Stephen Hawking

Stephen William Hawking
Born	January 8, 1942 (1942-01-08) (age 65) Oxford, England, UK
Residence	UK
Nationality	British
Field	Physicist
Institutions	University of Cambridge
Alma mater	University of Oxford University of Cambridge
Academic advisor	Dennis Sciama
Notable students	Bruce Allen Fay Dowker Malcolm Perry Bernard J. Carr Gary Gibbons
Known for	Black holes Theoretical cosmology Quantum gravity
Notable prizes	Copley Medal (2006)

Stephen William Hawking, CH, CBE, FRS, FRSA, (born 8 January 1942) is a British theoretical physicist. Hawking is the Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at the University of Cambridge, and a Fellow of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge. He is known for his contributions to the fields of cosmology and quantum gravity, especially in the context of black holes, and his popular works in which he discusses his own theories and cosmology in general. These include the runaway popular science bestseller A Brief History of Time, which stayed on the British Sunday Times bestseller list for a record-breaking 237 weeks.^[1] Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... January 8 is the 8th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1942 (MCMXLII) was a common year starting on Thursday (the link is to a full 1942 calendar). ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Motto (French) God and my right Anthem God Save the King (Queen) England() – on the European continent() – in the United Kingdom() Capital (and largest city) London (de facto) Official languages English (de facto) Government Constitutional monarchy  -  Queen Queen Elizabeth II  -  Prime Minister Tony Blair MP Unification  -  by Athelstan 967  Area... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom. ... Articles with similar titles include physician, a person who practices medicine. ... The University of Cambridge (often Cambridge University), located in Cambridge, England, is the second-oldest university in the English-speaking world and has a reputation as one of the worlds most prestigious universities. ... The University of Oxford (usually abbreviated as Oxon. ... The University of Cambridge (often Cambridge University), located in Cambridge, England, is the second-oldest university in the English-speaking world and has a reputation as one of the worlds most prestigious universities. ... Dennis William Sciama (November 18, 1926 - December 18, 1999) was a British physicist who played an important role in the Golden Age of general relativity. ... Bruce Allen is a physics professor at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. ... Dr. Helen Fay Dowker is a British theoretical physisist and progressive political activist. ... Malcolm John Perry, (born November 13, 1951) is a theoretical physicist. ... Bernard J. Carr is a professor of mathematics and astronomy at Queen Mary, University of London (QMUL). ... Gary Gibbons at Harvard University Gary Gibbons, FRS is a British theoretical physicist. ... This article is about the astronomical body. ... Physical cosmology, as a branch of astrophysics, is the study of the large-scale structure of the universe and is concerned with fundamental questions about its formation and evolution. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... The Copley Medal is a scientific award for work in any field of science, the highest award granted by the Royal Society of London. ... The Order of the Companions of Honour is a British and Commonwealth Order (decoration). ... Commanders Badge of the Order of the British Empire The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire is an order of chivalry established on 4 June 1917 by George V. The Order includes five classes in civil and military divisions, in order of seniority: Knight or Dame Grand Cross... The Fellowship of the Royal Society was founded in 1660. ... Royal Society of Arts, London The Royal Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce (RSA) is a British multi-disciplinary institution, based in London. ... January 8 is the 8th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1942 (MCMXLII) was a common year starting on Thursday (the link is to a full 1942 calendar). ... Theoretical physics employs mathematical models and abstractions of physics, as opposed to experimental processes, in an attempt to understand nature. ... The incumbent of the Lucasian Chair of Mathematics, the Lucasian Professor is the holder of a mathematical professorship at Cambridge University. ... The University of Cambridge (often Cambridge University), located in Cambridge, England, is the second-oldest university in the English-speaking world and has a reputation as one of the worlds most prestigious universities. ... It has been suggested that this article be split into multiple articles accessible from a disambiguation page. ... Full name Gonville and Caius College Motto Named after Edmund Gonville & John Caius Previous names Gonville Hall (1348), Gonville & Caius (1557) Established 1348, refounded 1557 Sister College(s) Brasenose College Master Sir Christopher Hum Location Trinity St Undergraduates 468 Postgraduates 291 Homepage Boatclub Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge is a... Cosmology, from the Greek: κοσμολογία (cosmologia, κόσμος (cosmos) order + λογια (logia) discourse) is the study of the Universe in its totality, and by extension, humanitys place in it. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... This article is about the astronomical body. ... Cover of A Brief History of Time A Brief History of Time is a popular science book written by Professor Stephen Hawking and first published in 1988. ... The Sunday Times is a Sunday broadsheet newspaper distributed in the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland, published by Times Newspapers Ltd, a subsidiary of News International which is in turn owned by News Corporation. ...

His key scientific works to date have included providing, with Roger Penrose, theorems regarding singularities in the framework of general relativity, and the theoretical discovery that black holes emit radiation, which is today known as Hawking radiation (or sometimes as Bekenstein-Hawking radiation).^[2] His scientific career spans more than 40 years and his books and public appearances have made him an academic celebrity and world-renowned theoretical physicist. He is an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts.^[3] Sir Roger Penrose, OM, FRS (born 8 August 1931) is an English mathematical physicist and Emeritus Rouse Ball Professor of Mathematics at the Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford and Emeritus Fellow of Wadham College. ... Look up theorem in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... General relativity (GR) [also called the general theory of relativity (GTR) and general relativity theory (GRT)] is the geometrical theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915/16. ... A black hole is an object with a gravitational field so powerful that no form of matter or radiation (including light) can escape once it is less than a certain distance from the center. ... Radiation as used in physics, is energy in the form of waves or particles. ... In physics, Hawking radiation is thermal radiation thought to be emitted by black holes due to quantum effects. ... Jacob David Bekenstein (born May 1, 1947) is a physicist who has contributed to the foundation of black hole thermodynamics and to other aspects of the connections between information and gravitation. ... Royal Society of Arts, London The Royal Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce (RSA) is a British multi-disciplinary institution, based in London. ...

