NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Strabismus

Strabismus (from Greek: στραβισμός strabismos, from στραβίζειν strabizein "to squint," from στραβός strabos "squinting, squint-eyed"^[1]) is a condition in which the eyes are not properly aligned with each other.^[2] It typically involves a lack of coordination between the extraocular muscles that prevents bringing the gaze of each eye to the same point in space and preventing proper binocular vision, which may adversely affect depth perception. Strabismus can be either a disorder of the brain coordinating the eyes or a disorder of one or more muscles, as in any process that causes a dysfunction of the usual direction and power of the muscle or muscles. A mild case of strabismus. ... The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (most commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) provides codes to classify diseases and a wide variety of signs, symptoms, abnormal findings, complaints, social circumstances and external causes of injury or disease. ... The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision (ICD-10) is a coding of diseases and signs, symptoms, abnormal findings, complaints, social circumstances and external causes of injury or diseases, as classified by the World Health Organization (WHO). ... // H00-H59 - Diseases of the eye and adnexa (H00-H06) Disorders of eyelid, lacrimal system and orbit (H00) Hordeolum and chalazion (H000) Hordeolum and other deep inflammation of eyelid (H001) Chalazion (H01) Other inflammation of eyelid (H010) Blepharitis (H011) Noninfectious dermatoses of eyelid (H02) Other disorders of eyelid (H020) Entropion... // H00-H59 - Diseases of the eye and adnexa (H00-H06) Disorders of eyelid, lacrimal system and orbit (H00) Hordeolum and chalazion (H000) Hordeolum and other deep inflammation of eyelid (H001) Chalazion (H01) Other inflammation of eyelid (H010) Blepharitis (H011) Noninfectious dermatoses of eyelid (H02) Other disorders of eyelid (H020) Entropion... The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (most commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) provides codes to classify diseases and a wide variety of signs, symptoms, abnormal findings, complaints, social circumstances and external causes of injury or disease. ... The following is a list of codes for International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems. ... The Mendelian Inheritance in Man project is a database that catalogues all the known diseases with a genetic component, and - when possible - links them to the relevant genes in the human genome. ... The Disease Bold textDatabase is a free website that provides information about the relationships between medical conditions, symptoms, and medications. ... MedlinePlus (medlineplus. ... Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) is a huge controlled vocabulary (or metadata system) for the purpose of indexing journal articles and books in the life sciences. ... A human eye Eyes are organs of vision that detect light. ... Categories: Anatomy stubs | Muscular system | Eye ... Binocular vision is vision in which both eyes are used synchronously to produce a single image. ... Depth perception is the visual ability to perceive the world in three dimensions. ...

Diagnosis

During eye examinations, ophthalmologists, orthoptists, and optometrists typically use a cover test to aid in the diagnosis of strabismus. If the eye being tested is the strabismic eye, then it will fixate on the object after the "good" eye is covered, as long as the vision in this eye is good enough. If the "good" eye is being tested, there will be no change in fixation, as it is already fixated. Depending on the direction that the strabismic eye deviates, the direction of deviation may be assessed. Exotropic is outwards (away from the midline) and esotropic is inwards (towards the nose). Traditional Snellen chart used for visual acuity testing. ... Ophthalmology is the branch of medicine which deals with the diseases of the eye and their treatment. ... Optometrists are primary care practitioners for vision and ocular health concerns. ... A cover test is an objective determination of the presence and amount of ocular deviation. ...

A simple screening test for strabismus is the Hirschberg test. A flashlight is shone in the patient's eye. When the patient is looking at the light, a reflection can be seen on the front surface of the pupil. If the eyes are properly aligned with one another, the reflection will be in the same spot of each eye. Therefore, if strabismus is present, the reflection from the light will not be in the same spot of each eye. Positive Hirschberg sign: the light falls on the centre of the right pupil, but is medial to the centre of the left pupil; therefore, the person in the picture has an exotropia. ...

