NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Statelessness

Statelessness is the legal and social concept of a person lacking belonging (or a legally enforceable claim) to any recognised nationality. Statelessness is not always the same as lack of citizenship. Image File history File links Please see the file description page for further information. ... A stateless person is someone with no citizenship or nationality. ... This article is about law in society. ... In English usage, nationality is the legal relationship between a person and a country. ... Citizenship is membership in a political community (originally a city or town but now usually a country) and carries with it rights to political participation; a person having such membership is a citizen. ...

De jure statelessness is where there exists no recognised state in respect of which the subject has a legally meritorious basis to claim nationality. A state is a political association with effective dominion over a geographic area. ...

De facto statelessness is where the subject may have a legally meritorious claim but is precluded from asserting it because of practical considerations such as cost, circumstances of civil disorder, or the fear or persecution.

Palestinian refugees in 1948, rendered stateless by the 1948 Arab-Israeli War.

1 Problems of statelessness
2 Statelessness and refugees
3 Statelessness and children
4 Statelessness and women
5 Statelessness prior to World War II
6 UN Action addressing the problem of statelessness
7 Statelessness since 1961
8 References
9 See also
10 External links
- 10.1 Further reading

Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... In the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, a Palestinian refugee is a refugee from Palestine created by the Palestinian Exodus, which Palestinians call the Nakba (نكبة, meaning disaster). History Most of the refugees had already fled by the time the neighboring Arab states intervened on the side of Palestinians... 1948 (MCMXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Thursday (the link is to a full 1948 calendar). ... The term stateless can mean more than one thing: In law, a stateless person is a person without a state, in other words someone who is not a citizen or subject of any state. ... Combatants Israel Egypt, Syria, Transjordan, Lebanon, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Holy War Army, Arab Liberation Army Commanders Yaakov Dori, Yigael Yadin Glubb Pasha, Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni, Hasan Salama, Fawzi Al-Qawuqji Strength Israel: 29,677 initially rising to 115,000 by March 1949 Egypt: 10,000 initially rising...

Problems of statelessness

Common ways people may become stateless and which are addressed by the 1961 Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness are: The term stateless can mean more than one thing: In law, a stateless person is a person without a state, in other words someone who is not a citizen or subject of any state. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...

Renunciation of nationality
Deprivation of nationality (e.g. for disloyalty, for treason, for obtaining nationality by fraud, or as a consequence of marriage or divorce)
Membership of a group which is denied citizen status in the country on whose territory they are born (e.g. Gypsy and Jews in Third Reich Germany (1935-1945)) - see Nuremberg Laws)

_{Spanish gypsy girls, 1917. Statelessness characterises the existence of nomadic Gypsies}

Birth to stateless person parents
Birth in disputed territories
Birth in an area ruled by an entity whose independence is not internationally recognized (e.g. Manchukuo 1932-1945)
Birth on territory over which no modern state claims sovereignty (e.g. the unclaimed region of Antarctica)
By excessive fees and burdensome administrative and evidential requirements involved in claiming nationality
By the conflict of laws between two states (e.g. between the laws of the mother's nationality and those of the father's both working to deny either nationality by descent to the child)
Transfer of territory or sovereignty which alters nationality status of persons in the territories so transferred

Statelessness creates problems for states and disadvantages for those left stateless, such as: Traitor redirects here. ... Languages Romani, languages of native region Religions Christianity, Islam Related ethnic groups South Asians (Desi) The Roma (singular Rom; sometimes Rroma, Rrom) or Romanies are an ethnic group living in many communities all over the world. ... Nazi Germany, or the Third Reich, commonly refers to Germany in the years 1933–1945, when it was under the firm control of the totalitarian and fascist ideology of the Nazi Party, with the Führer Adolf Hitler as dictator. ... Nuremberg Laws of 1935 were denaturalization laws passed in Nazi Germany. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1548x2168, 1944 KB) File links The following pages link to this file: Roma people Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used to create or digitize it. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1548x2168, 1944 KB) File links The following pages link to this file: Roma people Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used to create or digitize it. ... It has been suggested that Roma in Spain be merged into this article or section. ... 1917 (MCMXVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 13-day slower Julian calendar (see: 1917 Julian calendar). ... A stateless person is someone with no citizenship or nationality. ... Flag Anthem National Anthem of Manchukuo Map of Manchukuo Capital Not specified Government Constitutional monarchy Emperor - 1932 - 1945 Puyi Prime Minister - 1932 - 1935 Zheng Xiaoxu - 1935 - 1945 Zhang Jinghui History - Established 1932 - Disestablished 1945 Manchukuo (1932â€“1945, , State of Manchuria) was a former country in Manchuria and eastern Inner Mongolia... In English usage, nationality is the legal relationship between a person and a country. ... Conflict of laws, or private international law, or international private law is that branch of international law and interstate law that regulates all lawsuits involving a foreign law element, where a difference in result will occur depending on which laws are applied as the lex causae. ... The term state may refer to: a sovereign political entity, see state unitary state nation state a non-sovereign political entity, see state (non-sovereign). ... Sovereignty is the exclusive right to exercise supreme political (e. ... In English usage, nationality is the legal relationship between a person and a country. ... The term state may refer to: a sovereign political entity, see state unitary state nation state a non-sovereign political entity, see state (non-sovereign). ... The term stateless can mean more than one thing: In law, a stateless person is a person without a state, in other words someone who is not a citizen or subject of any state. ...