Biography

Stephen William Hawking was born on January 8, 1942 to Frank Hawking, a research biologist, and Isobel Hawking. He had two younger sisters, Philippa and Mary, and an adopted brother, Edward.^[4] Though Hawking's parents had their home in North London, they moved to Oxford while Isobel was pregnant with Stephen, desiring a safer location for the birth of their first child (London was under attack at the time by the Luftwaffe).^[5] After Hawking was born, the family moved back to London, where his father headed the division of parasitology at the National Institute for Medical Research.^[4] January 8 is the 8th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1942 (MCMXLII) was a common year starting on Thursday (the link is to a full 1942 calendar). ... Research is a human activity based on intellectual investigation and aimed at discovering, interpreting, and revising human knowledge on different aspects of the world. ... A biologist is a scientist devoted to and producing results in biology through the study of organisms. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Heinkel He 111 German bomber over the Surrey Docks, Southwark, London (German propaganda photomontage). ... This or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Parasitology is the study of parasites, their hosts, and the relationship between them. ... The National Institute For Medical Research, commonly abbreviated to NIMR, is a large medical research facility situated in rural Mill Hill, England, on the outskirts of London. ...

In 1950, Hawking and his family moved to St Albans in Hertfordshire where, from the age of 11, he attended St Albans School, where he was a good, but not an exceptional, student.^[4] He maintains his connection with the school, giving his name to one of the four houses and to an extra-curricular science lecture series. He has visited to deliver one of the lectures and has also granted a lengthy interview to pupils working on the school magazine, the Albanian. St Albans is the main urban area of the City and District of St Albans in southern Hertfordshire, England, around 22 miles (35. ... Hertfordshire (pronounced Hartfordshire and abbreviated as Herts) is an inland county in the United Kingdom and part of the East of England Government Office region. ... The Abbey Gateway, now home to the schools History, Economics and Classics departments. ...

He was always interested in science.^[4] He enrolled at University College, Oxford with the intent of studying mathematics, but after his first year was persuaded by his father to switch to physics. His interests during this time were in thermodynamics, relativity, and quantum mechanics. His physics tutor, Robert Berman, later said in the New York Times Magazine, "It was only necessary for him to know that something could be done, and he could do it without looking to see how other people did it. ... He didn't have very many books, and he didn't take notes. Of course, his mind was completely different from all of his contemporaries."^[4] He was passing with his fellow students, but his unimpressive study habits gave him a final examination score on the borderline between first and second class honours, making an "oral examination" necessary. Berman said of the oral examination, "And of course the examiners then were intelligent enough to realize they were talking to someone far more clever than most of themselves."^[4] College name University College Collegium Magnae Aulae Universitatis Named after Established 1249 Sister College Trinity Hall Master Lord Butler of Brockwell JCR President Peter Surr Undergraduates 420 MCR President Monte MacDiarmid Graduates 144 Homepage Boatclub Crest of University College, Oxford University College (in full, the The Master and Fellows of... Euclid, Greek mathematician, 3rd century BC, as imagined by by Raphael in this detail from The School of Athens. ... Physics (Greek: (phúsis), nature and (phusiké), knowledge of nature) is the branch of science concerned with the fundamental laws of the universe. ... Thermodynamics (from the Greek θερμη, therme, meaning heat and δυναμις, dunamis, meaning power) is a branch of physics that studies the effects of changes in temperature, pressure, and volume on physical systems at the macroscopic scale by analyzing the collective motion of their particles using statistics. ... In physics, the term relativity is used in several, related contexts: Galileo first developed the principle of relativity, which is the postulate that the laws of physics are the same for all observers. ... Fig. ...

After receiving his B.A. degree at Oxford University in 1962, he stayed to study astronomy, deciding to leave when he found that studying sunspots, which was all the observatory was equipped for, didn't appeal to him and that he was more interested in theory than in observation.^[4] He left Oxford for Trinity Hall, Cambridge, where he engaged in the study of theoretical astronomy and cosmology. A Bachelor of Arts (B.A. or A.B.) is an undergraduate academic degree awarded for a course or program in the arts and/or sciences. ... The University of Oxford (usually abbreviated as Oxon. ... A giant Hubble mosaic of the Crab Nebula, a supernova remnant Astronomy is the science of celestial objects (such as stars, planets, comets, and galaxies) and phenomena that originate outside the Earths atmosphere (such as auroras and cosmic background radiation). ... A sunspot is a region on the Suns surface (photosphere) that is marked by a lower temperature than its surroundings and intense magnetic activity, which inhibits convection, forming areas of low surface temperature. ... The word theory has a number of distinct meanings in different fields of knowledge, depending on their methodologies and the context of discussion. ... Observation is an activity of a sapient or sentient living being (e. ... Full name College of Scholars of the Holy Trinity of Norwich Motto - Named after The Holy Trinity Previous names - Established 1350 Sister College(s) University College All Souls College Master Prof. ... Cosmology, from the Greek: κοσμολογία (cosmologia, κόσμος (cosmos) order + λογια (logia) discourse) is the study of the Universe in its totality, and by extension, humanitys place in it. ...

Almost as soon as he arrived at Cambridge, he started developing symptoms of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (colloquially known as Lou Gehrig's disease), a type of motor neuron disease which would cost him the loss of almost all neuromuscular control. During his first two years at Cambridge, he did not distinguish himself, but, after the disease had stabilized and with the help of his doctoral tutor, Dennis William Sciama, he returned to working on his Ph.D.^[4] Stephen revealed that he did not see much point in obtaining a doctorate if he was to die soon. Hawking later said that the real turning point was his 1965 marriage to Jane Wilde, a language student.^[4] The University of Cambridge (often Cambridge University), located in Cambridge, England, is the second-oldest university in the English-speaking world and has a reputation as one of the worlds most prestigious universities. ... Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS, sometimes called Lou Gehrigs disease, Maladie de Charcot or motor neurone disease) is a progressive, fatal neurodegenerative disease caused by the degeneration of motor neurons. ... Motor neuron disease (MND) is a term used to cover a number of illnesses of the motor neurone; amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), progressive muscular atrophy (PMA), spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), progressive bulbar palsy (PBP), and primary lateral sclerosis (PLS) are all forms of MND. MND is the term used internationally... Dennis William Sciama (November 18, 1926 - December 18, 1999) was a British physicist who played an important role in the Golden Age of general relativity. ... Doctor of Philosophy (Ph. ...

Jane Wilde, Hawking's first wife, with whom he had three children, cared for him until 1991 when the couple separated, reportedly due to the pressures of fame and his increasing disability. Hawking married his nurse Elaine Mason in 1995. (Elaine Mason's first husband, David Mason, had designed the first version of Hawking's talking computer). In October 2006 Hawking filed for divorce.^[6]

In 1999, Jane Hawking published a memoir, Music to Move the Stars, detailing her own long-term relationship with a family friend whom she later married. Hawking's daughter Lucy Hawking is a novelist. Their son Robert Hawking immigrated to the United States, married, and has one child, George Edward Hawking. Reportedly, Hawking and his first family were reconciled in 2007. ^[7] Lucy Hawking is a journalist and novelist. ...

