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Tropical cyclones Formation and naming Development - Structure Naming - Seasonal lists - Full list Effects Effects Watches and warnings Storm surge - Notable storms Retired hurricanes (Atlantic - Pacific) Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 544 pixelsFull resolution (1000 × 680 pixel, file size: 213 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... Cyclone Catarina, a rare South Atlantic tropical cyclone viewed from the International Space Station on March 26, 2004 Hurricane and Typhoon redirect here. ... Global Tropical Cyclone Tracks Cyclogenesis is the technical term describing the development or strengthening of a surface low pressure system, or cyclone, in the atmosphere. ... The eye is a region of mostly calm weather found at the center of strong tropical cyclones. ... Presently, most tropical cyclones are given a name using one of several lists of tropical cyclone names. ... Due to their long-term persistence, and the need for a unique identifier in issuing forecasts and warnings, tropical cyclones and subtropical cyclones are given names. ... This is a list of named tropical cyclones, giving all official names for tropical cyclones. ... The effects of tropical cyclones are the impacts that tropical cyclones have on the areas they move to. ... See Severe weather terminology for a comprehensive article on this term and related weather terms. ... This is a list of notable tropical cyclones, subdivided by basin and reason for notability. ... Tropical cyclone names may be retired (removed from the name list) in several tropical cyclone basins around the world by the World Meteorological Organization. ... This is a list of all Atlantic hurricanes that have had their names retired. ... Retired Pacific hurricanes This is a list of all Pacific hurricanes that have had their names retired. ... Climatology and tracking Basins - RSMCs - TCWCs - Scales Observation - Rainfall forecasting - Rainfall climatology Part of the Nature series: Weather Impact of a storm surge A storm surge is an offshore rise of water associated with a low pressure weather system, typically a tropical cyclone. Storm surge is caused primarily by high winds pushing on the ocean's surface. The wind causes the water to pile up higher than the ordinary sea level. Low pressure at the center of a weather system also has a small secondary effect, as can the bathymetry of the body of water. It is this combined effect of low pressure and persistent wind over a shallow water body which is the most common cause of storm surge flooding problems. The term "storm surge" in casual (non-scientific) use is storm tide; that is, it refers to the rise of water associated with the storm, plus tide, wave run-up, and freshwater flooding. When referencing storm surge height, it is important to clarify the usage, as well as the reference point. NHC tropical storm reports reference storm surge as water height above predicted astronomical tide level, and storm tide as water height above NGVD-29. Traditionally, areas of tropical cyclone formation are divided into seven basins. ... These centres are responsible for the distribution of information, advisories, and warnings regarding the specific program they have a part of, agreed by consensus at the World Meteorological Organization as part of the World Weather Watch. ... These five regional warning centers are part of the World Meteorological Organization tropical cyclone programme, and act to observe, name, and forecast tropical cyclones in their respective sections of the world, supplementing the work of the main Regional Specialized Meteorological Centres. ... NASA QuikSCAT image of Typhoon Nesat (2005) showing the near-surface winds generated by the storm 10 meters above the ocean. ... Surface weather map of the Labor Day Hurricane of 1935 moving up the west coast of Florida Tropical cyclone obervation has been carried out over the past couple of centuries in various ways: the passage of typhoons, hurricanes, as well as other tropical cyclones have been detected by word of... While flooding is common to tropical cyclones near a landmass, there are a few factors which lead to excessive rainfall from tropical cyclones. ... A map of all tropical cyclone tracks, encompassing the period between the years 1985 and 2005. ... This article is about the physical universe. ... For the geological process, see Weathering or Erosion. ... Image File history File links Surge-en. ... Image File history File links Surge-en. ... Cyclone Catarina, a rare South Atlantic tropical cyclone viewed from the International Space Station on March 26, 2004 Hurricane and Typhoon redirect here. ... For considerations of sea level change, in particular rise associated with possible global warming, see sea level rise. ... Bathymetry is the underwater equivalent to topography. ... A storm tide is a tide with a