Steam distillation is a special type of distillation (a separation process) for temperature sensitive materials like natural aromatic compounds. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1304x936, 68 KB) Licensing File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1304x936, 68 KB) Licensing File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Strathisla whisky distillery in Keith, Scotland Distillation is a method of separation of substances based on differences in their vapor pressures. ... Barring a few exceptions, almost every element or compound is found in an impure state i. ...
Many complex organic compounds tend to decompose at sustained high temperatures. Separation by normal distillation would then not be an option, so water or steam are introduced into the distillation apparatus. By adding water or steam the boiling point of the compounds is depressed (see article on Colligative properties), allowing them to evaporate at lower temperatures, preferably below the temperatures at which the deterioration of the material becomes appreciable. If the substances to be distilled are very sensitive to heat, steam distillation can also be combined with vacuum distillation. After distillation the vapors are condensed as usual, usually yielding a two-phase system of water and the organic compounds, allowing for simple separation. In chemistry, colligative properties are factors that determine how the properties of a bulk liquid solution change depending on the concentration of the solute in the bulk solution. ... Vacuum distillation is a method of distillation whereby the pressure above the solution to be distilled is reduced to less than one Atmosphere (unit) causing evaporation of the most volatile liquid(s) (those with the lowest boiling points. ...
Steam distillation is employed in the manufacture of essential oil for, for instance, perfumes. In this method steam is guided over the plant material containing the desired oils. It is also employed in the synthetic procedures of complex organic compounds. Eucalyptus oil and orange oil are obtained by this method in industrial scale. An essential oil is a concentrated, hydrophobic liquid containing volatile aromatic compounds extracted from plants. ... For the book Perfume by Patrick Süskind, see Perfume (book). ... Orange oil is also know as d-limonene. ...
These con-, ditions pertain in cases where distillation with steam is successfully practised, the relatively high volatility of water being counterbalanced by the relatively high molecular weight of the other component; for example, in the case of nitrobenzene and water the ratio is I to 5.
A coordination of the results obtained on the distillation of mixtures of this nature with the introduction of certain theoretical considerations led to the formation of three groups distinguished by the relative solubilities of the vapours in the liquid components.
For the distillation of liquids the retort is usually a cylindrical pot placed vertically; cast iron is generally employed, in which case the bottom is frequently incurved and thicker than the sides in order to take up the additional wear and tear.
Thus, aniline may be distilled at 100° C (212° F) by removing 93 percent of the air from the still.
The greater the degree of vacuum, the lower is the distillation temperature.
The important applications of this process are the destructive distillation of coal for coke, tar, gas, and ammonia, and the destructive distillation of wood for charcoal, acetic acid, acetone, and wood alcohol.
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