Hawking was elected as one of the youngest Fellows of the Royal Society in 1974, was created a Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1982, and became a Companion of Honour in 1989. Prof. Hawking is a member of the Board of Sponsors of The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. The premises of The Royal Society in London (first four properties only). ... The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire is a British order of chivalry established on 4 June 1917 by King George V. The Order includes five classes in civil and military divisions; in decreasing order of seniority, these are Knight Grand Cross or Dame Grand Cross (GBE) Knight Commander... The Order of the Companions of Honour is a British and Commonwealth Order. ... Cover of the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists with the famous Doomsday Clock set at seven minutes to midnight. ...

At the celebration of his 65th birthday on January 8, 2007, Hawking announced his plans for a zero-gravity flight in 2007 to prepare for a sub-orbital spaceflight in 2009 on Virgin Galactic's space service. Billionaire Richard Branson pledged to pay all expenses for the flight, costing an estimated £100,000.^[8] Stephen Hawking's zero-gravity flight of Zero Gravity Corporation, during which he experienced zero gravity eight times, took place on April 26, 2007. ^[9] January 8 is the 8th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the Anno Domini era. ... Astronauts on the International Space Station display an example of weightlessness. ... A sub-orbital spaceflight (or sub-orbital flight) is a spaceflight that does not involve putting a vehicle into orbit. ... Virgin Galactic is a company within Sir Richard Bransons Virgin Group, which plans to offer sub-orbital spaceflights and later orbital spaceflights to the paying public. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, the lead section of this article may need to be expanded. ... Zero Gravity Corporation (also known as ZERO-G) is a Fort Lauderdale-based company which operates weightless flights. ... April 26 is the 116th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (117th in leap years). ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the Anno Domini era. ...

He became the first quadriplegic to float free in zero-gravity. This was the first time in 40 years that he moved freely beyond his wheelchair. The fee is normally $3,750 for 10-15 plunges. Hawking was not required to pay the fee. Before the flight he was quoted as saying "Many people have asked me why I am taking this flight. I am doing it for many reasons. First of all, I believe that life on Earth is at an ever increasing risk of being wiped out by a disaster such as sudden global warming, nuclear war, a genetically engineered virus, or other dangers. I think the human race has no future if it doesn't go into space. I therefore want to encourage public interest in space." ^[10] Quadriplegia, also known as tetraplegia, is a symptom in which a human experiences paralysis of all four limbs, although not necessarily total paralysis. ...

Research fields

Hawking's principal fields of research are theoretical cosmology and quantum gravity. Physical cosmology, as a branch of astrophysics, is the study of the large-scale structure of the universe and is concerned with fundamental questions about its formation and evolution. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...

In the late 1960s, he and his Cambridge friend and colleague, Roger Penrose, applied a new, complex mathematical model they had created from Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity^[11]. This led, in 1970, to Hawking proving the first of many singularity theorems; such theorems provide a set of sufficient conditions for the existence of a singularity in space-time. This work showed that, far from being mathematical curiosities which appear only in special cases, singularities are a fairly generic feature of general relativity.^[12] Sir Roger Penrose, OM, FRS (born 8 August 1931) is an English mathematical physicist and Emeritus Rouse Ball Professor of Mathematics at the Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford and Emeritus Fellow of Wadham College. ... Albert Einstein( ) (March 14, 1879 – April 18, 1955) was a German-born theoretical physicist who is widely considered to have been one of the greatest physicists of all time. ... General relativity (GR) or general relativity theory (GRT) is the theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... In special relativity and general relativity, time and three-dimensional space are treated together as a single four-dimensional pseudo-Riemannian manifold called spacetime. ... General relativity (GR) [also called the general theory of relativity (GTR) and general relativity theory (GRT)] is the geometrical theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915/16. ...

He supplied a mathematical proof, along with Brandon Carter, W. Israel and D. Robinson, of John Wheeler’s "No-Hair Theorem" — namely, that any black hole is fully described by the three properties of mass, angular momentum, and electric charge. In mathematics, a proof is a demonstration that, assuming certain axioms, some statement is necessarily true. ... Brandon Carter is a theoretical physicist, most famous for his work on the properties of black holes and for introducing the anthropic principle. ... John Archibald Wheeler (born July 9, 1911) is an eminent American theoretical physicist. ... In astrophysics, the no-hair theorem states that black holes are completely characterized only by three externally observable parameters: mass, electrical charge, and angular momentum. ... Unsolved problems in physics: What causes anything to have mass? The U.S. National Prototype Kilogram, which currently serves as the primary standard for measuring mass in the U.S. Mass is the property of a physical object that quantifies the amount of matter and energy it is equivalent to. ... This gyroscope remains upright while spinning due to its angular momentum. ... Electric charge is a fundamental conserved property of some subatomic particles, which determines their electromagnetic interaction. ...

Hawking also suggested that, upon analysis of gamma ray emissions, after the Big Bang, primordial or mini black holes were formed. With Bardeen and Carter, he proposed the four laws of black hole mechanics, drawing an analogy with thermodynamics. In 1974, he calculated that black holes should thermally create and emit subatomic particles, known as Hawking radiation, until they exhaust their energy and evaporate.^[13] This article is about electromagnetic radiation. ... According to the Big Bang theory, the universe emerged from an extremely dense and hot state (singularity). ... The introduction of this article does not provide enough context for readers unfamiliar with the subject. ... A black hole is an object with a gravitational field so powerful that no form of matter or radiation (including light) can escape once it is less than a certain distance from the center. ... Thermodynamics (from the Greek θερμη, therme, meaning heat and δυναμις, dunamis, meaning power) is a branch of physics that studies the effects of changes in temperature, pressure, and volume on physical systems at the macroscopic scale by analyzing the collective motion of their particles using statistics. ... Helium atom (not to scale) Showing two protons (red), two neutrons (green) and a probability cloud (gray) of two electrons (yellow). ... In physics, Hawking radiation is thermal radiation thought to be emitted by black holes due to quantum effects. ...

In collaboration with Jim Hartle, Hawking developed a model in which the Universe had no boundary in space-time, replacing the initial singularity of the classical Big Bang models with a region akin to the North pole; while one cannot travel North of the North pole, there is no boundary there. While originally the no-boundary proposal predicted a closed Universe, discussions with Neil Turok led to the realisation that the no-boundary proposal is consistent with a Universe which is not closed also. James Hartle is an American physicist. ... According to the Big Bang theory, the universe emerged from an extremely dense and hot state (singularity). ... The shape of the Universe is an informal name for a subject of investigation within physical cosmology. ... Neil Geoffrey Turok (1967) is a South African cosmologist. ...

