A Staffordshire stoneware plate from the 1850s with transferred copper print - (From the home of JL Runeberg)

Stoneware is a category of clay and a type of ceramic distinguished primarily by its firing and maturation temperature (from about 1200°C to 1315 °C). In essence, it is man-made stone. One widely recognized definition is from the Combined Nomenclature of the European Communities which states, "Stoneware, which, though dense, impermeable and hard enough to resist scratching by a steel point, differs from porcelain because it is more opaque, and normally only partially vitrified. It may be vitreous or semi-vitreous. It is usually coloured grey or brownish because of impurities in the clay used for its manufacture, and is normally glazed". Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1600x1200, 414 KB) A Staffordshire stoneware plate from around 1850 with a copper print of the Menai Suspension Bridge. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1600x1200, 414 KB) A Staffordshire stoneware plate from around 1850 with a copper print of the Menai Suspension Bridge. ... The Potteries or Stoke is a well-recognised name for the area in Staffordshire, England which includes the city of Stoke-on-Trent and its surrounding towns of Newcastle-under-Lyme and Kidsgrove. ... // Production of steel revolutionized by invention of the Bessemer process Benjamin Silliman fractionates petroleum by distillation for the first time First transatlantic telegraph cable laid First safety elevator installed by Elisha Otis Railroads begin to supplant canals in the United States as a primary means of transporting goods. ... J.L. Runebergs autograph Johan Ludvig Runeberg (February 5, 1804, Jakobstad – May 6, 1877, Porvoo) was a Finland-Swedish poet, and is held to be the national poet of Finland. ... Fixed Partial Denture, or Bridge The word ceramic is derived from the Greek word κεραμικός (keramikos). ... Fig. ... Celsius is, or relates to, the Celsius temperature scale (previously known as the centigrade scale). ... This article is about modern humans. ... This balancing rock, Steamboat Rock stands in Garden of the Gods park in Colorado Springs, CO The rocky side of a mountain creek near Orosí, Costa Rica. ...

In contrast, earthenware is fired at lower temperatures and is not impervious to liquids. Porcelain, which some consider to be a type of stoneware was first produced in China, is distinguished as being whiter than stoneware and always vitreous. Kaolin, or China Clay, which occurs in various parts of the world, has a lower content of impurities than many other clays. It is also fired to a vitreous state, transforming the constituent silica into glass. Some porcelain bodies are translucent after firing. Firing a piece of pottery to too high a temperature will result in warping or melting. Vitreous clay bodies can be made at different temperatures ranges, but they are typically fired in the stoneware/porcelain range. Fired stoneware absorbs up to 5% water, porcelain 0%, and earthenware up to 10%. Earthenware, when moist, is typically not freeze resistant. Earthenware is a common ceramic material, which is used extensively for pottery tableware and decorative objects. ... “Fine China” redirects here. ... Kaolin Kaolinite (Aluminium Silicate Hydroxide) Kaolinite is a mineral with the chemical composition Al2Si2O5(OH)4. ... Vitreous refers to a material in a glassy state. ... General Name, Symbol, Number silicon, Si, 14 Series metalloid Group, Period, Block 14 (IVA), 3, p Density, Hardness 2330 kg/m3, 6. ... Glass can be made transparent and flat, or into other shapes and colors as shown in this sphere from the Verrerie of Brehat in Brittany. ... In optics, transparency is the property of being transparent, or allowing light to pass. ...

A Chinese stoneware vase from the Song Dynasty, 11th century.

Clay refers to group of minerals that generally exhibit plasticity when mixed with water, and which chemically primarily consist of alumina and silica. Potters refer to combinations of clays mixed with other materials as clay bodies. Different kinds of clay bodies are created by mixing additives, such as feldspar, grog, quartz, flint, many other minerals are used and these can include spodumene, wollastonite to modify clays. Clay bodies can thereby be formulated to fire at a range of temperatures. Darker clays often contain iron and other metal oxide impurities. The clay used for porcelain and white stoneware clay bodies contain very little of these impurities. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 365 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (633 × 1038 pixel, file size: 85 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) (All user names refer to en. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 365 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (633 × 1038 pixel, file size: 85 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) (All user names refer to en. ... Chinese vase A vase with a sunflower pattern A modern designed vase The vase is an open container, often used to hold cut flowers. ... Northern Song in 1111 AD Capital Kaifeng (960–1127) Linan (1127–1276) Language(s) Chinese Religion Buddhism, Taoism, Confucianism Government Monarchy Emperor  - 960-976 Emperor Taizu  - 1126–1127 Emperor Qinzong  - 1127–1162 Emperor Gaozong  - 1278–1279 Emperor Bing History  - Zhao Kuangyin taking over the throne of the Later Zhou... A mineral is a naturally occurring substance formed through geological processes that has a characteristic chemical composition, a highly ordered atomic structure and specific physical properties. ... For other uses, see Plasticity. ... General Name, Symbol, Number aluminium, Al, 13 Chemical series poor metals Group, Period, Block 13, 3, p Appearance silvery Standard atomic weight 26. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Grog (also called firesand) is a type of pre-fired clay that has been ground and screened to a specific particle size. ... Quartz (from German Quarz[1]) is the second most common mineral in the Earths continental crust. ... This article is about the sedimentary rock. ... Spodumene is a pyroxene mineral consisting of lithium aluminium inosilicate - LiAl(SiO3)2 - and is a source of lithium. ... Wollastonite is a calcium inosilicate mineral (CaSiO3) that may contain small amounts of iron, magnesium, and manganese substituting for calcium. ...

Glaze may be applied to stoneware pottery before a second firing at a different temperature, or a glaze may be applied before a single, raw firing. Salt-glazed stoneware became the dominant houseware of nineteenth century America. Composite body, painted, and glazed bottle. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Salt glaze pottery. ...

See also

• Coade stone

Coade stone was a type of artificial stone first created by Mrs Eleanor Coade (Elinor Coade, 1733-1821), and sold commercially from 1769 to 1833. ...

References

Combined Nomenclature of the European Communities - EC Commission in Luxembourg, 1987

External links

• Beardman jugs from the Avondster site -- Provides photographs and history of early Rhenish stoneware vessels, produced circa 1500s-1700s.
• Japanese stoneware in the collection of the Asia Society.