Stephen Jay Greenblatt (born November 7, 1943) is a literary critic, theorist and scholar. is the 311th day of the year (312th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1943 (MCMXLIII) was a common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Literary criticism is the study, discussion, evaluation, and interpretation of literature. ... Literary theory is the theory (or the philosophy) of the interpretation of literature and literary criticism. ...

Greenblatt is regarded by many as one of the founders of New Historicism^{[attribution needed]}, a set of critical practices that he often refers to as "cultural poetics"; his works have been influential since the early 1980s when he introduced the term. Greenblatt has written and edited numerous books and articles relevant to new historicism, the study of culture, Renaissance studies and Shakespeare studies and is considered to be an expert in these fields. His most popular work is Will in the World, a biography of Shakespeare that was on the New York Times Best Seller list for nine weeks.[1] New Historicism is an approach to literary criticism and literary theory based on the premise that a literary work should be considered a product of the time, place and circumstances of its composition rather than as an isolated creation of genius. ... For other uses, see Culture (disambiguation). ... This article is about the European Renaissance of the 14th-17th centuries. ... Shakespeare redirects here. ... The New York Times Best Seller List is a weekly chart in The New York Times newspaper that keeps track of the best-selling books of the week. ...

He is also co-founder of the literary-cultural journal Representations, which often publishes articles by new historicists. Greenblatt shares many anecdotes about his academic and non-academic experiences in interviews and in his writing.

Biographical information

Education, academia and employment

Greenblatt was born in Boston and raised in Cambridge, Massachusetts. He was educated at Yale University (B.A. 1964, M.Phil 1968, Ph.D. 1969 GPA:) and Pembroke College, Cambridge (B.A. 1966, M.A. 1968). Greenblatt has since taught at University of California, Berkeley and Harvard University. He was Class of 1932 Professor at Berkeley (he became a full professor in 1980) and taught there for 28 years before taking a position at Harvard University where in 1997 Greenblatt became the Harry Levin Professor of Literature; he was named John Cogan University Professor of the Humanities in 2000. As a visiting professor and lecturer, Greenblatt has taught at such institutions as the universities of Berlin, the University of Florence, Kyoto University, the University of Oxford and Peking University. He is a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and has been president of the Modern Language Association. Greenblatt was "a key figure in the shift from literary to cultural poetics and from textual to contextual interpretation in U.S. English departments in the 1980s and 1990s" (Leitch 2250). Nickname: City on the Hill, Beantown, The Hub (of the Universe)1, Athens of America, The Cradle of Revolution, Puritan City, Americas Walking City Location in Massachusetts, USA Counties Suffolk County Mayor Thomas M. Menino(D) Area    - City 232. ... Location in Middlesex County in Massachusetts Coordinates: , Country State County Middlesex Settled 1630 Incorporated 1636 Government  - Type Mayor-City Council  - Mayor Kenneth Reeves (D) Area  - Total 7. ... Yale redirects here. ... A Bachelor of Arts (B.A. or A.B.) is an undergraduate academic degree awarded for a course or program in the arts and/or sciences. ... Doctor of Philosophy (Ph. ... Full name Pembroke College Motto - Named after Countess of Pembroke, Mary de St Pol Previous names Marie Valence Hall (1347), Pembroke Hall (?), Pembroke College (1856) Established 1347 Sister College(s) Queens College Master Sir Richard Dearlove Location Trumpington Street Undergraduates ~420 Postgraduates ~240 Homepage Boatclub Pembroke College is a... A Bachelor of Arts (B.A. or A.B.) is an undergraduate academic degree awarded for a course or program in the arts and/or sciences. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Sather tower (the Campanile) looking out over the San Francisco Bay and Mount Tamalpais. ... Harvard redirects here. ... The University of Florence (Università degli Studi di Firenze, UNIFI) is one of the largest and oldest universities in Italy. ... Kyoto University ), abbreviated to Kyodai ) is a national coeducational research university in Kyoto, Japan. ... The University of Oxford (informally Oxford University), located in the city of Oxford, England, is the oldest university in the English-speaking world. ... Peking University (traditional Chinese: ; simplified Chinese: ; pinyin: ), colloquially known in Chinese as Beida (北大, BÄ›idà), was established in 1898. ... The House of the Academy, Cambridge, Massachusetts. ... The MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, Fifth Edition The Modern Language Association of America (MLA) is the principal professional association in the United States for scholars of literature and literary criticism. ...