high flood period caused by a storm. ... The Sea Level Datum of 1929 was the vertical control datum established for vertical control surveying in the United States of America by the General Adjustment of 1929. ... In areas where there is a significant difference between low tide and high tide, storm surges are particularly damaging when they occur at the time of a high tide. In these cases, this increases the difficulty of predicting the magnitude of a storm surge since it requires weather forecasts to be accurate to within a few hours. Storm surges can be produced by non-tropical storms, such as the "Halloween Storm" of 1991 and the Storm of the Century (1993), but the most extreme storm surge events occur as a result of extreme weather systems, such as tropical cyclones. Factors that determine the surge heights for landfalling tropical cyclones include the speed, intensity, size of the radius of maximum winds (RMW), radius of the wind fields, angle of the track relative to the coastline, the physical characteristics of the coastline and the bathymetry of the water offshore. The SLOSH (Sea, Lake, and Overland Surges from Hurricanes) model is used to simulate surge from tropical cyclones. This article is about tides in the Earths oceans. ... This article is about the 1991 storm. ... 1Maximum snowfall or ice accretion The Storm of the Century, also known as the ’93 Superstorm, No-Name Hurricane, the White Hurricane, or the (Great) Blizzard of 1993, was a large cyclonic storm that occurred on March 12–March 15, 1993, on the East Coast of North America. ... Contents 1 Potential for disaster 2 Mechanics 3 Measuring surge 4 Records 5 SLOSH 6 Mitigation 7 See also 8 References 8.1 World Wide Web 8.2 Printed media 9 External links [edit] Potential for disaster Nine out of ten people (90%) who die in hurricanes in the United States have historically been killed by storm surges.[1] The Galveston Hurricane of 1900, a category 4 hurricane that struck Galveston, Texas, on 8 September, drove a devastating surge ashore; between 6,000 and 12,000 lives were lost, making it the deadliest natural disaster ever to strike the United States (Hebert, 1990). The second deadliest natural disaster in the U.S. was the storm surge from Lake Okeechobee in the 1928 Okeechobee Hurricane which swept across the Florida Peninsula during the night of September 16. The lake surged over its southern bank, virtually wiping out the settlements on its south shore. The estimated death toll was over 2,500; many of the bodies were never found. Only two years earlier, a storm surge from the Great Miami Hurricane of September 1926 broke through the small earthen dike rimming the lake's western shore, killing 150 people at Moore Haven (Will, 1978). The storm surge that accompanied the New England Hurricane of 1938 killed as many as 700 people when it hit Long Island, New York and southeastern New England, with at least 100 deaths in the town of Westerly, Rhode Island alone. Lowest pressure 936 mbar (hPa; 27. ... Galveston redirects here. ... is the 251st day of the year (252nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Mount Pinatubo eruption, 1991 A natural disaster is according to or provided by nature. ... Lake Okeechobee from space, September 1988 View of Lake Okeechobee from Pahokee. ... Lowest pressure 929 mbar (hPa; 27. ... The Great Miami Hurricane (sometimes called the Big Blow) was a destructive and intense hurricane that battered Miami, Florida in 1926. ... Lowest pressure 938 mbar (hPa; 27. ... This article is about the island in New York State. ... This article is about the state. ... This article is about the region in the United States of America. ... Image:RI towns Westerly. ... In the Bay of Bengal area, the "storm surge capital of the world", 142 moderate to severe storm surge events are on record from 1582 to 1991. These surges, some in excess of eight meters (26 ft), have killed hundreds of thousands of people, primarily in Bangladesh (Murty and Flather, 1994). The Caribbean Islands have endured many devastating surges as well. Look up Bay of Bengal in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... This is a list of inhabited islands in the Caribbean. ... [edit] Mechanics Graphic illustrating storm surge. At least five processes can be involved in altering tide levels during storms. These include the pressure effect, the direct wind effect, the effect of the earth's rotation, the effect of waves, and the rainfall effect (Harris 1963). The pressure effects of a tropical cyclone will cause the water level in the open ocean to rise in regions of low pressure and fall in regions of high pressure. Wind stresses cause a phenomenon referred to as "wind set-up", which is the tendency for water levels to increase at the downwind shore, and to decrease at the upwind shore. This effect is inversely proportional to depth (Harris 1963). Wind set-up on an open coast will