NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Stock car (rail)

In railroad terminology, a stock car is a type of rolling stock that is designed (as the name implies) for carrying livestock to market. Stock cars are designed to transport the animals while they are still alive ("on-the-hoof"), rather than after they have been slaughtered at a butcher shop or meatpacking facility. Generally, a stock car resembles a boxcar with slats missing in the car's side (and sometimes end) panels for ventilation; stock cars can be single-level for large animals such as cattle or horses, or they can have two or three levels for smaller animals such as sheep, pigs, and poultry. Specialized types of stock cars have been built to haul live fish and shellfish and circus animals such as camels and elephants. Until the 1880s, when the Mather Stock Car Company and others introduced "more humane" stock cars, loss rates could be quite high as the animals were hauled over long distances. Improved technology and faster shipping times have greatly reduced losses. Jump to: navigation, search Image File history File links OP-13219. ... Jump to: navigation, search Image File history File links OP-13219. ... Missouri Pacific (MoPac; AAR reporting mark MP) was the first American railroad west of the Mississippi River. ... Pueblo is a city located in Pueblo County in southern Colorado. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1937 was a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... Rail terminology is a form of technical terminology. ... A railroad car (or, more briefly, car), also known as an item of rolling stock in British parlance, is a vehicle on a railroad or railway that is not a locomotive - one that provides another purpose than purely haulage, although some types of car are powered. ... Jump to: navigation, search Sheep are commonly bred as livestock. ... Workers and cattle in a slaughterhouse. ... The meat packing industry is an industry that handles the slaughtering, processing and distribution of animals such as cattle, pigs, sheep and other livestock. ... A boxcar (the American term; the British call this kind of car a goods van) is a railroad car that is enclosed and generally used to hold freight. ... Jump to: navigation, search Binomial name Bos taurus Linnaeus, 1758 Cattle (called cows in vernacular usage) are domesticated ungulates, a member of the subfamily Bovinae of the family Bovidae. ... Jump to: navigation, search Binomial name Equus caballus Linnaeus, 1758 The Horse (Equus caballus) is a sizeable ungulate mammal, one of the seven modern species of the genus Equus. ... Jump to: navigation, search Species See text A Sheep is a mammal, one of several woolly ruminant quadrupeds in the genus Ovis. ... Jump to: navigation, search Species Sus barbatus Sus bucculentus Sus cebifrons Sus celebensis Sus domesticus Sus heureni Sus philippensis Sus salvanius Sus scrofa Sus timoriensis Sus verrucosus Pigs are ungulates native to Eurasia collectively grouped under the genus Sus within the Suidae family. ... Duck amongst other poultry The Poultry-dealer, after Cesare Vecellio. ... Jump to: navigation, search Groups Conodonta Hyperoartia Petromyzontidae (lampreys) Pteraspidomorphi (early jawless fish) Thelodonti Anaspida Cephalaspidomorphi (early jawless fish) Galeaspida Pituriaspida Osteostraci Gnathostomata (jawed vertebrates) Placodermi Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish) Acanthodii Osteichthyes (bony fish) Actinopterygii (ray-finned fish) Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fish) Actinistia (coelacanths) Dipnoi (lungfish) A fish is a poikilothermic... Shellfish is a term used to describe shelled molluscs and crustaceans used as food. ... Jump to: navigation, search Species Camelus bactrianus Camelus dromedarius A camel is either of the two species of large even-toed ungulate in the genus Camelus, the Dromedary (Single hump) and the Bactrian Camel (Double hump). ... Jump to: navigation, search Genera and Species Loxodonta Loxodonta cyclotis Loxodonta africana Elephas Elephas maximus Elephas recki â€ Stegodon â€ Mammuthus â€ Elephantidae (the elephants) is a family of animals, the only family in the order Proboscidea that still exists today. ... Jump to: navigation, search // Events and Trends Technology Development and commercial production of electric lighting Development and commercial production of gasoline-powered automobile by Karl Benz, Gottlieb Daimler and Maybach First commercial production and sales of phonographs and phonograph recordings. ... The Mather Stock Car Company built railroad rolling stock. ...