Frequently, diminished civil rights in comparison to the nationals of the states where they reside. This may be so despite the uplifting content and humanitarian purposes of the 1954 Convention Relating to the Status of Stateless Persons. Stateless persons lacking identity documents may be treated as though they do not exist for administrative purposes by the various organs of the state.
A perception that stateless persons lack loyalty and commitment to their country of residence
Lack of the ability to endow their children and close family member with a nationality
Inability, except through the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, to avail themselves of consular services when outside their country of usual residence
No 'home' country to which they are guaranteed the unquestioned right of return
For states, statelessness frustrates deportation action, as there is no recipient country obliged to accept the stateless person so subjected

Some advantages of statelessness: Civil rights or positive rights are those legal rights retained by citizens and protected by the government. ... The term state may refer to: a sovereign political entity, see state unitary state nation state a non-sovereign political entity, see state (non-sovereign). ... Convention Relating to the Status of Stateless Persons Opened for signature 28 September 1954 in New York Entered into force 6 June 1960 Conditions for entry into force Fulfilled Parties 62 // The United Nations Charter and Universal Declaration of Human Rights were approved on 10 December 1948. ... A stateless person is someone with no state or nationality, usually because the state that gave their previous nationality has ceased to exist and there is no successor state. ... China ID card, front (top) back (bottom). ... A stateless person is someone with no state or nationality, usually because the state that gave their previous nationality has ceased to exist and there is no successor state. ... A resident is a person who lives in a particular place permanently, or for an extended period of time, i. ... In English usage, nationality is the legal relationship between a person and a country. ... Headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) (established December 14, 1950) protects and supports refugees at the request of a government or the United Nations and assists in their return or resettlement. ... The term state may refer to: a sovereign political entity, see state unitary state nation state a non-sovereign political entity, see state (non-sovereign). ... Deportation is the expelling of someone from a country. ... A stateless person is someone with no citizenship or nationality. ...

The stateless person may avoid obligations of citizenship, such as civil or military conscription, compulsion to vote, and compulsion to render jury service. It is worth noting that many nations retain the right to conscript permanent residents, regardless of their nationality or lack thereof.
The status of stateless persons at least outranks that of an enemy alien in time of war

A stateless person is someone with no citizenship or nationality. ... Citizenship is membership in a political community (originally a city or town but now usually a country) and carries with it rights to political participation; a person having such membership is a citizen. ... Voting is a method of decision making wherein a group such as a meeting or an electorate attempts to gauge its opinionâ€”usually as a final step following discussions or debates. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... In law during wartime, an enemy alien is a person who is a citizen of a country which is a state of war with the land where he or she is found. ... This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ...

Statelessness and refugees

Statelessness most commonly affects refugees although not all refugees are stateless, and not all stateless persons may be able to qualify as refugees. Refugee status entails the extra requirements that the refugee is outside their country of nationality (or country of habitual residence if stateless), and is deserving of asylum based upon a well-founded fear of persecution for categorized reasons which make him/her unwilling or unable to avail the protection of that country. The term stateless can mean more than one thing: In law, a stateless person is a person without a state, in other words someone who is not a citizen or subject of any state. ... A stateless person is someone with no state or nationality, usually because the state that gave their previous nationality has ceased to exist and there is no successor state. ... In English usage, nationality is the legal relationship between a person and a country. ... The term stateless can mean more than one thing: In law, a stateless person is a person without a state, in other words someone who is not a citizen or subject of any state. ... Right of asylum (or political asylum) is an ancient judicial notion, under which a person persecuted for political opinions or religious beliefs in his or her country may be protected by another sovereign authority, a foreign country, or Church sanctuaries (as in medieval times). ...