Family

Greenblatt has three children. He was married to Ellen Schmidt from 1969-96; they have two sons (Joshua and Aaron). In 1998 he married fellow academic Ramie Targoff, also a Renaissance expert and a professor at Brandeis University; they have one son (Harry). Brandeis University is a private university located in Waltham, Massachusetts, United States. ...

General interest

Greenblatt shares many personal anecdotes in interviews and in his writing. Greenblatt has stated that as counsellor at a summer camp, he spent some time playing guitar and singing “mournful folk songs” with co-counsellor Art Garfunkel, who talked about introducing him to Paul Simon so that they could sing together—Greenblatt declined in favour of college ("Greenblatt Named"). Greenblatt has also stated that while pursuing his Ph.D. at Yale he "rushed out of a corner drugstore and knocked down an elderly man who turned out to be T. S. Eliot… he survived" ("Greenblatt Named"). Greenblatt also notes that he performed, "usually in grotesque situations and invariably drawing a somewhat mysterious laugh from the studio audience," with the group that would become Monty Python's Flying Circus troupe ("Greenblatt Named"). Art Garfunkel in Bad Timing (1980) Arthur Ira Garfunkel (born November 5, 1941) is an American white gollywog and actor, best known as half of the folk duo Simon and Garfunkel. ... Paul Frederic Simon (born October 13, 1941) is an American singer-songwriter and guitarist, half of the folk-singing duo Simon and Garfunkel who continues a successful solo career. ... Doctor of Philosophy (Ph. ... For other persons named Thomas Eliot, see Thomas Eliot (disambiguation). ... This article is about the television series. ...

Literary interests, influences and personal favourites

"At a certain point I passed from the naïve to what Schiller calls the sentimental—that is, I stopped reading books of marvels and began reading ethnographies and novels—but my childhood interests have survived in a passionate curiosity about other cultures and a fascination with tales" (Greenblatt, Marvelous Possessions 2).

"My students... have had a profound influence upon everything I have written. And at the center of my intellectual life at Berkeley is the group of colleagues who have... shared ideas, argued, criticized, and given of themselves with remarkable generosity" (Greenblatt, Shakespearean Negotiations ix).

Greenblatt’s scholarly interests are listed as “Shakespeare; Early Modern Literature and Culture; Literature of Travel and Exploration; Religion and Literature; Literature and Anthropology; [and] Literary and Cultural Theory” on his faculty profile webpage. His critical work is deeply indebted to "Foucauldian and Marxist theories of history" (Rivkin 506). In an interview with Barnes and Noble, Greenblatt stated that the book which most influenced his life/career as a writer was Friedrich Nietzsche's On the Genealogy of Morals. Though he hated the book, it made him aware that some books have the power to challenge one’s beliefs (Greenblatt, Interview). He lists Michel de Montaigne's Essais, Edward Gibbon's Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, William Shakespeare’s Complete Works and Leo Tolstoy’s Anna Karenina among his favourite works (Greenblatt, Interview). Some of his favourite films are M, The Third Man and Shakespeare in Love (Greenblatt, Interview). He enjoys classical music, including Verdi's opera Don Carlo and Mozart's opera Così fan tutte, but does not listen to music while writing (Greenblatt, Interview). This is about the social science. ... Michel Foucault (pronounced ) (October 15, 1926 – June 25, 1984) was a French philosopher, historian and sociologist. ... Marxism is the political practice and social theory based on the works of Karl Marx, a 19th century philosopher, economist, journalist, and revolutionary, along with Friedrich Engels. ... A typical Barnes & Noble bookstore. ... Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (October 15, 1844 – August 25, 1900) (IPA: ) was a nineteenth-century German philologist and philosopher. ... On the Genealogy of Morals (German: Zur Genealogie der Moral), subtitled A Polemic (Eine Streitschrift), is a work by the German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche, composed and first published in 1887. ... Michel Eyquem de Montaigne (French pronounced ) (February 28, 1533–September 13, 1592) was one of the most influential writers of the French Renaissance. ... Edward Gibbon (1737–1794). ... The History of The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, a major literary achievement of Eighteenth Century, was written by the British historian, Edward Gibbon. ... Count Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy(Lyof, Lyoff) (September 9 [O.S. August 28] 1828 – November 20 [O.S. November 7] 1910) (Russian: , IPA:  ), commonly referred to in English as Leo Tolstoy, was a Russian writer – novelist, essayist, dramatist and philosopher – as well as pacifist Christian anarchist and educational reformer. ... This article refers to the novel by Tolstoy. ... M (original German title: M - Eine Stadt sucht einen Mörder, M - a city in search of a murderer) is a 1931 German film noir directed by Fritz Lang and written by Thea von Harbou. ... This article is about film noir. ... Shakespeare in Love is an award-winning 1998 romantic comedy film. ... Classical music is a broad, somewhat imprecise term, referring to music produced in, or rooted in the traditions of, European art, ecclesiastical and concert music, encompassing a broad period from roughly 1000 to the present day. ... “Verdi” redirects here. ... For other uses, see Opera (disambiguation). ... Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (January 27, 1756 – December 5, 1791) was one of the most significant and influential of all composers of Western classical music. ...

