Opening of the Stockton and Darlington Railway by John Dobbin, circa 1825. The Stockton and Darlington Railway (S&DR), which opened in 1825, was the world's first permanent steam locomotive public railway. Image File history File links StocktonDarlingtonOpening. ...
Image File history File links StocktonDarlingtonOpening. ...
Union Pacific Big Boy #4012 at work on a cold November 29, 1941 A steam locomotive is a locomotive powered by steam. ...
Overview
The line was 26 miles (40 km) long, and was built between Darlington and Stockton-on-Tees and from Darlington to several collieries near Shildon in north-eastern England. The line was initially built to connect inland coal mines to Stockton, where coal was to be loaded onto sea-going boats. Much of its route is now served by the Tees Valley Line, operated by Northern Rail. Darlington, including the town clock. ...
Stockton-on-Tees is an industrial town and port on the River Tees in north-eastern England. ...
Shildon, Cradle Of The Railways, is a town in County Durham, in England. ...
Motto (French) God and my right Anthem No official anthem - the United Kingdom anthem God Save the Queen is commonly used England() – on the European continent() – in the United Kingdom() Capital (and largest city) London (de facto) Official languages English (de facto)1 Unified - by Athelstan 927 AD Area - Total...
The Tees Valley Line is a name for the railway route between Bishop Auckland and Saltburn via Darlington, Thornaby (for Stockton-On-Tees), Middlesbrough and Redcar. ...
Northern Rail is a train and railway operating company that has operated local services in the north of England since 2004. ...
History Inspired by wealthy local wool merchant Edward Pease, the S&DR was authorised by Parliament in 1821 and was initially intended to be an ordinary horse-drawn plateway, which were then commonplace in England. However, George Stephenson had been perfecting his engines at Killingworth for about seven years, and had built the Hetton colliery railway. With a deputation from Killingworth, he persuaded Edward Pease, on the day that the Act received Royal Assent, to allow him to resurvey the route and work it, at least partly, by steam. Edward Pease (31 May 1767 - 31 July 1858) was an English railway owner. ...
Year 1821 (MDCCCXXI) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ...
A reconstructed section of flangeway track A plateway is an early kind of railway or tramway or wagonway that started to appear in the century prior to 1830. ...
George Stephenson George Stephenson For the British politician, see George Stevenson. ...
, Killingworth, formerly Killingworth Township, is a town north of Newcastle Upon Tyne, in North Tyneside, United Kingdom. ...
The Hetton colliery railway was a private railway opened in 1822 by the Hetton Coal Company at Hetton Lyons, County Durham. ...
Accordingly, a new Act of Parliament was obtained approving Stephenson's changes to the route, and a clause added to permit the use of "loco-motive or moveable engines". This latter clause narrowly escaped being struck out of the bill due to officials not understanding the meaning. The bill also included provisions for transporting passengers though, at the time, they were regarded as little more than a sideline.
He had given up on the "steam springs" that were proving unsuccessful at Hetton, but retained other improvements, such as the direct connection of the pistons by crank rods, though the wheels were coupled by gears. He also made improvements to the track to overcome the problems with settling of the stone blocks on which they were laid, and used T-section malleable iron in fifteen foot lengths, for the rails, pioneered by John Birkinshaw at Bedlington Ironworks in 1820. Malleable Iron is the oldest member of the family of nodular irons. ...
John Birkinshaw was a 19th Century railway engineer from Bedlington, County Durham. ...
Bedlington Ironworks, in Blyth Dene, Northumberland, England, operated between 1736 and 1867. ...
1820 was a leap year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ...
Initially Stephenson's son Robert assisted him, but then went to join William James in surveying a proposed new line between Liverpool and Manchester. George and Robert, with Edward Pease and Michael Longridge (owner of Bedlington Ironworks) together set up a company at Newcastle-on-Tyne, to manufacture locomotives, which became Robert Stephenson and Company. Statue of Robert Stephenson at Euston Station, London Robert Stephenson FRS (October 16, 1803–October 12, 1859) was an English civil engineer. ...