be driven into bays in the same way as the astronomical tide. Image File history File links Storm_surge_graphic. ... This article is about tides in the Earths oceans. ... For other uses, see Storm (disambiguation). ... Surge and wave heights on shore are affected by the configuration and bathymetry of the ocean bottom. A narrow shelf, or one that has a steep drop from the shoreline and subsequently produces deep water in close proximity to the shoreline tends to produce a lower surge, but a higher and more powerful wave. This situation is seen along the southeast coast of Florida. The edge of the Floridian Plateau, where the water depths reach 91 meters, lies just 3,000 m offshore of Palm Beach, Florida; just 7,000 m offshore, the depth plunges to over 180 m (Lane 1980). The 180 m depth contour followed southward from Palm Beach County lies more than 30,000 m to the east of the upper Keys. This article is about the U.S. State of Florida. ... Being largely seasonal, downtown Palm Beachs streets are virtually vacant in the summer. ... Location of county in the state of Florida County Seat West Palm Beach, Florida Area  - Total  - Water 6,181 km² (2,386 mi²) 1,068 km² (412 mi²) 17. ... Conversely, coastlines such as those along the Gulf of Mexico coast from Texas to Florida, have long, gently sloping shelves and shallow water depths. On the Gulf side of Florida, the edge of the Floridian Plateau lies more than 160 km offshore of Marco Island in Collier County. Florida Bay, lying between the Florida Keys and the mainland, is also very shallow; depths typically vary between 0.3 and 2 meters (Lane 1981). These areas are subject to higher storm surges, but smaller waves. This article is about the U.S. State of Florida. ... Collier County is a county located in the U.S. state of Florida. ... Florida Bay is the shallow bay located between the southern end of the Florida mainland (the Florida Everglades) and the Florida Keys. ... Palm trees in Islamorada The Florida Keys is an archipelago of about 1700 islands in the southeast United States. ... This difference is because in deeper water, a surge can be dispersed down and away from the hurricane. However, upon entering a shallow, gently sloping shelf, the surge can not be dispersed away, but is driven ashore by the wind stresses of the hurricane. Topography of the land surface is another important element in storm surge extent. Areas where the land lies less than a few meters above sea level are at particular risk from storm surge inundation. [edit] Measuring surge Surge can be measured directly at coastal tidal stations as the difference between the forecasted tide and the observed rise of water.[2] This information can be viewed real-time on the NOAA Tides and Currents website, as long as the station is reporting.[3] Another method of measuring surge was implemented by NHC starting in 2005, with a USGS team deploying pressure transducers along the coastline just ahead of an approaching tropical cyclone. This was first tested for Hurricane Rita.[4] This method was validated against other surge measurements taken for Rita, and was subsequently used during Ernesto in 2006. These types of sensors can be placed in locations that will be submerged, and can accurately measure the height of water above them.[5] After surge from a tropical cyclone has receded, teams of surveyors map high water marks (HWM) on land, in a rigorous and detailed process that includes photos and written descriptions of the marks. HWM denote the location and elevation of flood waters from a storm event. When HWM are analyzed, if the various components of the water height can be broken out so that the portion attributable to surge can be identified, then that mark can be classified as storm surge. Otherwise, it is classified as storm tide. HWM on land are referenced to a vertical datum (a reference coordinate system). During evaluation, HWM are divided into four categories based on the confidence in the mark; only HWM evaluated as "excellent" are used by NHC in post storm analysis of the surge.[6] Two different measures are used for storm tide and storm surge measurements. Storm tide is measured using a geodetic vertical datum (NGVD 29 or NAVD88 ). Since storm surge is defined as the rise of water beyond what would be expected by the normal movement due to tides, storm surge is measured using tidal predictions, with the assumption that the tide prediction is well-known and only slowly varying in the region subject to the surge. Since tides are a localized phenomenon, storm surge can only be measured in relationship to a nearby tidal station. Tidal bench mark information at a station provides a translation from the geodetic vertical datum to mean sea level (MSL) at that location, then subtracting the tidal prediction yields a surge height above the normal water height.