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The State of Hua (Chinese: 滑国; pinyin: Huáguó) was the name of a country or group of tribe referred to the Hephthalites mentioned in what is now Afghanistan from the Book of Liang and Portraits of Periodical Offering of Liang. Also known as the Yanda, peoples with similar ethnicons had been present in Central Eurasia for centuries. The word guo can be interpret as state or tribe, which depend on different cases, some of the problem including, perhaps vague in meaning, taking for example the Samhan which mentioned in the Records of Three Kingdoms consisted of seventy eight guo, where guo here could have been translated differently. The Hua also referred to a vassal state of Western Zhou existed in what is now Henan, whose ruling elites belonged to the royal family and was destroyed by the State of Qin in 627 BC. However both states were distinct from each other as the sources do not reflect to the earlier Hua of the Western Zhou. Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... According to Theophylaktos Simokattes, Uar (滑 Hua), along with the Hunnoi (混夷 Gun-i), are the names associated with the two biggest tribes of Procopiuss White Huns. They were called Varkhon or Varkunites (OuarKhonitai) by Menander Protector, after whom the Balkan mountains were named (by sheer coincidence the mythical home of... Pinyin is a system of romanization (phonemic notation and transcription to Roman script) for Standard Mandarin, where pin means spell(ing) and yin means sound(s)). This article describes the most common variant called Hanyu Pinyin (Simplified Chinese: 汉语拼音; Traditional Chinese: 漢語拼音; pinyin: HànyÇ” PÄ«nyÄ«n), also known as scheme... The Hephthalites, also known as White Huns, were a nomadic people who lived across northern China, Central Asia, and northern India in the fourth through sixth centuries. ... The Book of Liang (Ch: 梁書, Liangshu), was compiled under Yao Silian 姚思廉 in 635. ... Liang Zhigongtu (梁 職貢圖) (Wade-Giles Liang chih-kung-tu). ... During the Samhan period, the three confederacies of Mahan, Jinhan, and Byeonhan dominated the southern portion of the Korean peninsula. ... The Records of Three Kingdoms (Chinese:三国志; Wade-Giles:Sanguo Chih), is the official and authoritative historical text on the period of Three Kingdoms covering from 189 to 280, that composed by Chen Shou in the 3rd century. ... Alternative meaning: Zhou Dynasty (690 CE - 705 CE) The Zhou Dynasty (周朝; Wade-Giles: Chou Dynasty) (late 10th century BC to late 9th century BC - 256 BC) followed the Shang (Yin) Dynasty and preceded the Qin Dynasty in China. ... Henan (Chinese: 河南; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Ho-nan), is a province of the Peoples Republic of China, located in the central part of the country. ... State of Qin (small seal script, 220 BC) Qin or Chin (Wade-Giles) (秦) (778 BC-207 BC) was a state during the Spring and Autumn and Warring States Periods of China. ... Centuries: 8th century BC - 7th century BC - 6th century BC Decades: 670s BC 660s BC 650s BC 640s BC 630s BC - 620s BC - 610s BC 600s BC 590s BC 580s BC 570s BC Events and Trends 627 BC - Death of Assurbanipal, king of Assyria; he is succeeded by Assur_etel_ilani (approximate...

Origin and migration

According to the Book of Liang, the Hua was an offshoot of Jushi (Yüeh Chih), an Indo-European statelet situated to what is now Turpan. Among them, Bahua was recruited by Chinese general Ban Yong as the part of his mercenaries in a campaign against the Huyan in 126, after the event there were centuries of without significant of their references. The Hua are supposed to have become a subject under the yoke of the Juan Juan as indicated in the sources. Throughout the 5th century, it was the Hua who managed on succeed to the steppe heritage in a campaign which spread from the Tian Shan to the Carpathians. The Book of Liang (Ch: 梁書, Liangshu), was compiled under Yao Silian 姚思廉 in 635. ... The migrations of the Yuezhi through Central Asia, from around 176 to 30 BCE. Yuezhi (Chinese:月氏, also 月支, Wade-Giles: Yüeh-Chih) or Da Yuezhi (Chinese:大月氏, also 大月支, Great Yuezhi) is the Chinese name for an ancient Central Asian people. ... Proto-Indo-European Indo-European studies Indo-European is originally a linguistic term, referring to the Indo-European language family. ... Turfan (Modern Chinese 吐魯番; pinyin: Tulufan, ancient Chinese Gaochang, also: Kao-chang, Turpan) is an oasis city in the Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region of the Peoples Republic of China. ... Mercenary (disambiguation). ... Huyan 呼衍氏, refer to the noble House of Huyan, patrilineal lineage or last name [1], much as the Ashina of Gokturk and Yujiulu of Juan Juan. ... Events Asia First year of the Yongjian era of the Chinese Han Dynasty. ... Juan Juan (wg), Ruanruan (py), Ru Ru (py) or Rouran 柔然 (py) was the name of a confederacy of nomadic tribes on the northern borders of China proper from late 4th century until late 6th century. ... Europe in 450 The 5th century is the period from 401 - 500 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian Era. ... The Tian Shan (Chinese: 天山; Pinyin: Tiān Shān; celestial mountains) mountain range is located in Central Asia, in the border region of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and the Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region of western China. ... This is about the terrestrial mountain range. ...