Among Hawking's many other scientific investigations, included are the study of: quantum cosmology, cosmic inflation, helium production in anisotropic Big Bang universes, large N cosmology, the density matrix of the universe, topology and structure of the universe, baby universes, Yang-Mills instantons and the S matrix; anti de Sitter space, quantum entanglement and entropy; the nature of space and time, including the arrow of time; spacetime foam, string theory, supergravity, Euclidean quantum gravity, the gravitational Hamiltonian; Brans-Dicke and Hoyle-Narlikar theories of gravitation; gravitational radiation, and wormholes. In theoretical physics, quantum cosmology is a young field attempting to study the effect of quantum mechanics on the earliest moments of the universe after the Big Bang. ... In physical cosmology, cosmic inflation is the idea that the nascent universe passed through a phase of exponential expansion that was driven by a negative-pressure vacuum energy density. ... General Name, Symbol, Number helium, He, 2 Chemical series noble gases Group, Period, Block 18, 1, s Appearance colorless Standard atomic weight 4. ... Look up anisotropy in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... According to the Big Bang theory, the universe emerged from an extremely dense and hot state (singularity). ... Universe is a word derived from the Old French univers, which in turn comes from the Latin roots unus (one) and versus (a form of vertere, to turn). Based on observations of the observable universe, physicists attempt to describe the whole of space-time, including all matter and energy and... A density matrix is a self-adjoint (or Hermitian) positive-semidefinite matrix, (possibly infinite dimensional), of trace one, that describes the statistical state of a quantum system. ... A Möbius strip, an object with only one surface and one edge; such shapes are an object of study in topology. ... Gauge theories are a class of physical theories based on the idea that symmetry transformations can be performed locally as well as globally. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... The S-matrix is the matrix in quantum mechanics or quantum field theory that relates the final state in the infinite future and the initial state in the infinite past. ... In mathematics and physics, n-dimensional anti de Sitter space, denoted , is the maximally symmetric, simply-connected, Lorentzian manifold with constant negative curvature. ... It has been suggested that Quantum coherence be merged into this article or section. ... Ice melting - classic example of entropy increasing[1] described in 1862 by Rudolf Clausius as an increase in the disgregation of the molecules of the body of ice. ... Space has been an interest for philosophers and scientists for much of human history. ... A pocket watch, a device used to tell time Look up time in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... John Wheeler derived the concept of the quantum foam in 1955. ... Interaction in the subatomic world: world lines of pointlike particles in the Standard Model or a world sheet swept up by closed strings in string theory String theory is a model of fundamental physics whose building blocks are one-dimensional extended objects called strings, rather than the zero-dimensional point... In theoretical physics, supergravity (supergravity theory) refers to a field theory which combines the two theories of supersymmetry and general relativity. ... In mathematics, Euclidean geometry is the familiar kind of geometry on the plane or in three dimensions. ... “Gravity” redirects here. ... In physics, Hamiltonian has distinct but closely related meanings. ... Brans-Dicke theory is an extension to Einsteins theory of general relativity. ... This is a generic name for gravity theories which are invariant under conformal transformations in the Riemannian geometric sense. ... “Gravity” redirects here. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... For other uses, see Wormhole (disambiguation). ...

Losing an old bet

Main article: Thorne-Hawking-Preskill bet

Hawking was in the news in July 2004 for presenting a new theory about black holes which goes against his own long-held belief about their behavior, thus losing a bet he made with Kip Thorne and John Preskill of Caltech. Classically, it can be shown that information crossing the event horizon of a black hole is lost to our universe, and that thus all black holes are identical beyond their mass, electrical charge and angular velocity (the "no hair theorem"). The problem with this theorem is that it implies the black hole will emit the same radiation regardless of what goes into it, and as a consequence that if a pure quantum state is thrown into a black hole, an "ordinary" mixed state will be returned. This runs counter to the rules of quantum mechanics and is known as the black hole information paradox. In 1997, the physics theorists Kip Thorne, Stephen Hawking and John Preskill made a public bet on the outcome of the black hole information paradox: Thorne and Hawking argued that since general relativity made it impossible for black holes to radiate, and lose information, the mass-energy and information carried... A black hole is an object with a gravitational field so powerful that no form of matter or radiation (including light) can escape once it is less than a certain distance from the center. ... A scientific wager is a wager whose outcome is settled by scientific method. ... Kip S. Thorne Professor Kip Stephen Thorne, Ph. ... Prof. ... California Institute of Technology The California Institute of Technology (commonly known as Caltech) is a private, coeducational university located in Pasadena, California, in the United States. ... For the science fiction film, see Event Horizon (film). ... Electric charge is a fundamental property of some subatomic particles, which determines their electromagnetic interactions. ... Angular velocity describes the speed of rotation and the orientation of the instantaneous axis about which the rotation occurs. ... In astrophysics, the no-hair theorem states that black holes are completely characterized only by three externally observable parameters: mass, electrical charge, and angular momentum. ... Radiation as used in physics, is energy in the form of waves or particles. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

Hawking had earlier speculated that the singularity at the centre of a black hole could form a bridge to a "baby universe" into which the lost information could pass; such theories have been very popular in science fiction. But according to Hawking's new idea, presented at the 17th International Conference on General Relativity and Gravitation, on 21 July 2004 in Dublin, Ireland, black holes eventually transmit, in a garbled form, information about all matter they swallow: This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... Science fiction is a form of speculative fiction principally dealing with the impact of imagined science and technology, or both, upon society and persons as individuals. ... General relativity (GR) [also called the general theory of relativity (GTR) and general relativity theory (GRT)] is the geometrical theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915/16. ... “Gravity” redirects here. ... July 21 is the 202nd day (203rd in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar, with 163 days remaining. ... 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... WGS-84 (GPS) Coordinates: 53. ...