Statelessness and children

Principle 3 of the 1959 Declaration of the Rights of the Child asserts that:
1959 (MCMLIX) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Declaration of the Rights of the Child, drafted by Eglantyne Jebb and adopted by the International Save the Children Union, Geneva, 23 February 1923 and endorsed by the League of Nations General Assembly on 26 November 1924: By the present declaration of the Rights of the Child, commonly known...

"The child shall be entitled from his birth to a name and a nationality." In English usage, nationality is the legal relationship between a person and a country. ...

States bound by the 1989 UN Convention on the Rights of the Child are obligated to implement policies and programs to ensure that children's families and national authorities can secure citizenship for every child in the country. The term state may refer to: a sovereign political entity, see state unitary state nation state a non-sovereign political entity, see state (non-sovereign). ... Year 1989 (MCMLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link displays 1989 Gregorian calendar). ... The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child is an international convention setting out the civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights of children. ... Citizenship is membership in a political community (originally a city or town but now usually a country) and carries with it rights to political participation; a person having such membership is a citizen. ...

In practise, when a child’s birth is not registered that child’s existence may not be acknowledged and the child may be denied citizenship. Of even greater concern is that some governing bodies refuse to recognize births — and therefore the existence and the nationality of some children - because of race, ethnicity, or questions of “legitimacy.” Citizenship is membership in a political community (originally a city or town but now usually a country) and carries with it rights to political participation; a person having such membership is a citizen. ... For other uses, see Race (disambiguation). ... This article or section should be merged with ethnic group Ethnicity is the cultural characteristics that connect a particular group or groups of people to each other. ... // Illegitimacy is a term that was once in common use for the status of being born to parents who were not validly married to one another. ...

Characteristics of statelessness affect Amerasian children and young adults in Southeast Asia. They are commonly fathered abroad by US servicemen and mothers of Asian nationalities. This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Location of Southeast Asia Southeast Asia is a subregion of Asia. ...

Statelessness and women

An attempt to reduce discrimination against women is made in the 1957 Convention on the Nationality of Married Women with its provisions to prevent the automatic acquisition of the husband's citizenship. It also intends to prevent women losing citizenship and becoming stateless if they marry a stateless man.^[1] Year 1957 (MCMLVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1957 Gregorian calendar). ... // The Convention entered into force on August 11 1958 The Convention was done in recognition that conflicts of law with reference to nationality occur from provisions concerning the loss or acquisition of nationality by women as a result of marriage, divorce, or of the change of nationality by the husband... Citizenship is membership in a political community (originally a city or town but now usually a country) and carries with it rights to political participation; a person having such membership is a citizen. ... The term stateless can mean more than one thing: In law, a stateless person is a person without a state, in other words someone who is not a citizen or subject of any state. ...

Statelessness prior to World War II

_{4th Century BCE Sicilian Impression of a Theatre Slave}

Statelessness characterised the status of slaves and inhabitants of conquered territories in the Greco-Roman world of antiquity. In antiquity, statelessness could be seen to affect captive and subject populations denied full citizenship (see Roman Citizen) including those enslaved e.g. conquered populations excluded from Roman citizenship such as the Gauls immediately following the Gallic Wars; Israelites under Babylonian captivity. Image File history File linksMetadata No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File linksMetadata No higher resolution available. ... Slave redirects here. ... The Buxton Memorial Fountain, celebrating the emancipation of slaves in the British Empire in 1834, London. ... In modern Olympic and amateur wrestling, Greco-Roman wrestling is a particular style and variation. ... Classical antiquity is a broad term for a long period of cultural history centered on the Mediterranean Sea, which begins roughly with the earliest-recorded Greek poetry of Homer (7th century BC), and continues through the rise of Christianity and the fall of the Western Roman Empire (5th century AD... In the Roman Republic and later in the Roman Empire, all men could be very roughly divided into three classes. ... Gallia (in English Gaul) is the Latin name for the region of western Europe occupied by present-day France, Belgium, western Switzerland and the parts of the Netherlands and Germany on the west bank of the Rhine river. ... Combatants Roman Republic Several Gallic tribes Commanders Julius Caesar Titus Labienus Mark Antony Quintus Cicero Vercingetorix, Ambiorix, Commius, among other The Gallic Wars were a series of military campaigns by several invading Roman legions under the command of Julius Caesar into Gaul, and the subsequent uprisings of the Gallic tribes. ... An Israelite is a member of the Twelve Tribes of Israel, descended from the twelve sons of the Biblical patriarch Jacob who was renamed Israel by God in the book of Genesis, 32:28 The Israelites were a group of Hebrews, as described in the Bible. ... Babylonian captivity also refers to the permanence of the Avignon Papacy. ...