Initial use and development

Rail cars have been used to transport livestock since the 1830s. The first shipments in the United States were made via the B&O Railroad in general purpose, open-topped cars with semi-open sides. Thereafter, and until 1860, the majority of shipments were made in conventional boxcars that had been fitted with open (iron-barred) doors for ventilation. Some railroads constructed "combination" cars that could be utilized for carrying both live animals as well as conventional freight loads. Jump to: navigation, search // Events and Trends Electromagnetic induction discovered by Michael Faraday Dutch-speaking farmers known as Voortrekkers emigrate northwards from the Cape Colony Croquet invented in Ireland Railroad construction begins in earnest in the United States Egba refugees fleeing the Yoruba civil wars found the city of Abeokuta... 1876 map The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (B&O) is one of the oldest railroads in the United States, with an original line from the port of Baltimore, Maryland west to the Ohio River at Wheeling, West Virginia and Parkersburg, West Virginia. ... 1860 is the leap year starting on Sunday. ... A boxcar (the American term; the British call this kind of car a goods van) is a railroad car that is enclosed and generally used to hold freight. ...

Getting food animals to market required herds to be driven distances of hundreds of miles to railheads in the Midwest, whereupon they were loaded into stock cars and transported eastward to regional processing centers. Driving cattle across the plains led to tremendous weight loss, and a number of animals were typically lost along the way. Upon arrival at the local processing plant, livestock were either slaughtered by wholesalers and delivered fresh to nearby butcher shops for retail sale, smoked, or packed for shipment in barrels of salt. Jump to: navigation, search Image File history File links Santa_Fe_stock_car_train_rev. ... Jump to: navigation, search Image File history File links Santa_Fe_stock_car_train_rev. ... The Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway (AAR reporting mark ATSF), often abbreviated as Santa Fe, was one of the largest railroads in the United States. ... Jump to: navigation, search March is the third month of the year in the Gregorian Calendar and one of seven Gregorian months with the length of 31 days. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1943 is a common year starting on Friday. ... A Railhead is a terminus of a railway line that interfaces with another tranport mode, for example shipping. ... The Midwest is a common name for a region of the United States of America. ... This article is about the sport of stock car racing. ... Typically, processing describes the act of taking something through an established and usually routine set of procedures to convert it from one form to another, as a manufacturing procedure (processing milk into cheese) or administrative procedure (processing paperwork to grant a mortgage loan). ... Slaughter may refer to: result of slaughtering, see slaughterhouse a music group Slaughter Jimmy Ray Slaughter awaiting execution in Oklahoma amidst brain fingerprinting controversy This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ...

The suffering of animals in transit as a result of hunger, thirst, and injury were considered by many to be inherent to the shipping process, as were the inevitable loss of weight during shipment. A certain percentage of animal deaths on the way to market was even considered normal (6 percent for cattle and 9 percent for sheep on average, according to a congressional inquiry), and carcasses of dead animals were often disposed of along the tracks to be devoured by scavengers, though some were sold to glue factories or unscrupulous butchers. Increased train speeds reduced overall transit times, though not enough to offset the deleterious conditions the animals were forced to endure.

When the railroads and cattle industry failed to act quickly enough to correct these perceived deficiencies, the government and even the general public went into action. Claims were made that the meat of neglected animals was unfit for human consumption. In 1869, Illinois passed the first laws requiring that limited the animals' time on board, and required them to be given 5 hours' rest for every 28 in transit. Other states such as Ohio and Massachusetts soon followed with similar legislation, though effective federal laws would not be enacted until the passing of the Federal Meat Inspection Act of 1906. Jump to: navigation, search 1869 is a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... Jump to: navigation, search State nickname: Land of Lincoln, The Prairie State Other U.S. States Capital Springfield Largest city Chicago Governor Rod Blagojevich (D) Senators Richard Durbin (D) Barack Obama (D) Official languages English Area 149,998 kmÂ² (25th) - Land 143,968 kmÂ² - Water 6,030 kmÂ² (4. ... Jump to: navigation, search State nickname: The Buckeye State Other U.S. States Capital Columbus Largest city Columbus Governor Bob Taft (R) Senators Mike DeWine (R) George Voinovich (R) Official languages None Area 116,096 kmÂ² (34th) - Land 106,154 kmÂ² - Water 10,044 kmÂ² (8. ... Jump to: navigation, search State nickname: Bay State Other U.S. States Capital Boston Largest city Boston Governor Mitt Romney (R) Senators Edward Kennedy (D) John Kerry (D) Official languages English Area 27,360 kmÂ² (44th) - Land 20,317 kmÂ² - Water 7,043 kmÂ² (25. ... Jump to: navigation, search This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1906 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ...