The Euclidean path integral over all topologically trivial metrics can be done by time slicing and so is unitary when analytically continued to the Lorentzian. On the other hand, the path integral over all topologically non-trivial metrics is asymptotically independent of the initial state. Thus the total path integral is unitary and information is not lost in the formation and evaporation of black holes. The way the information gets out seems to be that a true event horizon never forms, just an apparent horizon.^[14] In mathematics, Euclidean geometry is the familiar kind of geometry on the plane or in three dimensions. ... In mathematics, a path integral (also known as a line integral) is an integral where the function to be integrated is evaluated along a path or curve. ... Topology (Greek topos = place and logos = word) is a branch of mathematics concerned with the study of topological spaces. ... In mathematics a metric or distance function is a function which defines a distance between elements of a set. ... In government, see Unitary state In mathematics, see Unitary matrix Unitary operator Unitary group Unitary representation This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... In complex analysis, a branch of mathematics, analytic continuation is a technique to extend the domain of definition of a given analytic function. ... The Cauchy-Lorentz distribution, named after Augustin Cauchy, is a continuous probability distribution with probability density function where x0 is the location parameter, specifying the location of the peak of the distribution, and γ is the scale parameter which specifies the half-width at half-maximum (HWHM). ... An asymptote is a straight line or curve which a curve approaches as one moves along the curve. ... In calculus, the integral of a function is an extension of the concept of a sum. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... For the science fiction film, see Event Horizon (film). ...

Having concluded that information is conserved, Hawking conceded his bet in Preskill's favour, awarding him Total Baseball, The Ultimate Baseball Encyclopedia. Thorne, however, remained unconvinced of Hawking's proof and declined to contribute to the award.^[15]

Another older bet — about the existence of black holes — was described by Hawking as an "insurance policy" of sorts. To quote from his book, A Brief History of Time:

According to the updated 10th anniversary edition of A Brief History of Time, Hawking has conceded the bet "to the outrage of Kip's liberated wife" due to subsequent observational data in favour of black holes.

Illness

Hawking with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Hawking is severely disabled by amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, or ALS (a type of motor neurone disease); this condition is commonly known in the United States as Lou Gehrig's Disease. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1606x2495, 814 KB) Stephen Hawking lors de la conférence de presse à la Bibliothèque nationale de France consécutive à linauguration du labo astronomie et particules de Paris VII et de la sortie française de son ouvrage « Et Dieu... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1606x2495, 814 KB) Stephen Hawking lors de la conférence de presse à la Bibliothèque nationale de France consécutive à linauguration du labo astronomie et particules de Paris VII et de la sortie française de son ouvrage « Et Dieu... Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS, sometimes called Lou Gehrigs disease, Maladie de Charcot or motor neurone disease) is a progressive, fatal neurodegenerative disease caused by the degeneration of motor neurons. ... The motor neurone diseases (MND) are a group of progressive neurological disorders that destroy motor neurones, the cells that control voluntary muscle activity such as speaking, walking, breathing, and swallowing. ... Henry Louis (Lou) Gehrig (June 19, 1903 – June 2, 1941), born Ludwig Heinrich Gehrig, was one of the most outstanding American baseball players of the twentieth century, setting more than a score of Major League and American League records and voted the greatest first baseman of all-time by the...

When he was young, he enjoyed riding horses and playing with the other children. At Oxford, he coxed a rowing team, which, he stated, helped relieve his immense boredom at the university. Symptoms of the disorder first appeared while he was enrolled at Cambridge. He lost balance and fell down a flight of stairs, hitting his head. Worried of losing his genius, he took the Mensa International test to verify that his intellectual abilities were intact. Diagnosis came when Hawking was 21, shortly before his first marriage, and doctors said he would not survive more than two or three years. In a rowing crew, the coxswain (or simply the cox) is the member who sits in the stern (except in bowloaders) facing the bow, steers the boat, and coordinates the power and rhythm of the rowers. ... The University of Cambridge (often Cambridge University), located in Cambridge, England, is the second-oldest university in the English-speaking world and has a reputation as one of the worlds most prestigious universities. ... It has been suggested that Densa be merged into this article or section. ...

He gradually lost the use of his arms, legs, and voice, and is now almost completely paralyzed. The computer system attached to his wheelchair is operated by Hawking via an infra-red 'blink switch' clipped onto his glasses. By scrunching his right cheek up, he is able to talk, compose speeches, research papers, browse the World Wide Web, and write e-mails. The system also uses radio transmission to provide control over doors in his home and office. A wheelchair is a wheeled mobility device in which the user sits. ... WWWs historical logo designed by Robert Cailliau The World Wide Web (or the Web) is a system of interlinked, hypertext documents that runs over the Internet. ...

During a visit to the research centre CERN in Geneva in 1985, Hawking contracted pneumonia, which in his condition was life-threatening. It resulted in acute difficulty of breathing, which could only be overcome through a tracheotomy by which Stephen Hawking lost his natural speech ability. He has since used an electronic voice synthesiser to communicate. The voice synthesiser, which has an American accent, is of a model that is no longer produced. Asked why he has still kept it after so many years, Hawking mentioned that he has not heard a voice he likes better and because he identifies with it. Hawking is said to be looking for a replacement since, other than being obsolete, the synthesiser, a DECtalk DTC01 is now considered large and fragile but as of present, finding a software alternative has been difficult. During a lecture in Hong Kong in June 2006, he joked that if he got a new one with a French accent, his wife would divorce him. CERN logo The Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire (English: European Organization for Nuclear Research), commonly known as CERN, pronounced (or in French), is the worlds largest particle physics laboratory, situated just northwest of Geneva on the border between France and Switzerland. ... Hunters a cool hobo For other uses, see Geneva (disambiguation). ... Pneumonia is an illness of the lungs and respiratory system in which the alveoli (microscopic air-filled sacs of the lung responsible for absorbing oxygen from the atmosphere) become inflamed and flooded with fluid. ... Completed tracheostomy: 1 - Vocal cords 2 - Thyroid cartilage 3 - Cricoid cartilage 4 - Tracheal cartilages 5 - Balloon cuff A tracheotomy or tracheostomy is a surgical procedure performed on the neck to open a direct airway through an incision in the trachea (the windpipe). ... Speech synthesis is the artificial production of human speech. ... DECtalk was a speech synthesizer and text-to-speech technology developed by Digital Equipment Corporation in the early 1980s. ...

When Hawking (then using a wheelchair and unable to dress himself) and his wife were first living together, they received no outside assistance other than from physics students who helped in exchange for extra attention with their work. As his condition worsened, Hawking needed a team of nurses to provide round-the-clock care. He also needed a wheelchair for mobility.

Despite his disease, he describes himself as "lucky" — not only has the slow progress of his disease provided time to make influential discoveries, it has also afforded time to have, in his own words, "a very attractive family".^[16] When Jane was asked why she decided to marry a man with a 3-year life expectancy, she responded: "Those were the days of atomic gloom and doom, so we all had a rather short life expectancy."