Characteristics of statelessness are seen amongst apostates and slaves in Islamic society; the former being persons shunned by or rejecting their tribal/national/ethno-religious birth identity, the latter being persons separated from that identity and subsumed into an underclass role. Apostasy in Islam (Arabic: Ø§Ø±ØªØ¯Ø§Ø¯, irtidÄd or ridda) is commonly defined as the rejection of Islam in word or deed by a person who has been a Muslim. ... Bilal ibn Ribah, a freed black slave, calls the people to prayers as the first Muezzin. ... A social class is, at its most basic, a group of people that have similar social status. ...

Statelessness has perennially characterised the existence of Roma People by virtue of their nomadic lifestyles over centuries of traversing lands claimed by others. Languages Romani, languages of native region Religions Christianity, Islam Related ethnic groups South Asians (Desi) The Roma (singular Rom; sometimes Rroma, Rrom) or Romanies are an ethnic group living in many communities all over the world. ...

The Office International Nansen pour les Réfugiés, was an organization of the League of Nations, which was internationally in charge of refugees from war areas from 1930 to 1939. It received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1938. Their Nansen passports, designed in 1922 by founder Fridtjof Nansen, were internationally recognized identity cards first issued by the League of Nations to stateless refugees. In 1942 they were honored by governments in 52 countries and were the first refugee travel documents.

Nansen passports are internationally recognized identity cards first issued by the League of Nations to stateless refugees. ... The League of Nations was an international organization founded as a result of the Paris Peace Conference in 1919-1920. ... Year 1930 (MCMXXX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display 1930 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Lester B. Pearson after accepting the Nobel Peace Prize The Nobel Peace Prize (Swedish and Norwegian: Nobels fredspris) is the name of one of five Nobel Prizes bequeathed by the Swedish industrialist and inventor Alfred Nobel. ... Year 1938 (MCMXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... Nansen passports are internationally recognized identity cards first issued by the League of Nations to stateless refugees. ... Year 1922 (MCMXXII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar). ... Fridtjof Nansen Fridtjof Wedel-Jarlsberg Nansen (born October 10, 1861 in Store FrÃ¸en, near Christiania - died May 13, 1930 in Lysaker, outside Oslo) was a Norwegian explorer, scientist and diplomat. ... China ID card, front (top) back (bottom). ... The League of Nations was an international organization founded as a result of the Paris Peace Conference in 1919-1920. ... What is Refugees? Refugees is a simple internet community that was created as a homeland and haven for the members of the message board MegaMassMedia. ... 1942 (MCMXLII) was a common year starting on Thursday (the link is to a full 1942 calendar). ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

UN Action addressing the problem of statelessness

Image:Unhcr1.gif

The initial focus of UN Action was the sponsorship of Conventions in 1954 (the 'Status Convention') and 1961 (the 'Reduction Convention') resulting in instruments of international law. Continuing action through the UNHCR encourages member states to take up ratification and address statelessness within their own borders by programs of naturalisation and co-operation with neighbouring states. UNHCR also conducts public education campaigns to highlight the plight of stateless person communities in special need. This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... Headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) (established December 14, 1950) protects and supports refugees at the request of a government or the United Nations and assists in their return or resettlement. ... The term state may refer to: a sovereign political entity, see state unitary state nation state a non-sovereign political entity, see state (non-sovereign). ... Headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) (established December 14, 1950) protects and supports refugees at the request of a government or the United Nations and assists in their return or resettlement. ... A stateless person is someone with no citizenship or nationality. ...

