Jerusalem
Names History Timeline Places Walls Gates Buildings Demographics Mayors Religions Positions Education Transportation
This template

Israel has de facto control over all of Jerusalem. However, there are many differing legal and diplomatic positions on Jerusalem. [1][2] [3] Image File history File links Jerusalem_Municipality_Emblem. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Jerusalem_icon_small2. ... Panoramic view from the Mount of Olives Panoramic view of the Western Wall Jerusalem (Hebrew:  , Yerushaláyim or Yerushalaim; Arabic:  , al-Quds (the Holy))[1] is an ancient Middle Eastern city that is Israels national capital[2] and has pivotal importance to the worlds major Abrahamic religions, among... This article explores the different names of Jerusalem and their linguistic natures, etc. ... Main article: Jerusalem This article chronicles the history of Jerusalem. ... 1800 BCE - The Jebusites build the wall Jebus (Jerusalem). ... Neighborhoods Baaka German Colony Greek Colony Katamonim Old Katamon Ramot Rekhavia Qiriat HaYovel Talbieh Talpiot Beit Khanina French Hill Neve Yaaqov Old City Jewish Quarter Western Wall The Cardo Muslim Quarter Temple Mount, site of the former Temple in Jerusalem Dome of the Rock Al Aqsa Mosque Armenian... Jerusalems Old City Walls encompass an area of barely 1 km². They were built in the 16th century (1535-1538) by the Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent of the Ottoman Turks after they had been razed in 1219 by al-Muazzim. ... There are eight (nine) gates in Jerusalems Old City Walls. ... Founded around 3000 BCE, the Old City of Jerusalem is divided into Muslim, Christian, Jewish, and Armenian quarters. ... This is the list of Mayors of Jerusalem. ... Panoramic view from the Mount of Olives Panoramic view of the Western Wall Jerusalem (Hebrew:  , Yerushaláyim or Yerushalaim; Arabic:  , al-Quds (the Holy))[1] is an ancient Middle Eastern city that is Israels national capital[2] and has pivotal importance to the worlds major Abrahamic religions, among...

• Since 1967, Israel has claimed all of Jerusalem, including East Jerusalem, as its "eternal, undivided capital".[4][5] [6]
• Others claim part or all of Jerusalem as Al Quds, the capital of a future Palestinian state
• Many United Nations General Assembly members including mostly Arab states support the Palestinian claim
• De jure, the majority of UN member states and most international organisations do not accept Jerusalem as Israel's capital, nor Israel's annexation of East Jerusalem. Embassies are generally located in Tel Aviv, which served as the temporary capital of Israel, during the Arab blockade of Jerusalem in 1948.

East Jerusalem is that part of Jerusalem which was held by Jordan from the 1948 Arab-Israeli War until the Six-Day War in 1967. ... For other uses, see Jerusalem (disambiguation). ... The following article helps to explain the structure of the United Nations General Assembly, the universal decision-making body of the United Nations. ... For other uses, see Arab (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see State (disambiguation). ... Look up De jure in Wiktionary, the free dictionary The terms de jure and de facto are used instead of in principle and in practice, respectively, when one is describing political situations. ... Tel-Aviv was founded on empty dunes north of the existing city of Jaffa. ... Year 1948 (MCMXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Thursday (the link is to a full 1948 calendar). ...

Israeli position

According to the Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs, "Since 1004 B.C.E. when King David established Jerusalem as the capital of the Jewish nation, there has remained a constant and enduring Jewish presence in the city, as well as a vigorous spiritual attachment to the city."[7] Israel regards unified Jerusalem as the eternal, undivided capital of the State of Israel and of the Jewish people.[8][9] [10] This consistent position has been the declared view of all Israeli governments, left-wing and right-wing. All Israeli governments since 1967 have encouraged large-scale construction projects in the eastern part of the city, resulting in the Jewish population of East Jerusalem, which is 24% of the Jewish population of the entire city. However, various Israeli governments have agreed to rationalization of the municipal borders of the city, in order to enable the outlying Arab quarters to be merged with Arab urban areas in the West Bank in order to become the capital of a future Palestinian state under the name of al-Quds. This page is about the Biblical king David. ... The word Jew (Hebrew: יהודי) is used in a wide number of ways, but generally refers to a follower of the Jewish faith, a child of a Jewish mother, or a member of the Jewish culture or ethnicity and often a combination of these attributes. ... East Jerusalem is that part of Jerusalem which was held by Jordan from the 1948 Arab-Israeli War until the Six-Day War in 1967. ... Proposals for a Palestinian state vary depending on ones views of Palestinian statehood, as well as various definitions of Palestine and Palestinian (see also State of Palestine). ... For other uses, see Jerusalem (disambiguation). ...

