It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Stereoscopy. (Discuss)

Stereogram may also refer to an integrated high fidelity system or music centre.

Lake Palanskoye in northern Kamchatka was formed when a large landslide disrupted the drainage pattern, forming a natural dam. Depending on its elevation, each point in the image was shifted slightly. When stereoscopically merged, the result is a vertically exaggerated view of the Earth's surface in its full three dimensions.

A stereogram is an optical illusion of depth created from flat, two-dimensional image or images. Originally, stereogram referred to a pair of stereo images which could be viewed using stereoscope. Other types of stereograms include anaglyphs and autostereograms. Image File history File links Merge-arrow. ... Stereo card image modified for crossed eye viewing. ... High Fidelity is also the title of a book by Nick Hornby and a film directed by Stephen Frears, based upon Hornbys book. ... A music centre (or center) is a type of integrated audio system for home use, used to play from a variety of media. ... ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (519x800, 583 KB) The Lake Palanskoye in northern Kamchatka was formed when a large landslide disrupted the drainage pattern, forming a natural dam. ... ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (519x800, 583 KB) The Lake Palanskoye in northern Kamchatka was formed when a large landslide disrupted the drainage pattern, forming a natural dam. ... An optical illusion. ... Pocket stereoskop WILD 1985 Old Zeiss pocket stereoscope with original test image Stereo card of a stereoscope in use. ... Stereo image anaglyphed for red (left eye) and cyan (right eye) filters. ... A random dot autostereogram encodes a 3D scene which can be seen with proper viewing technique. ...

Stereogram was discovered by Charles Wheatstone in 1838. He found an explanation of binocular vision which led him to construct a stereoscope based on a combination of prisms and mirrors to allow a person to see 3D images from two 2D pictures. ^[1] Charles Wheatstone Sir Charles Wheatstone (February 6, 1802 - October 19, 1875) was the British inventor of many innovations including the English concertina the Stereoscope an early form of microphone the Playfair cipher (named for Lord Playfair, the person who publicized it) He was a major figure in the development of... Binocular vision is vision in which both eyes are used synchronously to produce a single image. ... Pocket stereoskop WILD 1985 Old Zeiss pocket stereoscope with original test image Stereo card of a stereoscope in use. ... If a shaft of light entering a prism is sufficiently narrow, a spectrum results. ... A mirror, reflecting a vase. ...

Stereograms were re-popularized by the creation of autostereogram on computers, where a 3D image is hidden in a single 2D image, until the viewer focuses the eyes correctly. The Magic Eye series is a popular example of this. Magic Eye books refer to autostereograms as stereograms, leading most people to believe that the word stereogram is synonymous to autostereogram. ^[2] A random dot autostereogram encodes a 3D scene which can be seen with proper viewing technique. ... Magic Eye is a series of books published by N.E. Thing Enterprises (Renamed in 1996 to Magic Eye Inc. ...

Salvador Dalí created some impressive stereograms in his exploration in a variety of optical illusions. ^[3] Salvador Domingo Felipe Jacinto Dalí y Domènech, Marquis of Pubol (May 11, 1904 – January 23, 1989), was a Spanish (Catalan) surrealist painter. ...

Types

• Stereoscopic imaging relies on the use of Stereoscope to present a slightly different image to each eye. Sometimes the stereo pair can be viewed with the naked eye, if the images are narrow and placed side by side. The stereo pair is then viewed using the same viewing technique used to see autostereograms.
• Anaglyph images, also recognized as "red/green" or "magenta/cyan" images, combine two stereo images from slightly different viewpoints into a single image. These images may then be viewed with "anaglyph glasses", which use color filters to moderate the light reaching each eye to create the illusion of a three dimensional image.
• Random dot stereograms employ either two stereoscopic images or one anaglyph. The input image (or images) contain random dots with no discernible shapes. When the proper viewing device is used, a hidden 3D scene emerges from these random dots.
• Autostereograms produce an illusion of depth using only a single image. The image is usually generated by computer by repeating a narrow pattern from left to right. By decoupling eye convergence from focusing operations, a viewer is able to trick the brain into seeing a 3D scene.
• SIRDS (Single Image Random Dot Stereogram) is a form of autostereogram where each repeated pattern is altered slightly, creating a hidden image which is not discernible unless the right viewing technique is used.
• Wiggle-gram is an animated computer image which gives 3D percept without using glasses using only a single image. It usually contains a few frames.