[6][2] The Sea Level Datum of 1929 was the vertical control datum established for vertical control surveying in the United States of America by the General Adjustment of 1929. ... The North American Vertical Datum of 1988 (NAVD 88) is the vertical control datum established for vertical control surveying in the United States of America based upon the General Adjustment of the North American Datum of 1988. ... This article or section should include material from Erdmessung. ... For considerations of sea level change, in particular rise associated with possible global warming, see sea level rise. ... [edit] Records The highest storm tide noted in historical accounts was produced by the 1899 Cyclone Mahina, estimated at 13 meters (43 ft) at Bathurst Bay, Australia, but research published in 2000 noted the majority of this was likely wave run-up, due to the steep coastal topography.[7] In the United States, one of the greatest recorded storm surges was generated by 2005's Hurricane Katrina, which produced a maximum storm surge on the order of 7.6 meters (25 ft)[8] around St. Louis Bay, Mississippi, in the communities of Waveland, Bay St. Louis, Diamondhead and Pass Christian, with a storm surge height of 27.8 feet (8.5 m) in Pass Christian.[9] Another record storm surge occurred in this same area from Hurricane Camille in August 1969, with the highest storm tide of record noted from a HWM as 24.6 feet (7.5 m), also found in Pass Christian.[10] The worst storm surge, in terms of loss of life, was the 1970 Bhola cyclone and in general the Bay of Bengal is particularly prone to tidal surges. Cyclone Mahina struck Australia in March of 1899, killing over 400 people. ... Bathurst Bay is the name of a 19th Century settlement that is now a tourist attraction in northern Queensland, near the Great Barrier Reef. ... This article is about the Atlantic hurricane of 2005. ... Lowest pressure 966 hPa (mbar) Fatalities 300,000-500,000 (Deadliest tropical cyclone of all time) Damage $86. ... Look up Bay of Bengal in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... [edit] SLOSH Example of a SLOSH run See also: Tropical cyclone forecasting The National Hurricane Center forecasts storm surge using the SLOSH model, which stands for Sea, Lake and Overland Surges from Hurricanes. The model is accurate to within 20 percent.[11] SLOSH inputs include the central pressure of a tropical cyclone, storm size, the cyclone's forward motion, its track, and maximum sustained winds. Local topography, bay and river orientation, depth of the sea bottom, astronomical tides, as well as other physical features are taken into account, in a predefined grid referred to as a SLOSH basin. Overlapping SLOSH basins are defined for the southern and eastern coastline of the continental U.S.[12] Some storm simulations use more than one SLOSH basin; for instance, Katrina SLOSH model runs used both the Lake Ponchartrain / New Orleans basin, and the Mississippi Sound basin, for the northern Gulf of Mexico landfall. The final output from the model run will display the maximum envelope of water, or MEOW, that occurred at each location. To allow for track or forecast uncertainties, usually several model runs with varying input parameters are generated to create a map of MOMs, or Maximum of Maximums.[13] And for hurricane evacuation studies, a family of storms with representative tracks for the region, and varying intensity, eye diameter, and speed, are modeled to produce worst-case water heights for any tropical cyclone occurrence. The results of these studies are typically generated from several thousand SLOSH runs. These studies have been completed by USACE for several states and are available on their Hurricane Evacuation Studies (HES) website[14] They include coastal county maps, shaded to identify the minimum SSHS category of hurricane that will result in flooding, in each area of the county.[15] Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Tropical cyclone forecasting is the science and art of forecasting where a tropical cyclones center, and its effects, are expected to be at some point in the future. ... [edit] Mitigation Although meteorological surveys alert about hurricanes or severe storms, in the areas where the risk of coastal flooding is particularly high, there are specific storm surge warnings. These have been implemented, for instance, in Holland,[16] Spain,[17] the United States,[18][19] and Great Britain.