All the branches of Israeli government (Presidential, Legislative, Judicial, and Administrative) are seated in Jerusalem. It is home to a number of key Israeli government buildings, including the Knesset and Israeli Supreme Court. Panoramic view from the Mount of Olives Panoramic view of the Western Wall Jerusalem (Hebrew:  , Yerushaláyim or Yerushalaim; Arabic:  , al-Quds (the Holy))[1] is an ancient Middle Eastern city that is Israels national capital[2] and has pivotal importance to the worlds major Abrahamic religions, among... The modern Knesset building, Israels parliament, in Jerusalem Though similar-sounding, Beit Knesset (בית כנסת) literally means House of Assembly, and refers to a synagogue. ... The Supreme Court is at the head of the court system in the State of Israel. ...

Up until the year 2006, only two states, Costa Rica and El Salvador, locate their embassies in Jerusalem (since 1984). However in August 2006, both countries decided to move their embassies from Jerusalem to Tel Aviv leaving no state with an official embassy in Jerusalem [11], [12]. Bolivia and Paraguay have their embassies in Mevasseret Zion, a suburb of Jerusalem. The Netherlands maintains an office in Jerusalem serving mainly Israeli citizens. Other foreign governments base Consulate General offices in Jerusalem, including Greece, the United Kingdom and the United States. These consular offices primarily serve the Palestinian population of the West Bank, including East Jerusalem,Ç and their Consul Generals do not submit letters of credentials to the Israeli President or foreign ministry, but instead, deliver them to the administrative governor of Jerusalem. ^{[citation needed]} Since the President of Israel resides in Jerusalem and confirms the foreign diplomats, the ambassadors have to drive from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem to swear in upon being appointed. Jerusalem (Modern Hebrew: יְרוּשָׁלַיִם Yerushaláyim, Biblical and trad. ... A consulate (or consular office) is a form of diplomatic mission in charge of matters related to individual people and businesses, in other words issues outside inter-governmental diplomacy. ... President of the State of Israel (Hebrew: נשיא המדינה, Nasi Hamedina) is the head of state of Israel, but has a largely ceremonial, figurehead role with real power lying in the hands of the Prime Minister of Israel. ...

Israel also maintains that only Israel proved to be committed to freedom of worship for all. The burning of 68 synagogues and desecration of cemeteries during the Jordanian occupation of the city, and the destruction of Joseph's Tomb in Nablus and Shalom Al Israel synagogue in Jericho by Palestinians are cited as examples of what will happen if the city becomes under a different rule. This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Nāblus (sometimes Nābulus; Arabic:  ; IPA: , Hebrew:   Shechem ; IPA: ); ) is a major city under Palestinian Authority in the West Bank and, with a population of over 100,000, is one of the largest Palestinian population centers in the Middle East. ... The Shalom Al Israel synagogue(Hebrew: שלום על ישראל), is Jerichos ancient synagogue. ... The Taking of Jericho, by Jean Fouquet Near central Jericho, November 1996 Jericho (Arabic  , ʼArīḥā; Hebrew  , Standard YÉ™riḥo Tiberian YÉ™rîḫô / YÉ™rîḥô; meaning fragrant[1]. Greek Ἱεριχώ = Ἱερή ἠχώ, HierÄ“ Ä“chō - Holy echo[]) is a town in the West Bank, Palestine near the Jordan River. ...

The Knesset building, Israel's parliament Download high resolution version (4235x2613, 454 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... The modern Knesset building, Israels parliament, in Jerusalem Though similar-sounding, Beit Knesset (בית כנסת) literally means House of Assembly, and refers to a synagogue. ...