Computer

Hawking receives a new computer every 18-24 months donated by Intel. One such computer was donated in April of 2005 and is based on the Centrino chipset. It consists of two pieces, a rear chassis which houses 3 160Whr batteries and various external peripherals, and a front chassis, which houses a Tablet-PC and the speakers which project his hardware-synthesised voice. The two chassis are connected via a custom-designed umbilical cable which allows power and electrical signals to travel back and forth. Hawking's computer can run for up to 16 hours without needing a recharge. Intel Corporation (NASDAQ: INTC, SEHK: 4335), founded in 1968 as Integrated Electronics Corporation, is an American multinational corporation that is best known for designing and manufacturing microprocessors and specialized integrated circuits. ... Centrino (also called Intel® Centrino™ Mobile Technology) is a platform marketing initiative from Intel for a particular combination of CPU, mainboard chipset and wireless network interface in the design of a laptop personal computer. ... The watt-hour (symbol W·h) is a unit of energy. ...

The computer utilises a wireless data card that runs on mobile phone networks. This allows Hawking to check his email and browse the web while away from a wireless LAN network. Hawking can also make and receive voice phone calls via a mobile phone with an external microphone in front of his computer speakers.

Distinctions

• Hawking’s belief that the average person should have access to his work led him to write a series of popular science books in addition to his academic work. The first of these, A Brief History of Time, was published on April 1, 1988 by Hawking, his family and friends, and some leading physicists. It surprisingly became a best-seller and was followed by The Universe in a Nutshell (2001). Both books have remained highly popular all over the world. A collection of essays titled Black Holes and Baby Universes (1993) was also popular. His most recent book, A Briefer History of Time (2005) aims to update his earlier works and make them accessible to an even wider audience. He has recently announced that he plans to write a children's book focusing on science that has been described to be "like Harry Potter, but without the magic."^[17]

• Hawking is also known for his wit; he is famous for his oft-made statement, "When I hear of Schrödinger's cat, I reach for my pistol." This was a deliberately ironic paraphrase of the phrase "Whenever I hear the word culture... I release the safety-catch of my Browning", from the play Schlageter (Act 1, Scene 1) by German playwright and Nazi Poet Laureate, Hanns Johst. His wit has both entertained the non-specialist public and helped them to understand complex questions. Asked in October 2005 on the British daytime chat show Richard & Judy, to explain his assertion that the question "What came before the Big Bang?" was meaningless, he compared it to asking "What lies north of the north pole?"

• Hawking is an active supporter of various causes. He appeared on a political broadcast for the United Kingdom's Labour Party, and actively supports the children's charity SOS Children's Villages UK.^[18]

Cover of A Brief History of Time A Brief History of Time is a popular science book written by Professor Stephen Hawking and first published in 1988. ... April 1 is the 91st day of the year (92nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 274 days remaining. ... 1988 (MCMLXXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Universe in a Nutshell is one of Stephen Hawkings latest books on theoretical physics. ... Black Holes and Baby Universes and other Essays is a popular science book by Professor Stephen Hawking. ... Cover of A Briefer History of Time A Briefer History of Time (2005, ISBN 0553804367) is the latest popular-science book from the English physicist Stephen Hawking and the American physicist Leonard Mlodinow. ... This article is about the Harry Potter series of novels. ... Look up Wit in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Schrödingers Cat: If the nucleus in the bottom left decays, the geiger counter on its right will sense it and trigger the release of the gas. ... Irony, from the Greek εἴρων (eiron), is a literary or rhetorical device, in which there is a gap or incongruity between what a speaker or a writer says and what is generally understood (either at the time, or in the later context of history). ... John Moses Browning (January 21, 1855 – November 26, 1926), born in Ogden, Utah, was an American firearms designer who developed myriad varieties of weapons, cartridges, and gun mechanics, many of which are used in the U.S. military and elsewhere to this day. ... Template:Unsourced A playwright, also known as a dramatist, is someone who writes dramatic literature or drama. ... National Socialism redirects here. ... Hanns Johst (July 8, 1890 - November 23, 1978) was a German playwright and Nazi Poet Laureate. ... Richard & Judy is an afternoon magazine/talk-show in the UK presented by married couple Richard Madeley and Judy Finnigan. ... According to the Big Bang theory, the universe emerged from an extremely dense and hot state (singularity). ... The Labour Party has been, since its founding in the early 20th century, the principal political party of the left in England, Scotland and Wales. ... SOS Childrens Villages UK is an autonomous UK Charity, based in Cambridge, part of the international group SOS Childrens Villages which is the largest international charity group dedicated to the care of orphaned and abandoned children. ...

Comments on the future of earth and humanity

Hawking has made several comments suggesting that the human race may become extinct within the next thousand years. "unless we spread into space ... [as] there are too many accidents that can befall life on a single planet."[1] In the third week of June 2006, Stephen Hawking spoke in China and made the statement that humans might have already damaged the atmosphere and inadvertently reconnected the planet Earth with her dead neighbours.^[19] In biology and ecology, extinction is the ceasing of existence of a species or group of species. ...

The China Daily asked Hawking about the environment, and he responded that he was "very worried about global warming." He said he was afraid that Earth "might end up like Venus, at 250 degrees Celsius and raining sulphuric acid."^[20] In the light of this discussion Hawking asked an open question on Yahoo Answers "How can the human race survive the next hundred years?" and received well over 25,000 responses.[2]

In an ABC News interview in August 2006, Hawking explained, "The danger is that global warming may become self-sustaining, if it has not done so already. The melting of the Arctic and Antarctic ice caps reduces the fraction of solar energy reflected back into space, and so increases the temperature further. Climate change may kill off the Amazon and other rain forests, and so eliminate one of the main ways in which carbon dioxide is removed from the atmosphere. The rise in sea temperature may trigger the release of large quantities of methane, trapped as hydrates on the ocean floor. Both these phenomena would increase the greenhouse effect, and so further global warming. We have to reverse global warming urgently, if we still can."