Stereo card image modified for crossed eye viewing. ... Pocket stereoskop WILD 1985 Old Zeiss pocket stereoscope with original test image Stereo card of a stereoscope in use. ... A random dot autostereogram encodes a 3D scene which can be seen with proper viewing technique. ... Stereo image anaglyphed for red (left eye) and cyan (right eye) filters. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Autostereogram. ... A random dot autostereogram encodes a 3D scene which can be seen with proper viewing technique. ... A vergence is the simultaneous movement of both eyes in opposite directions to obtain or maintain single binocular vision ^ . The two eyes converge to point to the same object When a creature with binocular vision looks at an object, the eyes must rotate around a vertical axis so that the... Light from a single point of a distant object and light from a single point of a near object being brought to a focus by changing the curvature of the lens. ... A Single Image Random Dot Stereogram (SIRDS), or a rastergram, is a stereogram composed of (coloured) dots which when viewed correctly appears three-dimensional. ...

Autostereograms

A random dot autostereogram encodes a 3D scene which can be 'seen' with proper viewing technique. Click on thumbnail to see full-size image.

Main article: Autostereogram

An autostereogram is an optical illusion of depth usually observed by allowing the eyes to focus behind an image (diverge), but also sometimes in front of the image (converge). These two methods are also known as wall-eyed and cross-eyed, respectively. The slight differences in vertical repetitions of figures or random dots create the illusion of depth in the 2D image, just as the slight difference in perspective between one's eyes creates the perception of depth on 3D objects and scenes. Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... A random dot autostereogram encodes a 3D scene which can be seen with proper viewing technique. ... A random dot autostereogram encodes a 3D scene which can be seen with proper viewing technique. ... A random dot autostereogram encodes a 3D scene which can be seen with proper viewing technique. ... An optical illusion. ... For other uses, see Eye (disambiguation). ... The space we live in is three-dimensional space. ...

According to Magic Eye, a maker of autostereograms, "most people prefer the diverging method". However, with normal stereograms, this imposes a limit on the size of the image, since there is a limit to how much the eyes diverge; images created for the cross-eyed method can be larger. If a stereogram is viewed with the wrong method, the depth information is seen 'backwards'; points intended to be in the background appear in the foreground and vice versa. Magic Eye is a series of books published by N.E. Thing Enterprises (Renamed in 1996 to Magic Eye Inc. ... A random dot autostereogram encodes a 3D scene which can be seen with proper viewing technique. ...

Practical uses

While stereograms have typically been used for amusement, including "3D" movies using anaglyph motion pictures, posters and books of autostereograms, and historical replicas of early stereograms, there are also practical uses of the technologies. Anaglyph (Greek ana+gluphein - to carve) has two meanings: Method of encoding a three-dimensional image in a single picture by superimposing a pair of pictures taken through colored filters or by simulating this effect through digital image processing. ... A random dot autostereogram encodes a 3D scene which can be seen with proper viewing technique. ...

Space exploration

This image, captured on June, 8th, 2004, is an example of a composite anaglyph generated from the stereo Pancam on Spirit, one of the Mars Exploration Rovers. It can be viewed stereoscopically with proper red/cyan filter glasses. A single 2D version is also available. Courtesy NASA/JPL-Caltech.

The Mars Exploration Rovers, launched by NASA in 2003 to explore the surface of Mars, are equipped with unique cameras that allow researchers to view stereoscopic images of the surface of Mars. Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1024x504, 136 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Stereogram Wikipedia talk:No 3D illustrations ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1024x504, 136 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Stereogram Wikipedia talk:No 3D illustrations ... Anaglyph (Greek ana+gluphein - to carve) has two meanings: Method of encoding a three-dimensional image in a single picture by superimposing a pair of pictures taken through colored filters or by simulating this effect through digital image processing. ... Artists Concept of Rover on Mars (credit: Maas Digital LLC) NASAs Mars Exploration Rover (MER) Mission is an ongoing robotic mission of exploring Mars, that began in 2003 with the sending of two rovers — Spirit and Opportunity — to explore the Martian surface and geology. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1024x504, 136 KB) File links No pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file. ... Image File history File links 3d_glasses_red_cyan. ... Artists Concept of Rover on Mars (credit: Maas Digital LLC) NASAs Mars Exploration Rover (MER) Mission is an ongoing robotic mission of exploring Mars, that began in 2003 with the sending of two rovers — Spirit and Opportunity — to explore the Martian surface and geology. ... This article is about the American space agency. ... Adjectives: Martian Atmosphere Surface pressure: 0. ...

The two cameras that make up each rover's Pancam are situated 1.5m above the ground surface, and are separated by 30cm, with 1 degree of toe-in. This allows the image pairs to be made into scientifically useful stereoscopic images, which can be viewed as stereograms, anaglyphs, or processed into 3D computer images.^[4]

Curious rock with a jutting portion at "Home Plate" via the Mars Spirit Rover. (Animated GIF image for stereoscopic perception).

