts of very dilute urine, see diabetes insipidus. ... All diseases that pertain to the gastrointestinal tract are labelled as digestive diseases. ... <nowiki>Insert non-formatted text hereBold text</nowiki>A famine is a social and economic crisis that is commonly accompanied by widespread malnutrition, starvation, epidemic and increased mortality. ... Fasting is primarily the act of willingly abstaining from some or all food, drink, or both, for a period of time. ... Percentage of population affected by malnutrition by country, according to United Nations statistics. ... Map of countries by population density (See List of countries by population density. ... A boy from an East Cipinang trash dump slum in Jakarta, Indonesia shows what he found. ...

Capital punishment

Starvation has also historically been used as a death sentence. From the beginning of civilization through to the Middle Ages people were immured, or starved to death. Image File history File links Starving-livilla. ... Image File history File links Starving-livilla. ... Immurement is a form of execution where a person is walled up within a building and left to die from starvation or dehydration. ...

In ancient Greco-Roman societies, starvation was sometimes used to dispose of guilty upper class citizens, especially erring female members of patrician families. For instance, in the year 31, Livilla, the niece and daughter-in-law of Tiberius, was discreetly starved to death by her mother for her adulterous relationship with Sejanus and for her complicity in the murder of her own husband, Drusus the Younger. Events Aelius Sejanus named co-Consul to the Emperor Tiberius Naevius Sutorius Macro becomes the leader of the Praetorian Guard after Sejanus is executed. ... (Claudia) Livia Julia (Classical Latin: LIVIAâ€¢IVLIA[1]), most commonly known by her family nickname of Livilla (the little Livia) (circa 13 BCâ€“AD 31) was the only daughter of Nero Claudius Drusus and Antonia. ... For other persons named Tiberius, see Tiberius (disambiguation). ... Lucius Aelius Seianus (or Sejanus) (20 BC â€“ October 18, 31 AD) was an ambitious soldier, friend and confidant of the Roman Emperor Tiberius. ... Drusus Julius Caesar Tiberius Drusus Claudius Julius Caesar Nero or Julius Caesar Drusus or Drusus Julius Caesar (his adoption name), (13 BC-September 14, 23 AD), was the only son of Tiberius and Tiberiuss first wife, Vipsania Agrippina. ...

Another daughter-in-law of Tiberius, named Agrippina the Elder (a granddaughter of Augustus and the mother of Caligula) also died of starvation, in 33 (however, it is not clear if she voluntary starved herself to death or if she was forced to). Agrippina the Elder, wife of Germanicus (Vipsania) Agrippina (PIR1 V 463) 14 BC â€“ 18 October AD 33), most commonly known as Agrippina Major or Agrippina the Elder, was one of the most prominent women in the Roman Empire in the early 1st century AD. She was the daughter of Marcus... For other persons named Octavian, see Octavian (disambiguation). ... Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus Germanicus (August 31, 12 â€“ January 24, 41), more commonly known by his nickname Caligula, was the third Roman Emperor and a member of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, ruling from 37 to 41 . ... For other uses, see 33 (disambiguation). ...

A son and a daughter of Agrippina were also executed by starvation for political reasons; Drusus Caesar, her second son, was put in prison in 33 and starved to death on the orders of Tiberius (he managed to stay alive for nine days by chewing the stuffing of his bed); Agrippina's youngest daughter, called Julia Livilla, was exiled on an island in 41 by her uncle, the emperor Claudius, and not much later, her death by starvation was arranged by the empress Messalina. Drusus Caesar , also referred to as Drusus III, (7 - 33 AD) was a member of a noble family of ancient Rome. ... Julia Livilla, daughter of Germanicus Julia Livilla or Julia Germanici filia (Lesbos, early 18 AD-Pandateria (?) late 41 or early 42 AD) was the youngest child of Germanicus and Agrippina the Elder and one of Caligulas sisters. ... Events January 24 - Roman Emperor Gaius Caesar (Caligula), known for his eccentricity and cruel despotism, is assassinated by his disgruntled Praetorian Guards. ... For other persons named Claudius, see Claudius (disambiguation). ... Valeria Messalina (PIR1 V 161) , sometimes spelled Messallina ( 20-48) was a Roman Empress and third wife to Roman Emperor Claudius. ...

Execution by starvation was also a possible punishment for Vestal Virgins found guilty of breaking their vows. Image of a Roman Vestal Virgin In Ancient Rome, the Vestal Virgins (sacerdos Vestalis), were the virgin holy priestesses of Vesta, the goddess of the hearth. ...