Outside of the UN, regional initiatives to address statelessness and its associated problems can be seen in multilateral treaty instruments such as the Council of Europe Convention on Reduction of Statelessness in Relation to State Succession. A multilateral treaty is a treaty of which more than two states are parties. ... Anthem Ode to Joy (orchestral) ten founding members joined subsequently observer at the Parliamentary Assembly observer at the Committee of Ministers official candidate Seat Strasbourg, France Membership 47 European states 6 observers (Council) 3 observers (Assembly) Leaders - Secretary General Terry Davis - Commissioner for Human Rights Establishment - Treaty of London 5...

ECOSOC, The ILC, The 1951 Refugee Convention

Migrations forced by political instability during World War II and its immediate aftermath highlighted the international dimension of the problems presented by unprecedented volumes of displaced persons including those rendered effectively stateless. Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki TÅjÅ Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... The term stateless can mean more than one thing: In law, a stateless person is a person without a state, in other words someone who is not a citizen or subject of any state. ...

Dating from December 1948 and with the imprimatur of the world communit acting through the United Nations, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights at Article 15 affirms that: The foundation of the U.N. The United Nations (UN) is an international organization whose stated aims are to facilitate co-operation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress and human rights issues. ... Bold text Eleanor Roosevelt with the Spanish version of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. ...

(1) Everyone has the right to a nationality.
(2) No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his nationality nor denied the right to change his nationality.

In 1949, the International Law Commission included the topic "Nationality, including statelessness" in its list of topics of international law provisionally selected for codification. At the behest of the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) in 1950, that item was given priority. This article does not cite any references or sources. ... The Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) of the United Nations assists the General Assembly in promoting international economic and social cooperation and development. ... Year 1950 (MCML) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

The Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees was done on 28 July 1951, later attracting the signatures of 145 State parties^{As of late January 2005}.^[2]

The International Law Commission at its fifth session in 1953 produced both a Draft Convention on the Elimination of Future Statelessness, and a Draft Convention on the Reduction of Future Statelessness. ECOSOC approved both drafts. This article does not cite any references or sources. ... The Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) of the United Nations assists the General Assembly in promoting international economic and social cooperation and development. ...

A Convention Relating to the Status of Stateless Persons was signed in September 1954.^[3] It was complemented by the 'Statelessness Reduction Convention' seven years afterwards. Convention Relating to the Status of Stateless Persons Opened for signature 28 September 1954 in New York Entered into force 6 June 1960 Conditions for entry into force Fulfilled Parties 62 // The United Nations Charter and Universal Declaration of Human Rights were approved on 10 December 1948. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ...

Status Convention

Main article: 1954 Convention Relating to the Status of Stateless Persons

The 1954 Status Convention provided for the UNHCR to issue travel documents to stateless persons. It urged for stateless persons to be treated at least as fairly as aliens and in some cases to be treated the same as nationals by Contracting States (e.g. in their access to the courts, their rights to movable property, their rights to intellectual property). It also acknowledged the problem of stateless seamen by urging that states should confer their citizenship on such people according to the flags of the vessels to which they are attached. [[Image:Albert Einstein (Nobel).png|thumb|Nobel Laureate Albert Einstein was a stateless person in the period 1896-1901. In 1933 he was affected by German race laws standing him down from his professorship. He renounced his German citizenship, became a refugee, and was granted asylum in the USA. From 1940 until his death he enjoyed dual citizenship of Switzerland and the USA. Convention Relating to the Status of Stateless Persons Opened for signature 28 September 1954 in New York Entered into force 6 June 1960 Conditions for entry into force Fulfilled Parties 62 // The United Nations Charter and Universal Declaration of Human Rights were approved on 10 December 1948. ... Convention Relating to the Status of Stateless Persons Opened for signature 28 September 1954 in New York Entered into force 6 June 1960 Conditions for entry into force Fulfilled Parties 62 // The United Nations Charter and Universal Declaration of Human Rights were approved on 10 December 1948. ... Headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) (established December 14, 1950) protects and supports refugees at the request of a government or the United Nations and assists in their return or resettlement. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... A stateless person is someone with no state or nationality, usually because the state that gave their previous nationality has ceased to exist and there is no successor state. ... A stateless person is someone with no state or nationality, usually because the state that gave their previous nationality has ceased to exist and there is no successor state. ... In U.S. law, an alien is a person who is owing political allegiance to another country or government and not a native or naturalized citizen of the land where they are found. ... -1... For the 2006 film, see Intellectual Property (film). ... The term state may refer to: a sovereign political entity, see state unitary state nation state a non-sovereign political entity, see state (non-sovereign). ... Citizenship is membership in a political community (originally a city or town but now usually a country) and carries with it rights to political participation; a person having such membership is a citizen. ... The Nobel Prizes (pronounced no-BELL or no-bell) are awarded annually to people who have done outstanding research, invented groundbreaking techniques or equipment, or made outstanding contributions to society. ... â€œEinsteinâ€ redirects here. ... 1933 (MCMXXXIII) was a common year starting on Sunday. ... Nuremberg Laws of 1935 were denaturalization laws passed in Nazi Germany. ... German citizenship is based primarily on the principle of Jus sanguinis. ... Right of asylum (or political asylum) is an ancient judicial notion, under which a person persecuted for political opinions or religious beliefs in his or her country may be protected by another sovereign authority, a foreign country, or Church sanctuaries (as in medieval times). ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Multiple citizenship is simultaneous citizenship in two or more countries (whether it is recognized by all countries or not). ...