The ability to create realistic 3D images from a pair of cameras at roughly human-height gives researchers increased insight as to the nature of the landscapes being viewed. In environments without hazy atmospheres or familiar landmarks, humans rely on stereoscopic clues to judge distance. Single camera viewpoints are therefore more difficult to interpret. Multiple camera stereoscopic systems like the Pancam address this problem with unmanned space exploration. Image File history File links Home_plate_anim. ... Image File history File links Home_plate_anim. ... The mission patch for Spirit, featuring Marvin the Martian. ...

Clinical uses

Stereograms cards are frequently used by orthoptists and vision therapists in the treatment of many binocular vision and accommodative disorders.^[5] Orthoptics (from the Greek words ortho meaning straight, and optikas meaning vision [1]) is the discipline dealing with the diagnosis and treatment of defective eye coordination, binocular vision, and functional amblyopia by non-medical and non-surgical methods, e. ... Vision therapy (or visual therapy) is a broadly-defined set of optometric programs related to the improvement of visual health and comfort. ... Binocular vision is vision in which both eyes are used synchronously to produce a single image. ... Human eye The Accommodation Reflex is a reflex action of the eye, in response to focusing on a near object, then looking at distant object (and vice versa). ...

Mathematical, scientific and engineering uses

As in the steropair image of the lake, stereopair photographs are sometimes used to help visualise aerial photographs. Cartographers may also generate steropairs using computer programs in order to visualise topography in three dimensions.^[6] The same technique can also be applied to any mathematical (or scientific, or engineering) parameter that is a function of two variables, although in these cases it is more common for a three-dimensional effect to be created using a 'distorted' mesh or shading (as if from a distant light source).

References

1. ^ Pinker, S. (1997). The Mind's Eye. In How the Mind Works (pp. 211–233). ISBN 0-393-31848-6
2. ^ Magic Eye Inc. (2004). Magic Eye: Beyond 3D. Kansas City: Andrews McMeel Publishing. ISBN 0-7407-4527-1
3. ^ Horibuchi, S. (1994). Salvador Dalí: the stereo pair artist. In Horibuchi, S. (Ed.), Stereogram (pp.9, pp.42). San Francisco: Cadence Books. ISBN 0-929279-85-9
4. ^ Pancam technical brief (PDF). Cornell University. Retrieved on 2006-06-30.
5. ^ Bartiss, OD MD, Michael (2005-01-25). Convergence Insufficiency. WebMD. Retrieved on 2006-06-30.
6. ^ David F. Watson (1992). Contouring. A Guide to the Analysis and Display of Spatial Data (with programs on diskette). In: Danniel F. Merriam (Ed.); Computer Methods in the Geosciences; Pergamon / Elsevier Science, Amsterdam; 321 pp. ISBN 0-08-040286-0

• Scott B. Steinman, Barbara A. Steinman and Ralph Philip Garzia. (2000). Foundations of Binocular Vision: A Clinical perspective. McGraw-Hill Medical. ISBN 0-8385-2670-5

Steven Pinker (born September 18, 1954, in Montreal, Canada) is a psychologist at Harvard University and a writer of popular science books. ... How the Mind Works is a book by American cognitive scientist Steven Pinker, published in 1996. ... Magic Eye is a series of books published by N.E. Thing Enterprises (Renamed in 1996 to Magic Eye Inc. ... PDF is an abbreviation with several meanings: Portable Document Format Post-doctoral fellowship Probability density function There also is an electronic design automation company named PDF Solutions. ... “Cornell” redirects here. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 181st day of the year (182nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 181st day of the year (182nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

External links

• 3-D Review Online Magazine 3-D products and services are reviewed monthly
• BBC's h2g2 entry on 3D Stereograms
• Stereograms, Stereographic Animations, Phantograms, and More
• Color Stereo Stereograms by Gene Levine
• Large gallery of 3D Stereogram Images
• Stereogram Examples
• Articles about 3D photos and 3D movies
• (German) Explora Museum in Frankfurt/Main – Germany – Europe
• (German) 3D Museum in Dinkelsbühl – Germany – Europe
• How to See 3D and 3D Gallery
• 3-D and SIRDS stereogram images
• Interactive Magical Eye maze
• (Spanish) Autostereogram images
• Bigle 3D, a free autostereogram generator for Windows.
• How to create wiggle stereogram
• Examples of wiggle stereogram.
• A stereogram modification for Quake III
• Program to generate stereograms (freeware)