Hawking has also warned of the continued danger posed by nuclear weapons to human survival, saying that "Since Hiroshima and Nagasaki, no nuclear weapons have been used in war, though the world has come uncomfortably close to disaster on more than one occasion," and that "But for good luck, we would all be dead." Hawking concluded that "We foresee great perils if governments and society do not take action now to render nuclear weapons obsolete and prevent further climate change." Professor Hawking has expressed his opposition to plans to replace the Trident nuclear weapons system by the UK government, stating that "Nuclear war remains the greatest danger to the survival of the human race. To replace Trident would make it more difficult to get arms reduction. It would also be a waste of money because there are no circumstances in which we would use it independently."^[21] Trident submarine (SSBN) HMS Vanguard Diagramatic view of a Trident II D5 missile Trident, in colloquial usage, refers to the the United Kingdoms ballistic missile submarine-based nuclear deterrent. ...

Selected publications

Technical

• The Large Scale Structure of Spacetime with George Ellis, 1973 ISBN 0521099064
• The Large, the Small, and the Human Mind, (with Abner Shimony, Nancy Cartwright, and Roger Penrose), Cambridge University Press, 1997, ISBN 0-521-56330-5 (hardback), ISBN 0-521-65538-2 (paperback), Canto edition: ISBN 0-521-78572-3
• Information Loss in Black Holes, Cambridge University Press, 2005
• God Created the Integers: The Mathematical Breakthroughs That Changed History, Running Press, 2005 ISBN 0762419229

The Large Scale Structure of Space-Time is a book written by Stephen Hawking and George Ellis, published in 1973 by Cambridge University Press. ... George Ellis is the Distinguished Professor of Complex Systems at the University of Cape Town (South Africa), in the Department of Mathematics and Applied Mathematics. ...

Popular

• A Brief History of Time, (Bantam Press 1988) ISBN 055305340X
• Black Holes and Baby Universes and Other Essays, (Bantam Books 1993) ISBN 0553374117
• The Universe in a Nutshell, (Bantam Press 2001) ISBN 055380202X
• On The Shoulders of Giants. The Great Works of Physics and Astronomy, (Running Press 2002) ISBN 076241698X
• A Briefer History of Time, (Bantam Books 2005) ISBN 0553804367

Footnote: On Hawking's website, he denounces the unauthorised publication of The Theory of Everything and asks consumers to be aware that he was not involved in its creation. Cover of A Brief History of Time A Brief History of Time is a popular science book written by Professor Stephen Hawking and first published in 1988. ... See also: 1987 in literature, other events of 1988, 1989 in literature, list of years in literature. ... Black Holes and Baby Universes and other Essays is a popular science book by Professor Stephen Hawking. ... See also: 1992 in literature, other events of 1993, 1994 in literature, list of years in literature. ... The Universe in a Nutshell is one of Stephen Hawkings latest books on theoretical physics. ... See also: 2000 in literature, other events of 2001, 2002 in literature, list of years in literature. ... See also: 2001 in literature, other events of 2002, 2003 in literature, list of years in literature. ... Cover of A Briefer History of Time A Briefer History of Time (2005, ISBN 0553804367) is the latest popular-science book from the English physicist Stephen Hawking and the American physicist Leonard Mlodinow. ... // Events February 25 - Canada Reads selects Rockbound by Frank Parker Day as the novel to be read across the nation. ... The Theory of Everything: The Origin and Fate of the Universe is a popular book disowned by Stephen Hawking although put together with material written by him. ...

Films and series

• A Brief History of Time (film)
• Stephen Hawking's Universe

Full lists of Hawking's publications are available on his website. A Brief History of Time is a 1992 biopic about Stephen Hawking directed by Errol Morris. ... Stephen Hawkings Universe is an astronomical documentary from 1997 made for the Public Broadcasting Service featuring the theoretical physicist Stephen Hawking. ...

Awards

• 1975 Eddington Medal
• 1976 Hughes Medal of the Royal Society
• 1979 Albert Einstein Medal
• 1982 Order of the British Empire (Commander)
• 1985 Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society
• 1986 Member of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences
• 1988 Wolf Prize in Physics
• 1989 Prince of Asturias Awards in Concord
• 1989 Companion of Honour
• 1999 [3] Julius Edgar Lilienfeld Prize of the American Physical Society
• 2003 Michelson Morley Award of Case Western Reserve University
• 2006 Copley Medal of the Royal Society[4]

The Eddington Medal, named after Sir Arthur Eddington, is awarded by the Royal Astronomical Society nominally once every two years for investigations of outstanding merit in theoretical astrophysics. ... The Hughes Medal, named after microphone inventor David Edward Hughes, is one of several medals awarded by the Royal Society, Englands reigning academy of science. ... The premises of The Royal Society in London (first four properties only). ... The Albert Einstein Medal is an award presented by the Albert Einstein Society in Bern. ... The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire is a British order of chivalry established on 4 June 1917 by King George V. The Order includes five classes in civil and military divisions; in decreasing order of seniority, these are Knight Grand Cross or Dame Grand Cross (GBE) Knight Commander... Gold Medal awarded to Asaph Hall The Gold Medal is the highest award of the Royal Astronomical Society. ... The Pontifical Academy of Sciences was founded in 1936 under its current name by Pope Pius XI and is placed under the protection of the reigning Supreme Pontiff (the current Pope). ... The Wolf Prize has been awarded annually since 1978 to living scientists and artists for achievements in the interest of mankind and friendly relations among peoples . ... Past winners of the Wolf Prize in Physics: 1978 Chien-Shiung Wu 1979 George Eugene Uhlenbeck, Giuseppe Occhialini 1980 Michael E. Fisher, Leo P. Kadanoff, Kenneth G. Wilson 1981 Freeman J. Dyson, Gerard t Hooft, Victor F. Weisskopf 1982 Leon M. Lederman, Martin M. Perl 1983/4 Erwin L. Hahn... The Prince of Asturias Awards (Spanish: Premios Príncipe de Asturias, Asturian: Premios Príncipe dAsturies) is a series of annual prizes given in Spain by the Fundación Príncipe de Asturias to individuals, entities, organizations or others from around the world who make notable achievements in the... The Order of the Companions of Honour is a British and Commonwealth Order. ... Julius Edgar Lilienfeld (1881 – 1963) was born in Germany and emigrated to the USA in 1927. ... The American Physical Society was founded in 1899 and is the worlds second largest organization of physicists. ... Case Western Reserve University is a private research university located in Cleveland, Ohio, United States, with some residence halls on the south end of campus located in Cleveland Heights. ... The Copley Medal is a scientific award for work in any field of science, the highest award granted by the Royal Society of London. ... The premises of The Royal Society in London (first four properties only). ...