The Hua also known as Yanda in the Book of Wei, they are supposed to be a variety of the Great Yuezhi, and possibly an offshoot of the Gaoche, however as the book had indicated, the Yanda do not share a similar language with the Juan Juan or Gaoche. It is said that their language can be easily translated through the Tuyuhun, a group of peoples from the Koko Nor. The polyandry customs among them, as similar to the Gokturks^{[citation needed]}, was an uncommon practise in the steppe and had been suggested to be of Iranian or Hindu origin. Some chronicles recognise that the Yanda terms actually came from the name of clan of the Hua leaders. The Book of Liang has mention an envoy sent by their "king" Yandaiyilituo (variation of Ephthalite) from 516 to the court, at present day Nanjing. By around 460, the Hua had taken over much of Central Eurasia from Xinjiang to the Volga River, and founded a capital at the city of Badiyan or Pendjikent, near what is now Khujand, though very little is known about the area from the late 5th to early 6th centuries. The sketch exhibited in the Portraits of Periodical Offering of Liang depicts the Hua's envoy as East Asian, could had implied the diversely distributed among the groups. It seems that they also have been referred to as Uar, another variation of Hua by Simokattes's term, and were one element of the Mongolian Bar-guni. Several of the Central European family names actually derive from the name of this tribe. The Book of Wei (Chinese: ; pinyin: WèishÅ«) is a classic Chinese historical writing compiled by Wei Shou from 551 to 554, and serves as an important historical text describing the Northern Wei from 386 to 535. ... The migrations of the Yuezhi through Central Asia, from around 176 to 30 BCE. Yuezhi (Chinese:月氏, also 月支, Wade-Giles: Yüeh-Chih) or Da Yuezhi (Chinese:大月氏, also 大月支, Great Yuezhi) is the Chinese name for an ancient Central Asian people. ... The Tuyuhun (Chinese: 吐谷渾) were a nomadic tribe of East Asia who flourished in the 4th-7th centuries, thought to be related to the Xianbei. ... Qinghai Lake (Chinese: 青海湖; pinyin: qīnghǎi hú; Mongolian: Koro Nor; Tibetan: Tso Ngonpo; the green-blue sea) is the largest and highest lake in China and is the second largest inland saltwater lake on Earth (after the Great Salt Lake in the United States). ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Events Council of Tarragona Sigismund becomes king of Burgundy. ... Nanjing (Chinese: 南京 [ ]; Romanizations: NánjÄ«ng (Pinyin) , Nan-ching (Wade-Giles), Nanking (Postal System Pinyin) ) is the capital of Chinas Jiangsu Province and a city with a prominent place in Chinese history and culture. ... Events March 27 night - Swabians invade the Gallic city of Lugo. ... Xinjiang (Uyghur: (Shinjang); Chinese: æ–°ç–†; Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Hsin1-chiang1; Postal Pinyin: Sinkiang), full name Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region (Uyghur: شىنجاڭ ئۇيغۇر ئاپتونوم رايونى (Shinjang Uyghur Aptonom Rayoni); Simplified Chinese: 新疆维吾尔自治区; Traditional Chinese: 新疆維吾爾自治區; Pinyin: XÄ«njiāng Wéiwúěr ZìzhìqÅ«), is an autonomous region of the Peoples Republic of China. ... The Volga river in Western Russia, Europes longest river, with a length of 3,690 km (2,293 miles), provides the core of the largest river system in Europe. ... Panjakent (also spelled Panjikent or Panjekent) is a city in western Tajikistan on the Zeravshan river. ... Khujand (Хужант also transliterated as Khojand, Khudjand, Khudzhand, and Khodjend), formerly Leninabad is a city on the Syr-Darya at the mouth of the Fergana Valley, and also gives its name to the northernmost region of the Republic of Tajikistan. ... Liang Zhigongtu (梁 職貢圖) (Wade-Giles Liang chih-kung-tu). ... East Asia is a subregion of Asia. ... According to Theophylaktos Simokattes, Uar (滑 Hua), along with the Hunnoi (混夷 Gun-i), are the names associated with the two biggest tribes of Procopiuss White Huns. They were called Varkhon or Varkunites (OuarKhonitai) by Menander Protector, after whom the Balkan mountains were named (by sheer coincidence the mythical home of... Historical lands and provinces in Central Europe Central Europe is the central region of Europe. ...