Rajmund Kolbe, a Polish friar, offered his life to save another inmate sentenced to death in the Auschwitz concentration camp. He was starved along with another nine inmates. After two weeks of starvation he and three other inmates were still alive and executed with injections of phenol. Maksymilian Maria Kolbe, real name: Rajmund Kolbe (1894-1941) was a Polish Franciscan friar who volunteered to die in place of a family father in the Nazi Auschwitz I concentration camp. ... Auschwitz (Konzentrationslager Auschwitz) was the largest of the Nazi German concentration camps. ... Phenol, also known under an older name of carbolic acid, is a colourless crystalline solid with a typical sweet tarry odor. ...

Ugolino della Gherardesca, his sons and other members of his family were immured in the Muda, a tower of Pisa, and starved to death in the thirteenth century. Dante, his contemporary, wrote about Gherardesca in his masterpiece The Divine Comedy. Ugolino della Gherardesca (c. ... ... Leaning Tower of Pisa. ... (12th century - 13th century - 14th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 13th century was that century which lasted from 1201 to 1300. ... DANTE is also a digital audio network. ... Detail of a manuscript in Milans Biblioteca Trivulziana (MS 1080), written in 1337 by Francesco di ser Nardo da Barberino, showing the beginning of Dantes Comedy. ...

In Sweden in 1317, the king Birger of Sweden had his two brothers locked up in the prison. They died a few weeks later because of starvation; their sentence was a punishment for a coup they staged several years earlier. This was called the Nyköping Banquet. Events The Great Famine of 1315-1317. ... Birger Magnusson (1280 – 1321) was hailed king when he was four years old. ... The NykÃ¶ping banquet (swedish: NykÃ¶pings gÃ¤stabud) was king Birger of Swedens Christmas celebration December 11, 1317 at the NykÃ¶ping Castle in Sweden. ...

In Cornwall in 1671, there is a recorded case of a man by the name of John Trehenban from St Columb Major who was condemned to be starved to death in a cage at Castle An Dinas for the murder of two girls. For other uses, see Cornwall (disambiguation). ... Events May 9 - Thomas Blood, disguised as a clergyman, attempts to steal the Crown Jewels from the Tower of London. ... John Trehenban pronounced Tremmon. ... Location within the British Isles. ... Castle An Dinas is an Iron age Hillfort near St Columb Major, Cornwall (grid reference SW945624). ...

See also

Refeeding syndrome is a syndrome consisting of metabolic disturbances that occur as a result of reinstitution of nutrition to patients who are starved or severely malnourished. ... Anorexia (deriving from the Greek Î±(Î½)- (a(n)-, a prefix that denotes absence) + ÏŒÏÎµÎ¾Î· (orexe) = appetite) is the decreased sensation of appetite. ... For the symphonic black metal band, see Anorexia Nervosa (band) For other uses, see Anorexia Anorexia nervosa is a psychiatric diagnosis that describes an eating disorder characterized by low body weight and body image distortion with an obsessive fear of gaining weight. ... Dehydration (hypohydration) is the removal of water (hydro in ancient Greek) from an object. ... <nowiki>Insert non-formatted text hereBold text</nowiki>A famine is a social and economic crisis that is commonly accompanied by widespread malnutrition, starvation, epidemic and increased mortality. ... The famine response is how the body of a human or animal responds to malnutrition. ... Famine scales are the ways in which degrees of food security are measured, from situations in which an entire population has adequate food to full-scale famine. ... Fasting is primarily the act of willingly abstaining from some or all food, drink, or both, for a period of time. ... Hunger is a feeling experienced when the glycogen level of the liver falls below a threshold, usually followed by a desire to eat. ... Percentage of population affected by malnutrition by country, according to United Nations statistics. ... Marasmus is a form of severe protein-energy malnutrition characterised by calorie deficiency and energy deficiency. ... Inmates of Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp after the liberation Muselmann (pl. ... Map of countries by population density (See List of countries by population density. ... A hunger strike is a method of non-violent resistance in which participants fast as an act of political protest, or to provoke feelings of guilt or to achieve a goal such as a policy change. ... This is an incomplete list of major famines, ordered by date. ... Map of countries and territories by fertility rate Graph of Total Fertility Rates vs. ...

References

For other uses, see BBC (disambiguation). ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 244th day of the year (245th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... FAO emblem With its headquarters in Rome, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations programs seek to raise levels of nutrition and standard of living; to improve the production, processing, marketing, and distribution of food and agricultural products; to promote rural development; and, by these means, to... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 215th day of the year (216th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 256th day of the year (257th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ...