Reduction Convention

Main article: 1961 Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness

The 1961 Statelessness Reduction Convention was a significant aspirational achievement in working to eliminate the problem of statelessness, or at least the problems associated with it. The Reduction Convention is binding on those states that have ratified or acceded to it and it also works to create norms and to codify and confirm principles of customary international law as they relate to nationality law existing at the time of its formation. Among these would be: This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... The term state may refer to: a sovereign political entity, see state unitary state nation state a non-sovereign political entity, see state (non-sovereign). ... Ratification is the act of giving official sanction to a formal document such as a treaty or constitution. ... Look up Accession in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Customary international law Unwritten law applied to the behaviour of nations. ... Nationality law is the branch of a countrys legal system wherein legislation, custom and court precedent combine to define the ways in which that countrys nationality and citizenship are transmitted, acquired or lost. ...

States have absolute sovereignty to confer their nationality on any person for any reason
Otherwise stateless persons may avail birthright citizenship of the place of their birth (or of the place where they were found, in the case of a foundling), otherwise they may take the nationality of one of their parents or that of another Contracting State in which they have resided for a qualifying period
An otherwise stateless person born in wedlock shall have the right to take the nationality of their mother
A stateless person has some time beyond attaining adulthood to seek to claim the benefit of the Convention. That time is always at least three years from the age of eighteen.
The benefit of the Convention may be claimed by guardians on behalf of their wards.
States may impose a period of residence qualification for granting nationality to persons who may be otherwise stateless. That period is a maximum five years immediately prior to application and maximum of ten years overall.
Disloyal or serious criminal conduct my limit an individual's ability to avail the benefit of the Convention
Birth on a sea vessel or aircraft presumptively attacts the nationality of the flag of that vessel or craft for an otherwise stateless person
Overtaking of territory by states presumptively confers the nationality of the overtaking state on the inhabitants of the territory. States must work together in treaty relations to eliminate the possibility of statelessness occurring by the cession of territories to each other.

The term state may refer to: a sovereign political entity, see state unitary state nation state a non-sovereign political entity, see state (non-sovereign). ... Sovereignty is the exclusive right to exercise supreme political (e. ... In English usage, nationality is the legal relationship between a person and a country. ... A stateless person is someone with no state or nationality, usually because the state that gave their previous nationality has ceased to exist and there is no successor state. ... Jus soli (Latin for right of the territory), or birthright citizenship, is a right by which nationality or citizenship can be recognised to any individual born in the territory of the related state. ... Child abandonment or the practice of abandoning ones offspring outside of legal adoption is a long standing social ill. ... Jus sanguinis (Latin for right of blood) is a right by which nationality or citizenship can be recognised to any individual born to a parent who is a national or citizen of that state. ... A stateless person is someone with no citizenship or nationality. ... Freiheitsrechte Recht auf Leben, Freiheit, Eigentum, Sicherheit der Person Allgemeine, nur durch Gesetz beschrÃ¤nkbare Handlungsfreiheit Freiheit von willkÃ¼rlichen Eingriffen in die PrivatsphÃ¤re (Wohnung, Briefgeheimnis etc. ... In English usage, nationality is the legal relationship between a person and a country. ... A stateless person is someone with no citizenship or nationality. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... A legal guardian is a person who has the legal authority (and the corresponding duty) to care for the personal and property interests of another person, called a ward. ... In law, a ward is someone placed under the protection of a legal guardian. ... In English usage, nationality is the legal relationship between a person and a country. ... The term stateless can mean more than one thing: In law, a stateless person is a person without a state, in other words someone who is not a citizen or subject of any state. ... for other uses please see Crime (disambiguation) A crime is an act that violates a political or moral law. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Note: this article name (or a redirect to it) is a homophone with session. ...