William James (13 June 1771 – 10 March 1837) was a land agent and surveyor who in 1821 made the original survey for the pioneering Liverpool and Manchester Railway. ...
Inaugural journey of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway The Liverpool and Manchester Railway (L&MR) was the worlds first intercity passenger railway in which all the trains were timetabled and operated for most of the distance solely by steam locomotives. ...
Bedlington Ironworks, in Blyth Dene, Northumberland, England, operated between 1736 and 1867. ...
This article is about a city in the United Kingdom. ...
Robert Stephenson and Company was set up in 1823 in Forth Street, Newcastle-upon-Tyne in England by George Stephenson, his son Robert, with Edward Pease and Michael Longridge (the owner of the ironworks at Bedlington ). It was the first company set up specifically to build railway engines, as part...
The line was twenty six miles in total, with two cable-worked inclines at the western end, joined by a short horse-worked section. From Shildon the line was relatively level through Darlington to Stockton. The line's structures included one of the first railway bridges. Designed by architect Ignatius Bonomi, the so-called 'first railway architect', the Skerne Bridge in Darlington is the oldest railway bridge still in use today. The bridge was also commemorated on the Bank of England five-pound note. SD&R's track gauge was required to accommodate the horse-drawn wagons used in the older wagonways serving coal mines. This influence appears to be the main reason that 1435 mm (4 ft 8½ in) was subsequently adopted as standard gauge. Shildon, Cradle Of The Railways, is a town in County Durham, in England. ...
A log bridge in the French Alps near Vallorcine. ...
An architect at his drawing board, 1893 An architect is a person who is involved in the planning, designing and oversight of a buildings construction. ...
Despite his Italian-sounding name, Ignatius Bonomi (1787-1870) was an English architect and surveyor, strongly associated with Durham in north-east England. ...
A wagon (in British English waggon) or dray is a wheeled vehicle, ordinarily with four wheels, usually pulled by an animal, or animals, such as horses, mules or oxen and used for transport of heavy goods. ...
Wagonways are the horses, equipment, and tracks used for hauling wagons which preceded steam powered railways. ...
Wyoming coal mine Coal mining is the mining of coal. ...
As railways developed and expanded one of the key issues to be decided was that of the rail gauge (the distance between the two rails of the track) which should be used. ...
Steam locomotives were then a new and unproven technology, and were slow, expensive and unreliable. The initial impetus for steam power had come during the Napoleonic Wars, when horse fodder had become very expensive, and had still not settled down, while improving transport and mining methods was making coal more plentiful. However, many people weren't convinced that steam engines were a viable alternative to the horse. So at first, horse traction predominated on the S&DR, until steam could prove its worth. Combatants Austria[1] Portugal Prussia[1] Russia[2] Spain[3] Sweden United Kingdom[4] French Empire Holland Kingdom of Italy Kingdom of Naples Duchy of Warsaw Bavaria[5] Saxony[6] Denmark [7] Commanders Archduke Charles Prince Schwarzenberg Karl Mack von Leiberich Gebhard von Blücher Duke of Brunswick Prince of...
The first locomotive to run on the S&DR was Locomotion No 1, built at the Stephenson works though, in the absence of Robert, Timothy Hackworth had been brought in from Wylam. (On Robert's return he took charge of maintenance at the S&DR's Shildon's Soho works.) "Locomotion" used coupling rods rather than gears between the wheels, the first to do so. Image File history File links DarlingtonLocomotion1. ...
Image File history File links DarlingtonLocomotion1. ...
Locomotion No. ...
Timothy Hackworth (December 22, 1786 – July 7, 1850) was a steam locomotive mechanical engineer who lived in Shildon, County Durham, England and worked with George Stephenson on the Stockton and Darlington Railway. ...