Works

Greenblatt on his audience and work: “I've been at this for 40 years. And, as an academic, I've been content with relatively small audiences, with the thought that the audience I long for will find its way eventually to what I have written, provided that what I have written is good enough” ("Meet the Writers").

Greenblatt has written extensively on Shakespeare, the Renaissance, culture and new historicism (which he often refers to as "cultural poetics"). Much of his work has been “part of a collective project,” such as his work as co-editor of the Berkeley-based literary-cultural journal Representations (which he co-founded in 1983), as editor of publications such as the Norton Anthology of English Literature and as co-author of books such as Practicing New Historicism (2000), which he wrote with Catherine Gallagher (Greenblatt, Greenblatt Reader 1). Greenblatt has also written on such subjects as travelling in Laos and China, story-telling and miracles. Shakespeare redirects here. ... This article is about the European Renaissance of the 14th-17th centuries. ... For other uses, see Culture (disambiguation). ... New Historicism is an approach to literary criticism and literary theory based on the premise that a literary work should be considered a product of the time, place and circumstances of its composition rather than as an isolated creation of genius. ... Catherine Gallagher is a new historicist literary critic and Victorianist and is currently Professor of English at the University of California, Berkeley. ... “Storytelling is humanity’s oldest form of literacy. ... For other uses, see Miracle (disambiguation). ...

New historicism

Greenblatt is quoted as saying, “My deep, ongoing interest is in the relation between literature and history, the process through which certain remarkable works of art are at once embedded in a highly specific life-world and seem to pull free of that life-world. I am constantly struck by the strangeness of reading works that seem addressed, personally and intimately, to me, and yet were written by people who crumbled to dust long ago" (“Greenblatt Named”).

Greenblatt first used the term “new historicism” in his 1982 introduction to The Power of Forms in the English Renaissance wherein he uses Queen Elizabeth's “bitter reaction to the revival of Shakespeare’s Richard II on the eve of the Essex rebellion" to illustrate the “mutual permeability of the literary and the historical” (Greenblatt, Greenblatt Reader 1-2). New historicism is regarded by many to have had an impact on "every traditional period of English literary history” (Cadzow). Some critics have charged that it is “antithetical to literary and aesthetic value, that it reduces the historical to the literary or the literary to the historical, that it denies human agency and creativity, that it is somehow out to subvert the politics of cultural and critical theory [and] that it is anti-theoretical” (Greenblatt, Greenblatt Reader 1). Others praise new historicism as “a collection of practices” employed by critics to gain a more comprehensive understanding of literature by considering it in historical context while treating history itself as “historically contingent on the present in which [it is] constructed” (Greenblatt, Greenblatt Reader 3). New Historicism is an approach to literary criticism and literary theory based on the premise that a literary work should be considered a product of the time, place and circumstances of its composition rather than as an isolated creation of genius. ... Elizabeth I (7 September 1533 – 24 March 1603 ) was Queen of England and Queen of Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death. ... Title page of Richard II, from the fifth quarto, published in 1615. ... New Historicism is an approach to literary criticism and literary theory based on the premise that a literary work should be considered a product of the time, place and circumstances of its composition rather than as an isolated creation of genius. ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ... Aesthetics (or esthetics) (from the Greek word αισθητική) is a branch of philosophy dealing with the nature of beauty. ... For other uses, see Literature (disambiguation). ... This article is about the study of the past in human terms. ...