Origin on modern theories

K. Enoki believed them to be an Iranian group, like the Tajiks today, while some of their practices remind us of Khwarezmia, in which case they may have belonged to other speakers of Indo-European languages, perhaps the Tocharians. There were various theories about their origins documented by contemporary Chinese chroniclers as with Procopius. The Tajiks (Persian: تاجيک) are one of the principal ethnic groups of Central Asia, and are primarily found in Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Iran, Pakistan, and the Xinjiang province of China. ... Khwarezmia (also with various alternate spellings, including Chorasmia and Khorezm) was a state located on what was then the coast of the Aral Sea, including modern Karakalpakstan across the Ust-Urt plateau and perhaps extending to as far west as the eastern shores of the North Caspian Sea. ... The Indo-European languages comprise a family of several hundred languages and dialects [1], including most of the major languages of Europe, as well as many in Southwest Asia, Central Asia and South Asia. ... The Tocharians were the easternmost speakers of an Indo-European language in antiquity, inhabiting the Tarim basin in what is now Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, northwestern Peoples Republic of China. ...

• They were related in some way to the Visha (possibility an Indo-Europeans known to the Chinese as the Yuezhi),
• They were a branch of the Gaoche,
• They were descendants of the general Bahua,
• They were descendants of Kangju,
• Their origins cannot be made clear at all.

Indo-Europeans are speakers of Indo-European languages. ... The migrations of the Yuezhi through Central Asia, from around 176 to 30 BCE. Yuezhi (Chinese:月氏, also 月支, Wade-Giles: Yüeh-Chih) or Da Yuezhi (Chinese:大月氏, also 大月支, Great Yuezhi) is the Chinese name for an ancient Central Asian people. ...

Etymology

The Hua has a few meanings (e.g. slippery/cunning/confusing), but it is apparently used here simply as another transliteration of the native name of the tribe. According to Liu Qiyu this would have been pronounced as Huer/Hwer in Yangtze Delta dialects. Reconstruction of early Chinese pronunciations is aided by reference to archaic fossilizations preserved in languages like Japanese, where the character 滑 is annotated as くわつ ("Kwat," or [katsu] in Modern Standard Japanese pronunciation), and Korean, where it is pronounced as "Hwar" (활). In Xiamen (Amoy), where the natives speak a dialect of a very divergent Sinitic language called Min or Fujianese, the character is read as /kut8/, which suggests that the relevant pronunciation of the character 滑 at the time of the Han Dynasty should have been something like */gwot/, */gwor/, */gwat/, or */gwar/. It is interesting that this pronunciation is very similar to the pronunciation suggested by the character 月 (*/ŋwat/ or */ŋwæt/, probably intended to transcribe something like "Ghwat"), which was used in the transcription of the name of the Yuezhi (月氏). Yangtze River Delta The Yangtze River Delta (Chinese 长江三角洲/長江三角洲 chángjiāng sānjiÇŽozhōu) or Yangtze Delta, generally comprises the triangular-shaped territory of Shanghai, southern Jiangsu province and northern Zhejiang province. ... Look up pronunciation in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Hangul also refers to a word processing application widely used in Korea. ...

See also

• Uar
• Khwarezm
• Hephthalites
• Kashmir Smast

According to Theophylaktos Simokattes, Uar (滑 Hua), along with the Hunnoi (混夷 Gun-i), are the names associated with the two biggest tribes of Procopiuss White Huns. They were called Varkhon or Varkunites (OuarKhonitai) by Menander Protector, after whom the Balkan mountains were named (by sheer coincidence the mythical home of... Khwarezmid Empire (1190-1220) Khwarezm (Uzbek: Xorazm, Russian: Хорезм Khorezm, Persian: خوارزم Khwārazm, Arabic: خوارزم Khwārizm, Chinese: 花剌子模 Hualazimo) was a state centred on the Amu Darya river delta of the former Aral Sea, in modern Uzbekistan, extending across the Ust-Urt plateau and possibly as far west as the eastern shores... The Hephthalites, also known as White Huns, were a nomadic people who lived across northern China, Central Asia, and northern India in the fourth through sixth centuries. ... // Kashmir Smast, Northwest Frontier Province, Pakistan The Kashmir Smast caves are a series of natural limestone caves, artificially expanded from the Kushan to the Shahi periods, situated in the Babozai mountains in the Mardan Valley in Northern Pakistan. ...

References

Enoki, K. "The Liang shih-kung-t'u on the origin and migration of the Hua or Ephthalites," Journal of the Oriental Society of Australia 7:1-2 (December 1970):37-45 Liang Zhigongtu (梁 職貢圖) (Wade-Giles Liang chih-kung-tu). ...

External link

• The Anthropology of Yanda (Chinese) pdf