Frontal view of The Supreme Court building Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1024x768, 140 KB) Summary Israel supreme court, Jerusalem. ... The Supreme Court (Hebrew: בית המשפט העליון, Beit Hamishpat Haelyon ) is at the head of the court system in the State of Israel. ...

"Government Campus" consisting of the office building of Prime Minister of Israel, the building of Israeli Foreign Affairs Ministry, Finance Ministry and Ministry of Interior Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2288x1712, 725 KB) Government Buildings in Jerusalem Picture taken by deror avi on 18th August 2006. ... The Prime Minister of Israel (Hebrew: ראש הממשלה, Rosh HaMemshala, lit. ... Foreign Affair Ministers of Israel, 1948-present Moshe Sharett 1948-1956 Golda Meir 1956-1966 Abba Eban 1966-1974 Yigal Allon 1974-1977 Moshe Dayan 1977-1979 Menachem Begin 1979-1980 Yitzhak Shamir 1980-1986 Shimon Peres 1986-1988 Moshe Arens 1988-1990 David Levy 1990-1992 Shimon Peres 1992... Finance Ministers of Israel, 1948-present Eliezer Kaplan 1948-1952 Levi Eshkol 1952-1963 Pinhas Sapir 1963-1968 Zeev Sharef 1968-1969 Pinhas Sapir 1969-1974 Yehoshua Rabinowitz 1974-1977 Simcha Ehrlich 1977-1979 Yigal Hurwitz 1979-1981 Yoram Aridor 1981-1983 Yigal Cohen-Orgad 1983-1984 Yitzhak Moda...

The Orient House formerly used by Palestinian Authority Image File history File linksMetadata Orient_House. ... Orient House is the PLO headquarters in East Jerusalem. ...

Palestinian position

The Palestinian Authority wants the capital of a future Palestinian state to be in East Jerusalem. The Palestinians claim Jerusalem (Al-Quds) as the capital of a future Palestinian state. In the Palestine Liberation Organization's Palestinian Declaration of Independence of 1988, Jerusalem is stated to be the capital of the State of Palestine. In 2000 the Palestinian Authority passed a law designating East Jerusalem as such, and in 2002 this law was ratified.[13] According to the Palestinian Authority Ministry of Information, the official Palestinian position on Jerusalem includes four points: [14] The West Bank The Palestinian National Authority (PNA or PA) is a semi-autonomous state institution nominally governing the bulk of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip (which it calls the Palestinian Territories). It was established as a part of Oslo accords between the PLO and Israel. ... East Jerusalem is that part of Jerusalem which was held by Jordan from the 1948 Arab-Israeli War until the Six-Day War in 1967. ... Palestinians are people with family origins in Palestine. ... Panoramic view from the Mount of Olives Panoramic view of the Western Wall Jerusalem (Hebrew:  , Yerushaláyim or Yerushalaim; Arabic:  , al-Quds (the Holy))[1] is an ancient Middle Eastern city that is Israels national capital[2] and has pivotal importance to the worlds major Abrahamic religions, among... Proposals for a Palestinian state vary depending on ones views of Palestinian statehood, as well as various definitions of Palestine and Palestinian (see also State of Palestine). ... The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) (Arabic: ‎;   or Munazzamat al-Tahrir al-Filastiniyyah) is a political and paramilitary organization regarded by the Arab League since October 1974 as the sole legitimate representative of the Palestinian people. ... The Declaration of Independence was adopted by the Palestinian National Council, the legislative body of the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO), in Algiers on 15 November 1988. ... ... This article is about the year 2000. ... The West Bank The Palestinian National Authority (PNA or PA) is a semi-autonomous state institution nominally governing the bulk of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip (which it calls the Palestinian Territories). It was established as a part of Oslo accords between the PLO and Israel. ... East Jerusalem is that part of Jerusalem which was held by Jordan from the 1948 Arab-Israeli War until the Six-Day War in 1967. ... For album titles with the same name, see 2002 (album). ...

• That East Jerusalem is occupied territory according to United Nations Security Council Resolution 242, and is part of the territory over which a Palestinian state, when established, shall exercise sovereignty. Palestine shall declare Jerusalem as its capital.
• According to previously signed agreements with Israel, the status of "Jerusalem" (and not specifically East Jerusalem) is subject to permanent status negotiations.
• Jerusalem should be an open city that is freely accessible, and should remain undivided regardless of the resolution of the question of sovereignty.
• A Palestinian state would be committed to freedom of worship for all and take all measures to protect and safeguard sites of religious significance.