Wylam (IPA pronunciation: ) is a small village approximately 10 miles (16 kilometers) west of Newcastle upon Tyne. ...
Shildon railway works began in 1826 in the town of Shildon in County Durham, in England Shildon was the terminus of the Stockton & Darlington Railway, when it opened in 1825. ...
The official opening of the line was on 27 September 1825; the first steam-hauled passenger train ran and carried up to 600 passengers. The first passenger train was not fast, taking two hours to complete the first 12 miles (19 km) of the journey. Most of the passengers sat in open coal wagons but one experimental passenger coach, resembling a wooden shed on wheels and called "The Experiment," carried various dignitaries. is the 270th day of the year (271st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Opening of the Stockton and Darlington Railway 1825 (MDCCCXXV) was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ...
An interior view of a modern Finnish bilevel intercity coach. ...
An experimental regular passenger service was soon established, initially a horse-drawn coach with horse provided by the driver. While passenger carrying was contracted out, locomotive coal trains were either paid by the ton, contractors providing their own fuel, which meant they tended to use the cargo, or by fixed wages, which meant they did not bother to economise.
Three more engines were built similar to Locomotion then, in 1826, Stephenson introduced the "Experiment" with inclined cylinders, which meant that it could be mounted on springs. Originally four wheeled, it was modified for six. Not all engines came from Stephenson. In 1826 also, Wilson, Robert and Company, of Newcastle, produced one for the line which, rather than use coupling rods, had four cylinders, two to each pair of wheels. Possibly because of its unusual exhaust beat, it became known as Chittaprat. After suffering a collision it was not rebuilt. These early locomotives were slow and unreliable and Hackworth set out to produce an improved design and in 1827 introduced the Royal George, salvaging the boiler from the Wilson engine. He also invented a spring-loaded safety valve, because drivers had been tying them down to prevent them opening when the loco went over a bump. The oldest surviving photograph, Nicéphore Niépce, circa 1826 1826 (MDCCCXXVI) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ...
The oldest surviving photograph, Nicéphore Niépce, circa 1826 1826 (MDCCCXXVI) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ...
Year 1827 (MDCCCXXVII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ...
This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...
Steam traction was expensive in comparison to horse drawn traffic, but it soon proved that it was viable and economic. Steam locomotives could haul more wagons, and haul them faster, so in a typical working day the expensive steam engine could haul more coal than the cheaper horse. It soon became apparent that mixing faster steam-hauled and slower horse-drawn traffic was slowing the operation down, and so as steam technology became more reliable, horse-drawn traffic was gradually abandoned.
At first, the organisation of the S&DR bore little relation to that of most modern railways, and was run in the traditional manner of the wagonways of the time. The S&DR merely owned the tracks and did not operate trains; anyone who paid the S&DR money could freely operate steam trains or horse-drawn wagonloads on the line. This separation of track from trains resembled the canals, where canal companies were often forbidden from operating any boats. There was no timetable or other form of central organisation. Trains ran whenever they wanted, and fights often broke out when rival operators came into conflict over right-of-way on the tracks. A reconstructed section of flangeway track A plateway is an early kind of railway or tramway or wagonway that started to appear in the century prior to 1830. ...
A timetable is an organized list or schedule, usually set out in tabular form, providing information about a series of arranged events: in particular, the time at which it is planned these events will take place. ...
This chaotic situation was tolerable on completely horse-drawn traffic wagonways, but with faster steam trains it soon became unworkable, as the faster speeds meant a collision could have serious consequences. With the advent of steam, new operating methods had to be developed.
Conventional railway
Map of line and surrounding routes By 1833, the S&DR had become entirely steam-operated, and it gradually began to resemble a modern railway. The S&DR company became the sole train operator on the line, parallel double tracks were built for trains travelling in opposite directions, timetables were established and a crude signalling system was established to prevent collisions. These methods of operation became standard on railways across the world. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 593 pixelsFull resolution (1198 × 888 pixel, file size: 73 KB, MIME type: image/gif) Map of former and existing railway lines across the North Yorkshire Moors, Mat Overton, 2006 hi there the railway goes threw my town File history Legend...
Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 593 pixelsFull resolution (1198 × 888 pixel, file size: 73 KB, MIME type: image/gif) Map of former and existing railway lines across the North Yorkshire Moors, Mat Overton, 2006 hi there the railway goes threw my town File history Legend...
Year 1833 (MDCCCXXXIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a common year starting on Sunday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ...
A BNSF Railway intermodal train passes some maintenance of way equipment on the double track mainline in Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin. ...
It has been suggested that safeworking be merged into this article or section. ...
The S&DR proved a huge financial success, and paved the way for modern rail transport. This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ...
The expertise that Stephenson and his apprentice Joseph Locke gained in railway construction and locomotive building on the S&DR enabled them a few years later to construct the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, the first purpose-built steam railway, and also his revolutionary Rocket locomotive. The company also proved a successful training ground for other engineers: in 1833 Daniel Adamson was apprenticed to Timothy Hackworth, and later established his own successful boiler-making business in the Uk's third city of Manchester. Joseph Locke, railway engineer Joseph Locke (9 August 1805- 18 September 1860) was a notable British civil engineer of the 19th century, particularly associated with railway projects. ...
Inaugural journey of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway The Liverpool and Manchester Railway (L&MR) was the worlds first intercity passenger railway in which all the trains were timetabled and operated for most of the distance solely by steam locomotives. ...
A contemporary drawing of Rocket Rocket as preserved in the Science Museum, London. ...
Year 1833 (MDCCCXXXIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a common year starting on Sunday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ...
Daniel Adamson (30 April 1820 – 13 January 1890) was a notable English engineer who became a successful manufacturer of boilers and was the driving force behind the inception of the Manchester Ship Canal project during the 1880s. ...
Timothy Hackworth (December 22, 1786 – July 7, 1850) was a steam locomotive mechanical engineer who lived in Shildon, County Durham, England and worked with George Stephenson on the Stockton and Darlington Railway. ...
Manchester shown within England Coordinates: , Sovereign state United Kingdom Constituent country England Region North West England Ceremonial county Greater Manchester Admin HQ Manchester City Centre Founded 13th Century City Status 1853 Government - Type Metropolitan borough, City - Governing body Manchester City Council Area - Borough & City 115. ...
The S&DR was absorbed into the North Eastern Railway in 1863, which merged into the London and North Eastern Railway in 1922. Much but not all of the original S&DR line is still operating today. The North Eastern Railway (NER), unlike many other of the pre-Grouping companies, had a relatively compact territory, having the district it covered to itself. ...
Year 1863 (MDCCCLXIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ...
LNER timetable for Autumn 1926 detailing the resumption of services after the General Strike. ...
Year 1922 (MCMXXII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar). ...
See also Outside the main building at Locomotion, Shildon, County Durham The Locomotion Museum is part of the National Museum of Science and History (NMSI). ...
Darlington Railway Centre and Museum is located on the 1825 route of the Stockton and Darlington Railway which was the worlds first steam powered passenger railway. ...
This article lists events related to rail transport that occurred in June 2007. ...
References - Pomeranz, Kenneth and Steven Topik (1999). The World That Trade Created: Society, Culture, and World Economy, 1400 to the Present. M.E. Sharpe, Inc., Armonk, NY. ISBN 0-7656-0250-4.
- Ransom, P.J.G., (1990) The Victorian Railway and How It Evolved, London: Heinemann.
- Stretton, C.E., (1896) The Development of the Locomotive: A Popular History (1803-1896), London: Crosby, Lockwood and Son.
Further reading - A Place In History — A Scarsdale Books (Publishing Services) book on the history of Darlington Railway Centre and Museum.
External links - Darlington Railway Centre and Museum
- A highly detailed history of the S&DR
- History of the Stockton and Darlington Railway
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