Alonzo Mather, a Chicago clothing merchant who founded the Mather Stock Car Company, designed a new stock car in 1880 that was among the first to include amenities for feeding and watering the animals while en route. Mather was awarded a gold medal in 1883 by the American Humane Association for the humane treatment afforded to animals in his stock cars. Minneapolis' Henry C. Hicks patented a convertible boxcar/stock car in 1881, which was improved in 1890 with features that included a removable double deck. George D. Burton of Boston introduced his version of the humane stock car in 1882, which was placed into service the following year. The Burton Stock Car Company's design provided sufficient space so as to allow the animals to lie down in transit on a bed of straw. Jump to: navigation, search Image File history File links OP-19552. ... Jump to: navigation, search Image File history File links OP-19552. ... The Union Pacific Railroad (NYSE: UNP) is the largest railroad in the United States. ... Alonzo Clark Mather (1848 – 1941) was founder and president of the Mather Stock Car Company, a firm that built and leased railroad freight cars, especially stock cars. ... Chicago (officially named the City of Chicago) is the third largest city in the United States (after New York City and Los Angeles), with an official population of 2,896,016, as of the 2000 census. ... The Mather Stock Car Company built railroad rolling stock. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1880 was a leap year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... Jump to: navigation, search 1883 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... The American Humane Association is an organization founded in 1877 dedicated to the welfare of animals and children. ... This article is about the city in Minnesota. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1881 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... 1890 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Alternative meanings: Boston (disambiguation) The 18th-century Old State House in Boston is surrounded by tall buildings of the 19th and 20th centuries. ... 1882 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ...

Certain costly inefficiencies were inherent in the process of transporting live animals by rail, particularly due to the fact that some sixty percent of the animal's mass is composed of inedible matter. And even after the humane advances cited above were put into common practice, many animals weakened by the long drive died in transit, further increasing the per-unit shipping cost. The ultimate solution to these problems was to devise a method to ship dressed meats from regional packing plants to the East Coast markets in the form of a refrigerated boxcar. A refrigerator car of the Armour company, c. ...

The advent of the refrigerator car

A number of attempts were made during the mid-1800s to ship agricultural products via rail car. In 1857, the first consignment of dressed beef was carried in ordinary boxcars retrofitted with bins filled with ice. Detroit's William Davis patented a refrigerator car that employed metal racks to suspend the carcasses above a frozen mixture of ice and salt. He sold the design in 1868 to George Hammond, a Chicago meat-packer, who built a set of cars to transport his products to Boston. Jump to: navigation, search Image File history File links Pullman_Livestock_Car_late_1800s. ... Jump to: navigation, search Image File history File links Pullman_Livestock_Car_late_1800s. ... The Pullman Palace Car Company, owned by George Pullman, manufactured railroad train cars in the mid to late 1800s through the early decades of the 20th century, during the boom of railroads in the United States. ... Jump to: navigation, search Events and Trends Beginning of the Napoleonic Wars (1803 - 1815). ... Jump to: navigation, search 1857 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... A boxcar (the American term; the British call this kind of car a goods van) is a railroad car that is enclosed and generally used to hold freight. ... This article refers to the largest city of Michigan. ... A refrigerator car (or reefer) is a refrigerated boxcar, a piece of railroad rolling stock designed to carry perishable freight at specific temperatures. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1868 was a leap year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ...

In 1878, Gustavus Swift hired engineer Andrew Chase to design a ventilated car, one that proved to be a practical solution to providing temperature-controlled carriage of dressed meats, and allowed Swift & Company to ship their products all over the United States, and even internationally. The refrigerator car radically altered the meat business. Swift's attempts to sell Chase's design to the major railroads were unanimously rebuffed, as the companies feared that they would jeopardize their considerable investments in stock cars, animal pens, and feedlots if refrigerated meat transport gained wide acceptance. 1878 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Gustavus Franklin Swift (June 24, 1839â€“March 29, 1903) founded a meat-packing empire in the Midwest during the late 19th century, over which he presided until his death. ...