External links

Categories: Humanitarian aid | Malnutrition | Poverty | Execution methods | Causes of death Image File history File links Commons-logo. ... The word Foreign means originating elsewhere or in the physiological context outside the body. ... For other uses, see Burn. ... This article is about a medical condition. ... Radiation poisoning, also called radiation sickness, is a form of damage to organ tissue due to excessive exposure to ionizing radiation. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Hypothermia is a condition in which an organisms temperature drops below that Required fOr normal metabolism and Bodily functionS. In warm-blooded animals, core [[body Temperature]] is maintained nEar a constant leVel through biologic [[homEostasis]]. But wheN the body iS exposed to cold Its internal mechanismS may be unable... Immersion foot, archaically trench foot, is a medical condition caused by prolonged exposure of the feet to damp and cold. ... Chilblains, also called perniosis or blain, when occurring on the feet, is a medical condition that is often confused with frostbite and trench foot. ... Aerosinusitis, also called barosinusitis, sinus squeeze or sinus barotrauma is a painful inflammation and sometimes bleeding of the membrane of the paranasal sinus cavities, normally the frontal sinus. ... Hypoxia is a pathological condition in which the body as a whole (generalised hypoxia) or region of the body (tissue hypoxia) is deprived of adequate oxygen supply. ... Barotrauma is physical damage to body tissues caused by a difference in pressure between an air space inside or beside the body and the surrounding gas or liquid. ... Altitude sickness, also known as acute mountain sickness (AMS) or altitude illness is a pathological condition that is caused by acute exposure to high altitudes. ... Chronic mountain sickness (CMS) is a disease that can develop during extended time living at altitude. ... Decompression sickness (DCS), the diverâ€™s disease, the bends, or caisson disease is the name given to a variety of symptoms suffered by a person exposed to a reduction in the pressure surrounding their body. ... Suffocation redirects here, for the band, see Suffocation (band). ... Physical abuse is abuse involving contact intended to cause pain, injury, or other physical suffering or harm. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Psychological abuse refers to the humiliation or intimidation of another person, but is also used to refer to the long-term effects of emotional shock. ... Motion sickness or kinetosis is a condition in which a disagreement exists between visually perceived movement and the vestibular systems sense of movement. ... Airsickness is a normal response of healthy individuals when exposed to a flight environment characterized by unfamiliar motion and orientation clues. ... Seasickness can be hazardous for scuba divers Seasickness is a feeling of nausea and, in extreme cases, vertigo experienced after spending time on a craft on water. ... Sign warning of possible electric shock hazard An electric shock can occur upon contact of a human or animal body with any source of voltage high enough to cause sufficient current flow through the muscles or nerves. ... Angioedema (BE: angiooedema), also known by its eponym Quinckes edema, is the rapid swelling (edema) of the skin, mucosa and submucosal tissues. ... Hypersensitivity refers to undesirable (damaging, discomfort-producing and sometimes fatal) reactions produced by the normal immune system. ... An allergy is an abnormal, acquired sensitivity to a given substance, including pollen, drugs, or numerous environmental triggers. ... An air embolism, or more WITCH generally gas embolism, is a medical condition caused by gas bubbles in the bloodstream (embolism in a medical context refers to any large moving mass or defect in the blood stream). ... A fat embolism is a type of embolism that is often (but not always) caused by physical trauma. ... Crush syndrome: is a reperfusion injury as a result of traumatic rhabdomyolysis causing a severe systemic manifestation of trauma and dead tissues ( ischemia â€“from lack of O2 getting to the tissues there by destroying the tissue) involving soft tissues, principally skeletal muscle, due to prolonged severe crushing. ... Rhabdomyolysis is the breakdown of skeletal muscle due to injury, either mechanical, physical or chemical. ... Compartment syndrome is characterized by increased pressure within one or more fascial compartments so that vascular perfusion is compromised. ... Volkmanns contrature, also known as Volkmanns ischaemic contracture, is a permanent flexion contracture of the hand at the wrist, resulting in a claw-like deformity of the hand and fingers. ... Serum sickness is a reaction to an antiserum derived from an animal source. ... Malignant hyperthermia (MH or MHS for malignant hyperthermia syndrome, or malignant hyperpyrexia due to anesthesia) is a rare life-threatening condition that is triggered by exposure to drugs used for general anaesthesia, such as volatile anaesthetics or the depolarizing muscle relaxant suxamethonium chloride. ...

Contents

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