Statelessness since 1961

1961 marks the year from which the UN proposed to exercise a mandate over stateless persons beyond the production of travel documents upon request for them. 1961 (MCMLXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (the link is to a full 1961 calendar). ... This article is about the United Nations, for other uses of UN see UN (disambiguation) Official languages English, French, Spanish, Russian, Chinese, Arabic Secretary-General Kofi Annan (since 1997) Established October 24, 1945 Member states 191 Headquarters New York City, NY, USA Official site http://www. ... A stateless person is someone with no citizenship or nationality. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

In 1974, the UN General Assembly requested the UNHCR to undertake the functions foreseen under the Reduction Convention. 1974 (MCMLXXIV) was a common year starting on Tuesday. ... United Nations General Assembly The United Nations General Assembly is one of the six principal organs of the United Nations. ... Headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) (established December 14, 1950) protects and supports refugees at the request of a government or the United Nations and assists in their return or resettlement. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...

On 13 December 1975, the 1961 Convention entered into force. There is a poor level of uptake, with only 35 state ratifications or accessions in the period to February 2007. Year 1975 (MCMLXXV) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Ratification is the act of giving official sanction to a formal document such as a treaty or constitution. ... Look up Accession in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ...

In 1995, the UNHCR Executive Committee(ExCom) and the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) requested UNHCR to broaden its activities concerning statelessness to include all states. The office was also asked to gather and share information on the problem of statelessness globally, to train staff and government officials, and to regularly report back to the ExCom. Year 1995 (MCMXCV) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full 1995 Gregorian calendar). ... The United Nations General Assembly (GA) is one of the five principal organs of the United Nations. ... Headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) (established December 14, 1950) protects and supports refugees at the request of a government or the United Nations and assists in their return or resettlement. ...

In 1996 UNHCR was asked by the UNGA to actively promote accession to the 1954 and the 1961 Conventions, as well as to provide relevant technical and advisory services pertaining to the preparation and implementation of nationality legislation to interested states. Year 1996 (MCMXCVI) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar). ... Headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) (established December 14, 1950) protects and supports refugees at the request of a government or the United Nations and assists in their return or resettlement. ... The United Nations General Assembly (GA) is one of the five principal organs of the United Nations. ... Look up Accession in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Year 1954 (MCMLIV) was a common year (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1961 (MCMLXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (the link is to a full 1961 calendar). ... In English usage, nationality is the legal relationship between a person and a country. ...

Regional instruments, such as the 1997 European Convention on Nationality, have also contributed to protecting the rights of stateless persons. That document underlines the need of every person to have a nationality, and seeks to clarify the rights and responsibilities of states in ensuring individual access to a nationality. The European Convention on Nationality (E.T.S. No. ... A stateless person is someone with no state or nationality, usually because the state that gave their previous nationality has ceased to exist and there is no successor state. ... In English usage, nationality is the legal relationship between a person and a country. ... The term state may refer to: a sovereign political entity, see state unitary state nation state a non-sovereign political entity, see state (non-sovereign). ... In English usage, nationality is the legal relationship between a person and a country. ...