In response, Swift financed the initial production run on his own, then — when the American roads refused his business — he contracted with the Grand Trunk Railroad (who derived little income from transporting live cattle) to haul the cars into Michigan and then eastward through Canada. In 1880 the Peninsular Car Company (subsequently purchased by ACF) delivered to Swift the first of these units, and the Swift Refrigerator Line (SRL) was created. Within a year the Line's roster had risen to nearly 200 units, and Swift was transporting an average of 3,000 carcasses a week to Boston. Competing firms such as Armour and Company quickly followed suit. Grand Trunk Railway logo or herald The Grand Trunk Railway (GTR) was a historic railway system headquartered in Montreal, Quebec which operated in the Canadian provinces of Quebec and Ontario, as well as the U.S. states of Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont. ... Jump to: navigation, search State nickname: The Wolverine State, The Great Lakes State Other U.S. States Capital Lansing Largest city Detroit Governor Jennifer Granholm (D) Senators Carl Levin (D) Debbie Stabenow (D) Official languages English de-facto Area 96,889 miÂ² / 250,941 kmÂ² (11th) - Land 56,855 mi... Jump to: navigation, search 1880 was a leap year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... Jump to: navigation, search American Car and Foundry (often abbreviated as ACF) is a manufacturer of railroad rolling stock. ... Philip Danforth Armour (1832-1901) was born in Stockbridge, New York, of Scotch-Irish descent. ...

Live cattle and dressed beef deliveries to New York (tons): Jump to: navigation, search Image File history File links Unloading_a_stock_car_rev. ... Jump to: navigation, search Image File history File links Unloading_a_stock_car_rev. ... There were two Wisconsin Central railroads that ran through Wisconsin and neighboring states. ... Jump to: navigation, search Chicago, colloquially known as the Second City and the Windy City, is the third-largest city in population in the United States, following New York City and Los Angeles, and the largest inland city in the country. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1904 is a leap year starting on a Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... The word ton or tonne is derived from the Old English tunne, and ultimately from the Old French tonne, and referred originally to a large cask with a capacity of 252 wine gallons, which holds approximately 2100 pounds of water. ...

The subject cars travelled on the Erie, Lackawanna, New York Central, and Pennsylvania railroads. The Erie Railroad (AAR reporting mark ERIE) was a railroad that operated in New York State, connecting New York City with Lake Erie and several cities in upstate New York, including Binghamton, Buffalo and Dunkirk. ... Jump to: navigation, search The Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad Company (DL&W or Lackawanna) (AAR reporting mark DLW) was a railroad connecting Pennsylvanias Lackawanna Valley, rich in anthracite coal, to New York City, Buffalo and Oswego, New York. ... 1918 map The New York Central Railroad (AAR reporting mark NYC), known simply as the New York Central in its publicity, was a railroad operating in the North-Eastern United States. ... 1911 map The Pennsylvania Railroad (AAR reporting mark PRR) was an American railroad existing 1846â€“1968, after which it merged into Penn Central Transportation. ...

Source: Railway Review, January 29, 1887, p. 62. Jump to: navigation, search January 29 is the 29th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1887 is a common year starting on Saturday (click on link for calendar). ...

Specialized uses

Fish cars

In the 1870s the railroads of America were called upon to transport a new commodity: live fish. The fish were transported from hatcheries in the Midwest to locations along the Pacific coast to stock the rivers and lakes for sportfishing. The first such trip was made in 1874 when Dr. Livingston Stone of the U.S. Fisheries Commission (which later became the United States Fish and Wildlife Service) "chaperoned" a shipment of 35,000 shad fry to stock the Sacramento River in California. The fish were carried in open milk cans stowed within a conventional passenger car. Dr. Stone was required to change the water in the cans every two hours when fresh water was available. The majority of the fish made the trip successfully and the result was a new species of shad for western fishermen. Events and Trends Technology The invention of the telephone (1876) by Alexander Graham Bell. ... ... The Midwest is a common name for a region of the United States of America. ... Jump to: navigation, search The Pacific Ocean (from the Latin name Mare Pacificum, peaceful sea, bestowed upon it by the Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan) is the worlds largest body of water. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1874 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... The USFWS logo The United States Fish and Wildlife Service is a unit of the United States Department of the Interior that is dedicated to managing and preserving wildlife. ... Species (Caspian shad) (Caspian anadromous shad) (Alewife) (American or Atlantic shad) (Persian Gulf shad) many others The shads or river herrings comprise the genus Alosa, fishes related to herring in the family Clupeidae. ... A spring at the Sacramento River headwater The Sacramento River is the longest river in the state of California. ... Jump to: navigation, search State nickname: The Golden State Other U.S. States Capital Sacramento Largest city Los Angeles Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger (R) Senators Dianne Feinstein (D) Barbara Boxer (D) Official languages English Area 410,000 kmÂ² (3rd) - Land 404,298 kmÂ² - Water 20,047 kmÂ² (4. ... Restored passenger cars on display at the Mid Continent Railway Museum in North Freedom, WI. A passenger car is a piece of railroad rolling stock that is designed to carry passengers. ...