In an interview with Matthew Norris, he says "I didn’t imagine [New Historicism] as a program, or a long-range ten-year plan. Or a twenty-year plan. It was a way of trying to do a new kind of work. Of course, I hoped it would have an impact, but I wasn’t trying to start a school or imagining myself as founding a new movement. I imagined it as expressing this powerful sense that we need to try to do things differently." Paradigm Interview

Greenblatt's works on new historicism and “cultural poetics” include Practicing New Historicism (2000) (written with Catherine Gallagher), in which Greenblatt discusses how “the anecdote… appears as the ‘touch of the real’” and "Towards a Poetics of Culture" (1987), in which Greenblatt asserts that the question of “how art and society are interrelated,” as posed by Jean-François Lyotard and Frederic Jameson, “cannot be answered by appealing to a single theoretical stance” (Cadzow). Renaissance Self-Fashioning and the Introduction to the Norton Shakespeare are regarded as good examples of Greenblatt's application of new historicist practices (Greenblatt, Greenblatt Reader 3). Catherine Gallagher is a new historicist literary critic and Victorianist and is currently Professor of English at the University of California, Berkeley. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Fredric Jameson (b. ... W. W. Norton & Company is an American book publishing company that has remained independent since its founding. ...

Shakespeare and Renaissance studies

Will in the World

"I believe that nothing comes of nothing, even in Shakespeare. I wanted to know where he got the matter he was working with and what he did with that matter" (Greenblatt, Hamlet in Purgatory 4). Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...

Greenblatt states in "King Lear and Harsnett's 'Double-Fiction'" that "Shakespeare's self-consciousness is in significant ways bound up with the institutions and the symbology of power it anatomizes" (Richter 1295). His work on Shakespeare has addressed such topics as ghosts, purgatory, anxiety, exorcists and revenge. He is general editor of the Norton Shakespeare.

Greenblatt's new historicism opposes the ways in which new criticism “[consigns] texts to an autonomous aesthetic realm that [dissociates] Renaissance writing from other forms of cultural production” and the historicist notion that Renaissance texts “[mirror]… a coherent world-view that was held by a whole population,” asserting instead “that critics who [wish] to understand sixteenth- and seventeenth-century writing must delineate the ways the texts they [study] were linked to the network of institutions, practices, and beliefs that constituted Renaissance culture in its entirety” (Cadzow). Greenblatt’s work in Renaissance studies includes Renaissance Self-Fashioning (1980), which “had a transformative impact on Renaissance studies” (Greenblatt, Greenblatt Reader 3). New Criticism was the dominant trend in English and American literary criticism of the early twentieth century, from the 1920s to the early 1960s. ... Write redirects here. ... (15th century - 16th century - 17th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 16th century was that century which lasted from 1501 to 1600. ... (16th century - 17th century - 18th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 17th century was that century which lasted from 1601-1700. ... An institution is a group, tenet, maxim, or organization created by a group of humans. ...

Shakespearean Negotiations

"This book argues that works of art, however intensely marked by the creative intelligence and private obsessions of indivduals, are the products of collective negotiation and exchange" (Greenblatt, Shakespearean Negotiations, p vii). This book investigates how complex events influenced the works of Shakespeare and how he chronicled them. It takes the form of five essays discussing theory or events of the time and relating them to the plays of Shakespeare. The essays are entitled:

• The Circulation of Social Energy
• Invisible Bullets
• Fiction and Friction
• Shakespeare and the Exorcists
• Martial Law and the Land of Cockaigne

Shakespeare redirects here. ... The word theory has a number of distinct meanings in different fields of knowledge, depending on their methodologies and the context of discussion. ... Shakespeare redirects here. ... This article explains the Theory of Subversion and Containment as discussed by Stephen Greenblatt in his essay Invisible Bullets. ...