In the mid 1990s, a proposal was floated by Dr. Mahmoud Abbas (today the President of the Palestinian Authority) and Dr. Yossi Beilin (who served as an Israeli government minister in various periods during the 1990's), among others, under which the Palestinian urban mass of East Jerusalem, comprising of part of the eastern Jerusalem areas within the present municipal borders and urban areas currently part of the West Bank (such as Abu Dis and Eizariya), could be redefined as al-Quds, with the remaining Arab East Jerusalem residents being defined as Israeli residents and Palestinian citizens. These proposals did not constitute a plan to resolve of the conflict over Jerusalem, as the status of the Old City, the most contentious aspect of the conflict, was not fully addressed. East Jerusalem is that part of Jerusalem which was held by Jordan from the 1948 Arab-Israeli War until the Six-Day War in 1967. ... The United Nations (UN) is an international organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress and human rights issues. ... United Nations Security Council Resolution 242 (S/RES/242) was adopted unanimously by the UN Security Council on November 22, 1967 in the aftermath of the Six Day War. ... Mahmoud Abbas (Arabic: محمود عباس) (born March 26, 1935), commonly known by the kunya or nom de guerre Abu Mazen (ابو مازن), was elected President of the Palestinian National Authority (PNA) on January 9, 2005, and took office on January 15, 2005. ... The West Bank The Palestinian National Authority (PNA or PA) is a semi-autonomous state institution nominally governing the bulk of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip (which it calls the Palestinian Territories). It was established as a part of Oslo accords between the PLO and Israel. ... Yossi Beilin Dr. Yossef (Yossi) Beilin (Hebrew: ; born June 12, 1948) is an Israeli politician, Knesset member, and a former , deputy foreign minister and justice minister within the Israeli Labour Party. ... East Jerusalem is that part of Jerusalem which was held by Jordan from the 1948 Arab-Israeli War until the Six-Day War in 1967. ... East Jerusalem is that part of Jerusalem which was held by Jordan from the 1948 Arab-Israeli War until the Six-Day War in 1967. ...

UN position

The position of the United Nations on the question of Jerusalem is contained in General Assembly resolution 181(11) and subsequent resolutions of the General Assembly and the Security Council concerning this question.

The UN Security Council, in UN Resolution 478, declared that the 1980 Jerusalem Law declaring unified Jerusalem, including annexed East Jerusalem, as Israel's "eternal and indivisible" capital was "null and void and must be rescinded forthwith" (14-0-1, with United States abstaining). The resolution advised member states to withdraw their diplomatic representation from the city as a punitive measure. The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) is the organ of the United Nations charged with maintaining peace and security among nations. ... United Nations Security Council Resolution 478, declared that the 1980 Knesset law (the Jerusalem Law) declaring Jerusalem as Israels eternal and indivisible capital was null and void and must be rescinded forthwith. The resolution instructed member states to withdraw their diplomatic representation from the city as a punitive measure... The Jerusalem Law is a common name of Basic Law: Jerusalem, Capital of Israel passed by the Israeli Knesset on July 30, 1980 (17th Av, 5740). ...

Before this resolution, thirteen countries maintained their embassies in Jerusalem: Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti, the Netherlands, Panama, Uruguay, Venezuela. Following the UN resolution, all thirteen moved their embassies to Tel Aviv. Costa Rica and El Salvador moved theirs back to Jerusalem in 1984. Costa Rica moved its embassy back to Tel Aviv in 2006 followed by El Salvador a few weeks later. No international embassy remains in Jerusalem, although Paraguay and Bolivia have theirs in Mevasseret Zion, a suburb 10km west of the city. [15] Jerusalem (Modern Hebrew: יְרוּשָׁלַיִם Yerushaláyim, Biblical and trad. ...

European Union position

It is the EU's position that a fair solution should be found to the complex issue of Jerusalem, in the context of the two-state solution set out in the roadmap, taking into account the political and religious concerns of all parties.