Media appearances

Main article: Stephen Hawking in popular culture

Hawking has appeared as himself on many television shows. For example, he has played himself on a Red Dwarf anniversary special, played a hologram of himself on an episode of Star Trek: The Next Generation, appeared in a skit on Late Night with Conan O'Brien, and appeared on the Discovery Channel special Alien Planet.^[22] Stephen William Hawking is probably the most famous scientist alive today and has entered popular culture. ... An artists impression of a planet in orbit around a red dwarf According to the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram, a red dwarf star is a small and relatively cool star, of the main sequence, either late K or M spectral type. ... The title as it appeared in most episodes opening credits. ... Late Night with Conan OBrien is an American late night talk show on NBC, that is also syndicated worldwide. ... Discovery Channel is a cable and satellite TV channel distributed by Discovery Communications that provides non-fiction variety programming focused primarily on the themes of popular science, history, and knowledge about the world. ...

He has also "played" himself in three episodes of The Simpsons and one episode of Futurama. When he was portrayed of episodes of Family Guy, the voice was actually done by a speech synthesizer on a Macintosh computer, according to DVD Commentary. His name is mentioned in the song "White & Nerdy" by "Weird Al" Yankovic. His actual synthesiser voice was used on parts of the Pink Floyd song "Keep Talking" from the 1994 album The Division Bell, as well as on Turbonegro's "Intro: The Party Zone" on their 2005 album Party Animals, Wolfsheim's "Kein Zurück", and was impersonated in duet with Richard Cheese on a cover of "The Girl is Mine". An episode of Dexter's Laboratory features Hawking. Simpsons redirects here. ... Futurama is an Emmy Award-winning animated sitcom created by Matt Groening (creator of The Simpsons) and David X. Cohen for the Fox network, and will resume airing in 2008 on Comedy Central. ... Family Guy is an American animated television series about a nuclear family in the suburb of Quahog (IPA or ), Rhode Island. ... The Macintosh 128K, the first Macintosh computer, introduced in 1984, upgraded to a 512K Fat Mac The Macintosh, or Mac, is a line of personal computers designed, developed, manufactured, and marketed by Apple. ... White & Nerdy is the second single from Weird Al Yankovics album Straight Outta Lynwood, which was released on September 26, 2006. ... Weird Al Yankovic (album) Alfred Matthew Weird Al Yankovic (IPA pronunciation: ; born October 23, 1959) is an American musician, satirist, parodist, accordionist, and television producer. ... Pink Floyd are an English rock band that earned recognition for their psychedelic rock music, and, as they evolved, for their avant-garde progressive rock music. ... Keep Talking is a song from Pink Floyds 1994 album, The Division Bell. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Party Animals is an album by the Norwegian band Turbonegro released in April of 2005 in Norway and in May of 2005 in the rest of Europe. ... Wolfsheim can refer to: Wolfsheim, a a village South-West of Mainz, Germany. ... Categories: Music stubs | American musical groups ... The Girl Is Mine was a hit duet for singers Michael Jackson and Paul McCartney in 1982. ... Dexters Laboratory (Dexters Lab for short) was an American animated television series created by Genndy Tartakovsky. ...

See also

• Gravitational singularity
• Kip S. Thorne
• Roger Penrose
• Space colonization

This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... Kip Stephen Thorne (born June 1, 1940) is an American theoretical physicist, known for his prolific contributions in the field of gravitation physics and astrophysics. ... Sir Roger Penrose, OM, FRS (born 8 August 1931) is an English mathematical physicist and Emeritus Rouse Ball Professor of Mathematics at the Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford and Emeritus Fellow of Wadham College. ... Artists conception of a space habitat called the Stanford torus, by Don Davis Space colonization (also called space settlement, space humanization, space habitation, etc. ...

Notes and references

2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the Anno Domini era. ... March 25 is the 84th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (85th in leap years). ... The electronic telegraph (the initial lowercase was a marketing device) was Europes first daily web-based newspaper. ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the Anno Domini era. ... January 9 is the 9th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the Anno Domini era. ... March 18 is the 77th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (78th in leap years). ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the Anno Domini era. ... May 6 is the 126th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (127th in leap years). ... The electronic telegraph (the initial lowercase was a marketing device) was Europes first daily web-based newspaper. ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the Anno Domini era. ... January 9 is the 9th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the Anno Domini era. ... March 18 is the 77th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (78th in leap years). ... BBC News Online is the BBCs news web site and part of bbc. ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the Anno Domini era. ... April 26 is the 116th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (117th in leap years). ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the Anno Domini era. ... April 26 is the 116th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (117th in leap years). ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the Anno Domini era. ... April 26 is the 116th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (117th in leap years). ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the Anno Domini era. ... April 27 is the 117th day of the year (118th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 248 days remaining. ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the Anno Domini era. ... March 23 is the 82nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (83rd in leap years). ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the Anno Domini era. ... March 23 is the 82nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (83rd in leap years). ... March 3 is the 62nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (63rd in leap years). ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the Anno Domini era. ... November 28 is the 332nd day (333rd in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... May 6 is the 126th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (127th in leap years). ... The Internet Movie Database (IMDb) is an online database of information about movies, actors, television shows, production crew personnel, and video games. ... March 18 is the 77th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (78th in leap years). ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the Anno Domini era. ... Werner Israel, OC, FRSC, FRS (born October 4, 1931) is a Canadian physicist. ... The headquarters of the Cambridge University Press, in Trumpington Street, Cambridge. ...

External links

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to:

Stephen Hawking

• Stephen Hawking's website
  • An overview of Hawking's communication system
  • An overview of Hawking's physical disability
• Stephen Hawking at the Notable Names Database
• Hawking's Students at the Mathematical Genealogy Project.
• Hawking celebrates own brief history, 7 January 2002, BBC
• Black holes turned "inside out", 22 July 2004, BBC
• An audio interview with Stephen Hawking (MP3 format) from Hour 25
• Return of the time lord, Interview about "A Brief History of Time", 27 September 2005, The Guardian.
• "Leaping the Abyss", interview in Reason by Gregory Benford
• Stephen Hawking touches on God and science - Physicist says Pope John Paul told scientists not to study universe’s origins msnbc.com 15 June 2006
• Stephen Hawking - discussion of two views of the universe Video
  • Press Release from the Catholic League on misquote of Pope by Hawking
• Transcript of Stephen Hawking's lecture "The Origin Of The Universe" in the Hebrew University In Jerusalem, December 14th, 2006

• Stephen Hawking at the Mathematics Genealogy Project
• O'Connor, John J.; Edmund F. Robertson "Stephen Hawking". MacTutor History of Mathematics archive.