Norton Anthology of English Literature

Greenblatt joined M. H. Abrams as general editor of the Norton Anthology of English Literature published by W.W. Norton during the 1990s.^[1] He is also the co-editor of the anthology's section on Renaissance literature (Gewertz) and the general editor of the Norton Shakespeare, “currently his most influential piece of public pedagogy” (Greenblatt, Greenblatt Reader 3). Meyer (Mike) Howard Abrams (born July 23, 1912) is an American literary critic, known for works on Romanticism, in particular his book The Mirror and the Lamp. ... The Norton Anthology of English Literature is a well-known English Literary studies supplement for many tertiary level students. ... W. W. Norton & Company is an American book publishing company. ... For the band, see 1990s (band). ...

Honours

• Fulbright scholarship (1964-66)
• Guggenheim fellowship (1975)
• University of Peking, visiting professorship (1982)
• James Russell Lowell Prize of the Modern Language Association (Shakespearean Negotiations) (1989)
• Erasmus Institute Prize (2002)
• Mellon Distinguished Humanist Award (2002)
• Fellow, American Academy of Arts and Sciences

The Fulbright Program is program of educational grants (Fulbright Fellowships) sponsored by the Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs of the United States Department of State. ... Guggenheim Fellowships are awarded annually by the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation to those who have demonstrated exceptional capacity for productive scholarship or exceptional creative ability in the arts. ... The MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, Fifth Edition The Modern Language Association of America (MLA) is the principal professional association in the United States for scholars of literature and literary criticism. ... The House of the Academy, Cambridge, Massachusetts. ...

Selected works

• Three Modern Satirists: Waugh, Orwell, and Huxley (1965)
• Sir Walter Ralegh: The Renaissance Man and His Roles (1973)
• Renaissance Self-Fashioning: From More to Shakespeare (1980)
• Shakespearean Negotiations: The Circulation of Social Energy in Renaissance England (1988)
• Learning to Curse: Essays in Early Modern Culture (1990)
• Marvelous Possessions: The Wonder of the New World (1992)
• Redrawing the Boundaries: The Transformation of English and American Literary Studies (1992)
• The Norton Shakespeare (1997)
• Practicing New Historicism (with Catherine Gallagher)(2000)
• Hamlet in Purgatory (2001)
• Will in the World: How Shakespeare Became Shakespeare (2004)
• The Greenblatt Reader (2005)

Quotations

Lisa Jardine, Queen Mary, University of London: "I was putting together some lectures in the early 80s and I suggested Greenblatt to the faculty. No one had heard of him. But when he and I arrived at the lecture room we were greeted by a grumpy porter who complained that the event was a fire hazard. The audience was hanging from the rafters. That was Stephen Greenblatt. The faculty hadn't heard of him, but the students were in there." (Miller) Lisa Jardine is a British historian of the early modern period. ... Affiliations: University of London Association of Commonwealth Universities 1994 Group Website: http://www. ... Website http://www. ...

Stephen Greenblatt’s account of his reaction to being told that several American job advertisements were requesting responses from experts in new historicism: "I said, 'You've got to be kidding. You know it was just something we made up!' I began to see there were institutional consequences to what seemed like a not particularly deeply thought-out term." (Miller)

See also

• New Historicism
• Cultural Materialism (often contrasted with)
• Michel Foucault
• Discourse
• Episteme
• Marxism
• Historicism
• Literary theory

New Historicism is an approach to literary criticism and literary theory based on the premise that a literary work should be considered a product of the time, place and circumstances of its composition rather than as an isolated creation of genius. ... The term Cultural materialism refers to two separate scholarly endeavours: It is an anthropological research paradigm championed most notably by Marvin Harris. ... Michel Foucault (pronounced ) (October 15, 1926 – June 25, 1984) was a French philosopher, historian and sociologist. ... Discourse is a term used in semantics as in discourse analysis, but it also refers to a social conception of discourse, often linked with the work of French philosopher Michel Foucault (1926-1984) and Jürgen Habermas The Theory of Communicative Action (1985). ... As distinguished from techne, the Greek word episteme (literally: science) is often translated as knowledge. ... Marxism is both the theory and the political practice (that is, the praxis) derived from the work of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. ... For historicism as a method of interpreting biblical apocalypse, see Historicism (Christian eschatology). ... Literary theory is the theory (or the philosophy) of the interpretation of literature and literary criticism. ...