In 1881, the Commission contracted and built specialized "fish cars" to transport live fish coast-to-coast for stocking. The technologies involved in hauling live fish improved through the 1880s as new fish cars were built with icing capabilities to keep the water cool, and aerators to reduce the need to change the water so frequently. Some of the aerators were designed to take air from the train's steam or air lines, but these systems were soon deprecated as they held the potential of reducing the train's safe transit; the air lines on a train were used in later years to power the air brakes on individual railroad cars. Jump to: navigation, search Image File history File links The_Stillwell_Oyster_Car_1897. ... Jump to: navigation, search Image File history File links The_Stillwell_Oyster_Car_1897. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1897 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... A modern tank car in a westbound UP train at Rochelle Railroad Park, Rochelle, Illinois, on May 29, 2005. ... Jump to: navigation, search Look up Oyster on Wiktionary, the free dictionary The name oyster is used for a number of different groups of molluscs which grow for the most part in marine or brackish water. ... Jump to: navigation, search Port Arthur is a town located in Jefferson County within the Beaumontâ€“Port Arthur metropolitan area and is situated in East Texas. ... Jump to: navigation, search Kansas City is a city covering parts of Jackson, Clay, and Platte counties in Missouri. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1881 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... Jump to: navigation, search // Events and Trends Technology Development and commercial production of electric lighting Development and commercial production of gasoline-powered automobile by Karl Benz, Gottlieb Daimler and Maybach First commercial production and sales of phonographs and phonograph recordings. ... Piping diagram from 1920 of a Westinghouse E-T Air Brake system. ...

Fish cars were built to passenger train standards so they could travel at higher speeds than the typical freight trains of the day. Also, by putting fish cars into passenger trains, the cars were held at terminals far less than if they were hauled in freight trains. Fish car service, throughout their use, required that the fish keepers ride along with the cargo; a typical fish car crew consisted of five men, including a "captain" who would coordinate the transportation and delivery, several "messengers" who would serve as freight handlers and deliverymen, and a cook to feed the crew. The cargo's need for speedy transportation and passenger amenities for the crew necessitated the cars' inclusion in passenger trains. This article is about trains in rail transport. ... There are various types of trains designed for particular purposes, see rail transport operations. ...

Fish car operations typically lasted only from April through November of each year, with the cars held for service over the winter months. The cars became a bit of a novelty among the public and they were exhibited at the 1885 New Orleans Exhibition, the 1893 Chicago World's Fair, and the 1901 Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, New York. As fish cars became more widely used by hatcheries, they were also used to transport regional species to non-native locations. For example, a fish car would be used to transport lobster from Massachusetts to San Francisco, California, or to transport dungeness crab back from San Francisco to the Chesapeake Bay. Jump to: navigation, search April is the fourth month of the year in the Gregorian Calendar and one of four with the length of 30 days. ... Jump to: navigation, search For other uses, see November (disambiguation). ... 1885 is a common year starting on Thursday. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1893 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... World Columbian Exposition, Chicago, 1893 The World Columbian Exposition (also called The Chicago Worlds Fair), a Worlds fair, was held in Chicago in 1893 to celebrate the 400th anniversary of Christopher Columbuss discovery of the New World. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1901 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... The Pan American Exposition was a Worlds Fair held in Buffalo, New York from May 1 through November 2, 1901. ... Jump to: navigation, search Aerial view of downtown Buffalo, New York Buffalo is an American city in western New York. ... Jump to: navigation, search Subfamilies and Genera Neophoberinae Acanthacaris Thymopinae Nephropsis Nephropides Thymops Thymopsis Nephropinae Homarus Nephrops Homarinus Metanephrops Eunephrops Thymopides Clawed lobsters comprise a family (Nephropidae, sometimes also Homaridae) of large marine crustaceans. ... Jump to: navigation, search State nickname: Bay State Other U.S. States Capital Boston Largest city Boston Governor Mitt Romney (R) Senators Edward Kennedy (D) John Kerry (D) Official languages English Area 27,360 kmÂ² (44th) - Land 20,317 kmÂ² - Water 7,043 kmÂ² (25. ... Jump to: navigation, search The downtown San Francisco skyline, looking east from the central part of the city. ... Binomial name Cancer magister Dana, 1852 The Dungeness crab is a type of crab that inhabits eel-grass beds and water bottoms from the Aleutian Islands in Alaska to Santa Cruz, California. ... This page is a candidate for speedy deletion. ... Jump to: navigation, search Chesapeake Bay - Landsat photo The Chesapeake Bay is the largest estuary in the United States. ...