[20] This article is about a region in the Netherlands. ... A prophylactic method introduced after the North Sea Flood of 1953 is the construction of dams and floodgates (storm surge barriers). They are open and allow free passage but close when the land is under threat of a storm surge. Major storm surge barriers are the Oosterscheldekering and Maeslantkering in the Netherlands which are part of the Delta Works project, and the Thames Barrier protecting London. The North Sea flood of 1953 and the associated storm combined to create a major natural disaster which affected the coastlines of the Netherlands and England on the night of 31 January 1953 – 1 February 1953. ... Tokyo floodgates to protect from typhoon surges. ... The Oosterscheldekering (Eastern Scheldt storm surge barrier), between the islands Schouwen-Duiveland and Noord-Beveland, is the largest of the 13 ambitious Delta works series of dams, designed to protect a large part of the Netherlands from flooding. ... Maeslant Barrier closed during testing. ... The Delta Works are a number of constructions that were built between 1950 and 1997 in the southwest of the Netherlands to protect a large area of land from the sea. ... The Thames Barrier is a flood control structure on the River Thames, constructed between 1974 and 1984 at Woolwich Reach, London. ... This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ... [edit] See also Tropical cyclones Portal Tropical cyclone North Sea Flood of 1953 Tsunami Hurricane Hurricane Katrina 1970 Bhola cyclone Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1000x662, 320 KB) http://eol. ... Cyclone Catarina, a rare South Atlantic tropical cyclone viewed from the International Space Station on March 26, 2004 Hurricane and Typhoon redirect here. ... The North Sea flood of 1953 and the associated storm combined to create a major natural disaster which affected the coastlines of the Netherlands and England on the night of 31 January 1953 – 1 February 1953. ... For other uses, see Tsunami (disambiguation). ... This article is about weather phenomena. ... This article is about the Atlantic hurricane of 2005. ... Lowest pressure 966 hPa (mbar) Fatalities 300,000-500,000 (Deadliest tropical cyclone of all time) Damage $86. ... [edit] References [edit] World Wide Web ^ National Hurricane Center. The Deadliest Atlantic Tropical Cyclones, 1492-1996. Retrieved on 2007-04-14. ^ a b Virginia Institute of Marine Science Ernesto: Anatomy of a Storm Tide ^ NOAA Tides and Currents, Stations ^ USGS Hurricane Rita Surge Data ^ Onset Corp HOBO Water Level Logger Specification ^ a b FEMA High Water Mark Collection for Hurricane Katrina in Alabama ^ AGSO How high was the storm surge from Tropical Cyclone Mahina? by Jonathan Nott, James Cook University, & Matthew Hayne, Australian Geological Survey Organisation ^ FEMA Map of Mississippi Katrina surge inundation and elevation contours See summary of methods for details: FEMA Hurricane Katrina Flood Recovery (Mississippi) Methods ^ Knabb, Richard D; Rhome, Jamie R.; Brown, Daniel P (December 20, 2005; updated August 10, 2006). Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Katrina: 23-30 August 2005 (PDF). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved on 2006-05-30. ^ Monthly Weather Review April 1970, The Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1969 ^ National Hurricane Center. SLOSH model. Retrieved on 2007-04-15. ^ NOAA SLOSH basin map ^ PC Weather Products. Slosh Data... what is it. Retrieved on 2007-04-15. ^ USACE HES home page ^ USACE Jackson County, MS HES surge maps ^ Storm Surge Warning Service.. Retrieved on 2007-04-14. ^ Storm surge forecast system.. Retrieved on 2007-04-14. ^ Stevens Institute of Technology. S t o r m S u r g e W a r n i n g S y s t e m. Retrieved on 2007-04-14. ^ National Weather Service. StormReady Program. Retrieved on 2007-04-14. ^ Environment Agency. Retrieved on 2007-07-07. UK storm surge model outputs and real-time tide gauge information from the National Tidal and Sea Level Facility Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 104th day of the year (105th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 354th day of the year (355th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 222nd day of the year (223rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... National Weather Service Logo The U.S. National Hurricane Center is the division of National Weather Services Tropical Prediction Center responsible for tracking and predicting the likely behavior of tropical depressions, tropical storms and hurricanes. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 150th day of the year (151st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 105th day of the year (106th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 105th day of the year (106th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 104th day of the year (105th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 104th day of the year (105th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 104th day of the year (105th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 104th day of the year (105th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 188th day of the year (189th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... [edit] Printed media Anthes, R.A., 1982. Tropical Cyclones; Their Evolution, Structure and Effects, Meteorological Monographs,19(41), Ephrata, PA., 208 p. Cotton, W.R., 1990. Storms. Fort Collins, Colorado: *ASTeR Press, 158 p. Dunn, G.E. and Miller, B., 1964. Atlantic Hurricanes. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 377 p. Finkl, C.W. Jnr., 1994, Disaster Mitigation in the South Atlantic Coastal Zone (SACZ): A Prodrome for Mapping Hazards and Coastal Land Systems Using the Example of Urban subtropical Southeastern Florida. In: Finkl, C.W., Jnr. (ed.), Coastal Hazards: Perception, Susceptibility and Mitigation. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 12, 339-366. Florida Department of Community Affairs, Division of Emergency Management, 1995. Lake Okeechobee Storm Surge Atlas for 17.5' & 21. 5' Lake Elevations. Southwest Florida Regional Planning Council, Ft. Myers, Florida. var. pag. Gornitz, V.; Daniels, R.C.; White, T.W., and Birdwell, K.R., 1994. The development of a coastal risk assessment database: Vulnerability to sea level rise in the U.S. southeast. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 12, 327-338. Harris, D.L., 1963. Characteristics of the Hurricane Storm Surge, Technical Paper No. 48, United States Weather Bureau, Washington, D.C., 139 p. Hebert, P.J. and Case, R.A, 1990. The Deadliest, Costliest, and Most Intense United States Hurricanes of This Century (and other Frequently Requested Hurricane Facts), NOAA Technical Memorandum NWS NHC 31, Miami, Florida, 33 p. Hebert, P.J.; Jerrell, J.; and Mayfield, M., 1995. The Deadliest, Costliest, and Most Intense United States Hurricanes of This Century (and other Frequently Requested Hurricane Facts), NOAA Technical Memorandum NWS NHC 31,Coral Gables, Fla., In: Tait, Lawrence, (Ed.) Hurricanes...Different Faces In Different Places, (proceedings) 17th Annual National Hurricane Conference, Atlantic City, N.J., 10-50. Jarvinen, B.R. and Lawrence, M.B., 1985. An evaluation of the SLOSH storm-surge model. Bulletin American Meteorological Society 66(11) 1408-1411. Jelesnianski, C.P., 1972. SPLASH (Special Program To List Amplitudes of Surges From Hurricanes) I. Landfall Storms, NOAA Technical Memorandum NWS TDL-46. National Weather Service Systems Development Office, Silver Spring, Maryland, 56 p. Jelesnianski, Chester P., Jye Chen and Wilson A. Shaffer, 1992. SLOSH: Sea, Lake, and Overland Surges from Hurricanes, NOAA Technical Report NWS 48. National Weather Service, Silver Spring, Maryland, 71 p. Lane, 1981. Environmental Geology Series, West Palm Beach Sheet; Map Series 101. Florida Bureau of Geology, Tallahassee, 1 sheet. Murty, T.S. and Flather, R.A., 1994, Impact of Storm Surges in the Bay of Bengal. In: Finkl, C.W., Jnr. (ed.), Coastal Hazards: Perception, Susceptibility and Mitigation. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 12, 149-161. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Weather Service, 1993. "Hurricane!" A Familiarization Booklet, NOAA PA 91001, 36 p. Newman, C.J.; Jarvinen, B.; and McAdie, C., 1993. Tropical Cyclones of the North Atlantic Ocean, 1871-1992, National Climatic Data Center, Ashville, N.C. and National Hurricane Center, Coral Gables, Florida, 193 p. Sheets, R.C., 1995. Stormy Weather, In: Tait, Lawrence, (Ed.) Hurricanes... Different Faces In Different Places, (Proceedings) 17th Annual National Hurricane Conference, Atlantic City, N.J. 52-62. Simpson, R.H., 1971. A Proposed Scale for Ranking Hurricanes by Intensity. Minutes of the Eighth NOAA, NWS Hurricane Conference, Miami, Florida. Tannenhill, I.R., 1956. Hurricanes, Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 308 p. Will, L.E., 1978. Okeechobee Hurricane; Killer Storms in the Everglades, Glades Historical Society, Belle Glade, Florida, 204 p. [edit] External links Data on Bangladesh disasters from NIRAPAD disaster response organisation. NOAA National Hurricane Center storm surge page "The 1953 English East Coast Floods" DeltaWorks.Org North Sea Flood of 1953, includes images, video and animations. Categories: Flood | Water waves | Tropical cyclone meteorology

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	NYC Hazards: Storm Surge (231 words) Storm surge refers to the "dome" of ocean water propelled by the winds and low barometric pressure of a hurricane. Storm surge from hurricanes have been known to destroy large buildings and communities close to the coastline. In addition, storm surge from a strong hurricane would not be limited to waterfront properties and could conceivably push miles inland in some areas. FEMA: Hurricane Hazards: Storm Surge (191 words) The greatest potential for loss of life related to a hurricane is from the storm surge! Storm surge is simply water that is pushed toward the shore by the force of the winds swirling around the storm. This advancing surge combines with the normal tides to create the hurricane storm tide, which can increase the mean water level to heights impacting roads, homes and other critical infrastructure.
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