"The EU opposes measures which would prejudge the outcome of permanent status negotiations on Jerusalem, basing its policy on the principles set out in UN Security Council Resolution 242, notably the impossibility of acquisition of territory by force.

The EU is concerned that Israeli policies are reducing the possibility of reaching a final status agreement on Jerusalem and are in violation of both Israel’s Roadmap obligations and international law.

The EU has also called for the reopening of Palestinian institutions in East Jerusalem, in accordance with the Road Map, in particular the Orient House and the Chamber of Commerce, and has called on the Israeli government to cease all discriminatory treatment of Palestinians in East Jerusalem, especially concerning work permits, access to education and health services, building permits, house demolitions, taxation and expenditure."

EU Position on Jerusalem

United States position

The United States Jerusalem Embassy Act, passed by Congress in 1995, states that "Jerusalem should be recognized as the capital of the State of Israel; and the United States Embassy in Israel should be established in Jerusalem no later than May 31, 1999". Since then, the relocation of the embassy from Tel Aviv is being suspended by the President semi-annually, each time stating that "[the] Administration remains committed to beginning the process of moving our embassy to Jerusalem". As a result of the Embassy Act, official U.S. documents and web sites refer to Jerusalem as the capital of Israel. The Congress of the United States is the legislative branch of the federal government of the United States of America. ... May 31 is the 151st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (152nd in leap years), with 214 days remaining. ... 1999 (MCMXCIX) was a common year starting on Friday, and was designated the International Year of Older Persons by the United Nations. ...

Section 214 of the Foreign Relations Authorization Act, 2003 states:

"The Congress maintains its commitment to relocating the United States Embassy in Israel to Jerusalem and urges the President [...] to immediately begin the process of relocating the United States Embassy in Israel to Jerusalem". [16]

However, U.S. presidents, including President Bush, have argued that Congressional resolutions regarding the status of Jerusalem are merely "advisory", stating that it "impermissibly interferes with the President's constitutional authority". [17] The U.S. Constitution reserves the conduct of foreign policy to the President and resolutions of Congress which make foreign policy are arguably invalid for that reason. The U.S. Congress, however, has the "power of the purse", and could prohibit the expenditure of funds on any embassy located outside Jerusalem. The U.S. Congress has not taken this step. George Walker Bush (born July 6, 1946) is the 43rd and current President of the United States, inaugurated on January 20, 2001. ... Page I of the Constitution of the United States of America Page II of the United States Constitution Page III of the United States Constitution Page IV of the United States Constitution The Syng inkstand, with which the Constitution was signed The Constitution of the United States is the supreme...

The U.S. Department of State maintains a Consulate General in Jerusalem. The Consulate is building an expansion in the neighborhood of Talpiot to provide visa and other consular services to residents of Jerusalem and the Palestinian Territories. The construction site is often mistaken as a site for the future US Embassy; however there are currently no plans to use this location in this manner. ^{[citation needed]} Talpiot, is a neighborhood in southeastern Jerusalem that was established in the 1930s by Zionist Jews. ...

US citizens born in Jerusalem do not have “Israel” written on their passports as their country of birth, but rather "Jerusalem". ^{[citation needed]}

United Kingdom position

According to the UK, Jerusalem was supposed to be a ‘corpus separatum’, or international city administered by the UN. This was never set up: immediately after the UNGA resolution partitioning Palestine, Israel occupied West Jerusalem and Jordan occupied East Jerusalem (including the Old City). The UK recognised the de facto control of Israel and Jordan, but not sovereignty. In 1967, Israel occupied East Jerusalem, which the UK considers an illegal military occupation. The UK Embassy to Israel is in Tel Aviv, not Jerusalem. In East Jerusalem there is a Consulate-General, with a Consul-General who is not accredited to any state: this is an expression of the view that no state has sovereignty over Jerusalem.

The UK believes that the city’s status has yet to be determined, and maintains that it should be settled in an overall agreement between the parties concerned, but considers that the city should not again be divided. The Declaration of Principles and the Interim Agreement, signed by Israel and the PLO on 13 September 1993 and 28 September 1995 respectively, left the issue of the status of Jerusalem to be decided in the ‘permanent status’ negotiations between the two parties.

UK Foreign Office position on Jerusalem