Bibliography

Cadzow, Hunter, Alison Conway and Bryce Traister. “New Historicism.” Johns Hopkins Guide to Literary Theory and Criticism 2005. Feb. 2006 <http://litguide.press.jhu.edu/cgi-bin/view.cgi?eid=194&query=greenblatt#top>.

"Faculty Profiles." 3 Feb. 2006. 7 Feb. 2006. <http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~english/people/facultyprofiles.html>.

Gewertz, Ken. “Greenblatt Edits Norton Anthology.” Harvard University Gazette 2 Feb. 2006. 2 Feb. 2006 <http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/2006/02.02/05-anth.html>.

“Greenblatt Named University Professor of the Humanities.” Harvard University Gazette 21 Sept. 2000. 2 Feb. 2006 <http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/2000/09.21/greenblatt.html>.

Greenblatt, Stephen. Interview. Barnes and Noble. “Meet the Writers: Stephen Greenblatt.” 2004. 07 Feb. 2006 <http://www.barnesandnoble.com/writers/writerdetails.asp?userid=AG6YcY2DW0&cid=1305369#interview>.

Greenblatt, Stephen J.. The Greenblatt Reader. Ed. Michael Payne. Oxford: Blackwell, 2005. ISBN 1-4051-1566-1

---. Hamlet in Purgatory. New Jersey: Princeton UP, 2001. ISBN 0-691-05873-3

---. Learning to Curse: Essays in Early Modern Culture. New York: Routledge, 1990. ISBN 0-415-90173-1}

---. Marvelous Possessions: The Wonder of the New World. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1991. ISBN 0-226-30651-8

---. Shakespearean Negotiations: The Circulation of Social Energy in Renaissance England. Los Angeles: U of California P, 1988. ISBN 0-520-06160-8

Leitch, Vincent, ed. Norton Anthology of Theory and Criticism. New York: Norton, 2001. ISBN 0-393-97429-4

“Meet the Writers: Stephen Greenblatt.” 2006. 07 Feb. 2006 <http://www.barnesandnoble.com/writers/writer.asp?userid=AG6YcY2DW0&cid=1305369>.

Miller, Lucasta. “The Human Factor.” The Guardian 26 Feb. 2005. 8 Feb. 2006 <The Guardian http://books.guardian.co.uk/review/story/0,12084,1424576,00.html>.

Pieters, Jürgen, ed. Critical Self-Fashioning: Stephen Greenblatt and the New Historicism. Frankfurt: Peter Lang, 1999. ISBN 3-631-34116-4

Pieters, Jürgen, 'Moments of Negotiation. The New Historicism of Stephen Greenblatt'. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Pess, 2001. ISBN 90-5356-502-7

Pieters, Jürgen. 'Speaking with the dead. Explorations in Literature and History.' edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2005. ISBN 0-7486-1588-1

Richter, David, ed. The Critical Tradition: Classic Texts and Contemporary Trends. Boston: Bedford Books, 1988. ISBN 0-312-10106-6

Rivkin, Julie and Michael Ryan, eds. Literary Theory: An Anthology. 2nd ed. Malden: Blackwell, 2004. ISBN 1-4051-0696-4

Ruder, Debra Bradley. “Renaissance Literature Scholar to Join FAS.” Harvard University Gazette 6 Feb. 1997. 8 Feb. 2006 < http://www.hno.harvard.edu/gazette/1997/02.06/RenaissanceLite.html>.

“Stephen_Greenblatt.” Photo. 2005. 07 Feb. 2006 <http://www.brattleboroliteraryfestival.org/authors.html> (dead link)

Notes

External links

• http://hrtv.org/
• http://litguide.press.jhu.edu/index.html
• http://www.harvard.edu/
• http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/
• http://www.wwnorton.com/nael/
• http://www.therainfarm.com/paradigm4