The first all-steel fish car was built in 1916. Fish car technology improved again in the early 1920s as the milk cans that had been used were replaced by newer tanks, known as "Fearnow" pails. The new tanks were about 5 pounds (2.3 kg) lighter than the milk cans and included integrated containers for ice and aeration fittings. One 81-foot (26.7 metre) long car, built in 1929, included its own electrical generator and had enough capacity to carry 500,000 young fish up to 1 inch (2.54 cm) long. Fish car use declined in the 1930s as fish transportation shifted to a speedier means of transport by air, and to trucks as vehicle technology advanced and road conditions improved. The US government operated only three fish cars in 1940, with the last of this fleet taken out of service in 1947. Jump to: navigation, search Image File history File links Montana_State_fish_car_rev. ... Jump to: navigation, search Image File history File links Montana_State_fish_car_rev. ... Jump to: navigation, search State nickname: Treasure State Other U.S. States Capital Helena Largest city Billings Governor Brian Schweitzer (D) Senators Max Baucus (D) Conrad Burns (R) Official languages English Area 381,156 kmÂ² (4th) - Land 377,295 kmÂ² - Water 3,862 kmÂ² (1%) Population (2000) - Population 902,195... Jump to: navigation, search 1910 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... Jump to: navigation, search The old steel cable of a colliery winding tower Steel is a metal alloy whose major component is iron, with carbon being the primary alloying material. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1916 is a leap year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar) // Events January-February January 1 -The first successful blood transfusion using blood that had been stored and cooled. ... Jump to: navigation, search Sometimes referred to as the Jazz Age or primarily in North America as the Roaring Twenties . In Europe it is sometimes refered to as the Golden Twenties. ... Jump to: navigation, search The pound is the name of a number of units of mass or weight, all in the range of 300 to 600 grams. ... Jump to: navigation, search The international prototype, made of platinum-iridium, which is kept at the BIPM under conditions specified by the 1st CGPM in 1889. ... Jump to: navigation, search A foot (plural: feet) is a non-SI unit of distance or length, measuring around a third of a metre. ... Jump to: navigation, search The metre or (in American English) meter (symbol: m) is the SI base unit of length. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1929 was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Jump to: navigation, search Mid-19th century tool for converting between different standards of the inch An inch is an Imperial and U.S. customary unit of length. ... The metre, or meter (symbol: m) is the SI base unit of length. ... Jump to: navigation, search // Events and trends The 1930s were described as an abrupt shift to more radical lifestyles, as countries were struggling to find a solution to the global depression. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1940 was a leap year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... Jump to: navigation, search 1947 was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ...

In 1960, Wisconsin Fish Commission "Badger Car #2" was sold to the Mid-Continent Railway Historical Society, where it was restored and is today a part of the Society's collection of historic rolling stock. Jump to: navigation, search 1960 was a leap year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... The Mid-Continent Railway Museum is a heritage railway in North Freedom, Wisconsin. ...

Circus use

Many circuses, especially those in the United States in the latter 19th and early 20th centuries, featured animals in their performances. Since the primary method of transportation for circuses was by rail, stock cars were employed to carry the animals to the show locations. Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ... (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999 in the...

