See Qi (disambiguation) for other meanings of "Qi".
Qi (齊; pinyin: qi2) was a relatively powerful state during the Spring and Autumn Period and Period of the Warring States. Its capital was at Linzi, which is today incorporated into the city of Zibo, Shandong. Ruled by the Jiang family for hundreds of years, the Jiang were violently replaced by the Tian family in 384 BC. The ability of Qi to defeat its larger enemies, usually Chu and Qin, made it a force to be reckoned with. In 288 BC Minwang was declared Emperor of the East, with the ruler of Qin being considered the Emperor of the West. The state was conquered in 221 BC by Qin; its defeat resulted in the completed unification of China.
He seems to use pattern to describe the actions of qi condensing and dispersing, and for the pattern actions should fit to be moral.
However, it is unclear whether he meant all yang qi was clear and all yin qi was turbid, and he often seems to attach no particular moral weight to whether qi is primarily yang (dispersed) or yin (condensed).
Undoubtedly, part of the goal of Zhang's theory of qi and physical nature was to refute Buddhist and Daoist teachings.Many Song and Ming thinkers, such as Zhu Xi and Wang Yangming, identified desires as one of the main obstacles to moral development.
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