The UNHCR has achieved some success in launching campaigns to prevent and reduce statelessness among formerly deported peoples in Crimea, Ukraine (Armenians, Crimean Tatars, Germans, and Greeks who were deported en masse at the close of World War II).^[4] Another success has been the naturalization of Tajik refugees in Kyrgyzstan, as well as the participation in citizenship campaigns enabling 300,000 Estate Tamils to acquire citizenship of Sri Lanka. The UNHCR also assisted the Czech Republic to overcome the large number of stateless persons created when it separated from Slovakia. Headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) (established December 14, 1950) protects and supports refugees at the request of a government or the United Nations and assists in their return or resettlement. ... Deportation is the expelling of someone from a country. ... The Crimean Tatars (sg. ... Deportation is the expelling of someone from a country. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki TÅjÅ Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... In law, naturalization refers to an act whereby a person acquires a citizenship different from that persons citizenship at birth. ... Tajikmay refer to: Tajiks, an ethnic group living in Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Iran, and China The Tajik language, the official language of Tajikistan The Arabic-schooled, ethnically Persian administrative caste of the Turco-Persian society. ... Citizenship is membership in a political community (originally a city or town but now usually a country) and carries with it rights to political participation; a person having such membership is a citizen. ... The Indian Tamils or Hill-country Tamils, are descended from indentured labourers sent from South India to Sri Lanka in the 19th and 20th centuries to work in coffee plantations there (and, after the collapse of coffee planting in Sri Lanka, in tea and rubber plantations). ... Citizenship is membership in a political community (originally a city or town but now usually a country) and carries with it rights to political participation; a person having such membership is a citizen. ... Headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) (established December 14, 1950) protects and supports refugees at the request of a government or the United Nations and assists in their return or resettlement. ... A stateless person is someone with no state or nationality, usually because the state that gave their previous nationality has ceased to exist and there is no successor state. ...

An internal evaluation released in 2001 suggested that UNHCR had done little to exercise its mandate on statelessness. Only two individuals were tasked with overseeing work in that area at UNHCR headquarters, though field officers had been trained to address the issue. There was no dedicated budget line. Concerned organisations such as Refugees International have advocated for the appointment of a permanent UN Special Rapporteur of the Commission on Statelessness^[5] Year 2001 (MMI) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) (established December 14, 1950) protects and supports refugees at the request of a government or the United Nations and assists in their return or resettlement. ... Headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) (established December 14, 1950) protects and supports refugees at the request of a government or the United Nations and assists in their return or resettlement. ...

In 2004, ExCom invited UNHCR to pay particular attention to situations of protracted statelessness and explore with states measures that would ameliorate the situations and bring them to an end. shelby was here 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) (established December 14, 1950) protects and supports refugees at the request of a government or the United Nations and assists in their return or resettlement. ... The term state may refer to: a sovereign political entity, see state unitary state nation state a non-sovereign political entity, see state (non-sovereign). ...

At the beginning of 2006 the UNHCR claimed to have 'on its books' 2.4 million stateless persons, and made an estimate of 11 million as the size of the stateless person population worldwide.^[6] For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... Headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) (established December 14, 1950) protects and supports refugees at the request of a government or the United Nations and assists in their return or resettlement. ... A stateless person is someone with no state or nationality, usually because the state that gave their previous nationality has ceased to exist and there is no successor state. ... A stateless person is someone with no citizenship or nationality. ...

The greatest populations (over 100,000) of stateless persons are seen to be in the Dominican Republic, Ivory Coast, Congo, Syria, Iraq, Latvia and Estonia, Nepal, Bangladesh, Burma, Thailand and Cambodia. Statelessness is adjudged to be least significant in North America, Oceania, North Africa, Southern Africa, most of South America, and China.^[7] A stateless person is someone with no state or nationality, usually because the state that gave their previous nationality has ceased to exist and there is no successor state. ... Côte dIvoire (often called Ivory Coast in English; see below about the name) is a country in West Africa. ... World map showing North America A satellite composite image of North America. ... World map exhibiting a common interpretation of Oceania; other interpretations may vary. ... North Africa is the Mediterranean, northernmost region of the African continent, separated by the Sahara from Sub-Saharan Africa. ... Categories: Africa geography stubs | Southern Africa ... South America South America is a continent crossed by the equator, with most of its area in the Southern Hemisphere. ...

References

^ Full Text of Convention on the Nationality of Married Women
^ http://www.unhcr.org.uk/press/press_releases2005/pr25Jan05.htm
^ http://www.unhcr.org/protect/PROTECTION/3bbb25729.pdf
^ http://www.unhcr.org/research/RESEARCH/405ab4c74.pdf
^ http://www.refugeesinternational.org/section/publications/stateless_conc/
^ http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/basics/opendoc.htm?tbl=BASICS&id=3b028097c,
^ UNCHR, Stateless Persons and Populations at Risk of Statelessness

External links

Full Convention text of 1961 Convention
Map showing State Parties to 1961 Convention
Council of Europe Convention on Reduction of Statelessness in Relation to State Succession
[1] UNHCR Map (21 August 2006) Stateless Persons and Populations at Risk of Statelessness
Refugees International 'Global Review of Statelessness'

Contents

Problems of statelessness var ACE_AR = {Site: '756743', Size: '300250'};