The Ringling Brothers and Barnum and Bailey Circus, which still travels America by rail, uses stock cars to haul their animals. When a Ringling Brothers train is made up, these stock cars are placed directly behind the train's locomotives at the front of the train to give the animals a smoother ride. The cars that Ringling Brothers uses to haul the elephants are custom-built with extra amenities for the animals, including: fresh water and food supply storage, heaters, roof-mounted fans and water misting systems for climate control, treated, non-slip flooring for safety and easy cleaning, floor drains that operate whether the train is moving or not, backup generators for when the cars are uncoupled from the locomotives, and specially-designed ramps for easy and safe loading and unloading. Some of their stock cars even have built-in accommodations for animal handlers so they can ride and tend to the animals at all hours. Jump to: navigation, search Image File history File links Rbbx2. ... Jump to: navigation, search Image File history File links Rbbx2. ... Ringling Bros. ... Jump to: navigation, search A locomotive (from lat. ...

Modern conversions

The Union Pacific Railroad, in an effort to earn more business hauling hogs into Los Angeles, California, converted a large number of boxcars into stock cars. The conversions were done by removing the boxcars' side panels and replacing them with panels that included vents that could be opened or closed. Strings of 5-10 of these cars were hauled at the rear of conventional freight trains in the area. The Union Pacific Railroad NYSE: UNP is the largest railroad in the United States. ... HOG or hog can mean:- A pig, originally a castrated male pig. ... Jump to: navigation, search The City of Los Angeles (from Spanish; Los Ãngeles, ) also known simply as L.A., is the second-largest city in the United States in terms of population, as well as one of the worlds most important economic, cultural, and entertainment centers. ... A boxcar (the American term; the British call this kind of car a goods van) is a railroad car that is enclosed and generally used to hold freight. ...

References

Jump to: navigation, search March 24 is the 83rd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (84th in Leap years). ... Jump to: navigation, search 2005 (MMV) is a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Jump to: navigation, search May 31 is the 151st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (152nd in leap years), with 214 days remaining, as the last day of May. ... Jump to: navigation, search 2005 (MMV) is a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Jump to: navigation, search March 23 is the 82nd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (83rd in Leap years). ... Jump to: navigation, search 2005 (MMV) is a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Jump to: navigation, search March 23 is the 82nd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (83rd in Leap years). ... Jump to: navigation, search 2005 (MMV) is a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Jump to: navigation, search This page refers to the year 1979. ... Jump to: navigation, search March 28 is the 87th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (88th in Leap years). ... Jump to: navigation, search 2005 (MMV) is a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

External links

Jump to: navigation, search While the states marked in red show the core of New England, the regions cultural influence may cover a greater or lesser area than shown. ... Jump to: navigation, search State nickname: The Golden State Other U.S. States Capital Sacramento Largest city Los Angeles Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger (R) Senators Dianne Feinstein (D) Barbara Boxer (D) Official languages English Area 410,000 kmÂ² (3rd) - Land 404,298 kmÂ² - Water 20,047 kmÂ² (4. ... (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999 in the... The Union Pacific Railroad NYSE: UNP is the largest railroad in the United States. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1964 was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... This article is about the largest city in California. ...

Category: Freight equipment Trains can travel at very high speed, are heavy, are unable to deviate from the track and require a great distance to stop. ... An autorack, also known as an auto carrier, is a specialized piece of railroad rolling stock used to transport unladen automobiles. ... A boxcar (the American term; the British call this kind of car a goods van) is a railroad car that is enclosed and generally used to hold freight. ... Containerization is a system of intermodal cargo transport using standard ISO containers that can be loaded on container ships, railroad cars, and trucks. ... DME 49328, a covered hopper owned and operated by the Dakota, Minnesota and Eastern Railroad. ... A refrigerator car (or reefer) is a refrigerated boxcar, a piece of railroad rolling stock designed to carry perishable freight at specific temperatures. ... In railroad terminology a roadrailer is a highway trailer that is specially equipped for use in railroad intermodal service. ... A modern tank car in a westbound UP train at Rochelle Railroad Park, Rochelle, Illinois, on May 29, 2005. ... FEC 37066 passing Glen Haven, Wisconsin, on the Mississippi River, is carrying two containers. ... A railroad gondola seen at Rochelle, Illinois. ... 2-bay hopper cars of the Reading Railroad. ... A Schnabel car is a specialized type of railroad freight car. ... Two cupola cabooses, a transfer caboose and a bay window caboose in Ohio. ...

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