Laterality

Strabismus may be classified as unilateral, bilateral, or alternating based on whether one eye or both eyes are affected. A unilateral strabismus will consistently have the same eye 'wandering'. Bilateral strabismus is a condition where both eyes are squinting at the same time; either convergently or divergently (both are subtypes of Concomitant strabismus). Finally, an alternating strabismic patient can fixate on a target object with either eye. In this case either eye may be askew while the opposite eye is focused on the target. Optometrists use the cover-uncover test to diagnose various types of tropias, which is a medical term for strabismus.^[2]

Onset

Strabismus may also be classified based on time of onset, either congenital or acquired.^[2]

Treatment and management

As with other binocular vision disorders, the primary therapeutic goal for those with strabismus is comfortable, single, clear, normal binocular vision at all distances and directions of gaze.^[3]

Whereas amblyopia, if minor and detected early, can often be corrected with use of an eyepatch on the dominant eye and/or vision therapy, the use of eyepatches is unlikely to change the angle of strabismus. Advanced strabismus is usually treated with a combination of eyeglasses or prisms, vision therapy, and surgery, depending on the underlying reason for the misalignment. Surgery attempts to align the eyes by shortening, lengthening, or changing the position of one or more of the extraocular eye muscles and is frequently the only way to achieve cosmetic improvement. Glasses affect the position by changing the person's reaction to focusing. Prisms change the way light, and therefore images, strike the eye, simulating a change in the eye position. Amblyopia, or lazy eye, is a disorder of the eye. ... An eyepatch is a small patch, usually of black cloth, that is worn in front of one eye and usually attached around the head by an elastic band or by a string. ... Vision therapy, also known as visual therapy or visual training, is a broadly-defined set of treatment programs related to the improvement of visual health and comfort. ... Glasses, spectacles, or eyeglasses are frames bearing lenses worn in front of the eyes, sometimes for purely aesthetic reasons but normally for vision correction or eye protection. ... If a shaft of light entering a prism is sufficiently narrow, a spectrum results. ... Eye surgery in the middle ages. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ...

Early treatment of strabismus and/or amblyopia in infancy can reduce the chance of developing amblyopia and depth perception problems. Eyes that remain misaligned can still develop visual problems. Although not a cure for strabismus, prism lenses can also be used to provide some comfort for sufferers and to prevent double vision from occurring. A lens. ...

In adults with previously normal alignment, the onset of strabismus usually results in double vision (diplopia). For the adult insect stage, see Imago. ... Diplopia, commonly known as double vision, is the perception of two images from a single object. ...

Alternative treatments

Although the mainstream medical community regards the Bates method with skepticism, ^[4] advocates continue to make the unsupported ^[5] assertion that it can reverse strabismus.^[6] The Bates method is a program created by ophthalmologist William Horatio Bates, M.D., which aims to correct vision habits with relaxation techniques, exercises and optional activities and games. ...

Prognosis

When strabismus is congenital or develops in infancy, it can cause amblyopia, in which the brain ignores input from the deviated eye. Strabismus can lead to a permanent weakening of vision in the strabismic eye called amblyopia sometimes referred to as lazy eye. The appearance of strabismus may also be a cosmetic problem. One study reported that 85% of adult strabismus patients "reported that they had problems with work, school and sports because of their strabismus." The same study also reported that 70% said strabismus "had a negative effect on their self-image."^[7] A congenital disorder is a medical condition or defect that is present at or before birth (for example, congenital heart disease). ... A human infant The word Infant derives from the Latin in-fans, meaning unable to speak. ... Amblyopia, or lazy eye, is a disorder of the eye. ... In animals, the brain or encephalon (Greek for in the head), is the control center of the central nervous system, responsible for behaviour. ... Amblyopia, or lazy eye, is a disorder of the eye. ... Lazy eye is a lay term for amblyopia, impaired vision in one or both eyes without detectable anatomic damage in the eye(s). ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Students in Rome, Italy. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Self-concept. ...

Differential diagnosis: pseudostrabismus

Pseudostrabismus is the false appearance of strabismus. It generally occurs in infants and toddlers whose bridge of the nose is wide and flat, causing the appearance of strabismus. With age, the bridge of the child's nose narrows and the folds in the corner of the eyes go away. To detect the difference between pseudostrabismus and strabismus, a Hirschberg test may be used. Pseudostrabismus is the false appearance of crossed eyes. ... Positive Hirschberg sign: the light falls on the centre of the right pupil, but is medial to the centre of the left pupil; therefore, the person in the picture has an exotropia. ...

Pathophysiology

Strabismus can be an indication that a cranial nerve has a lesion. Particularly Cranial Nerve III (Occulomotor), Cranial Nerve IV (Trochlear) or Cranial Nerve VI (Abducens). A strabismus caused by a lesion in either of these nerves results in the lack of innervation to eye muscles and results in a change of eye position. A strabismus may be a sign of increased intracranial pressure, as CN III is particularly vulnerable to damage from brain swelling.

Popular terms

Strabismus is often incorrectly referred to as "lazy eye" (which in fact refers to the associated condition Amblyopia). It is also known as heterotropia, squint, "one eye in York and the other in Cork", "crossed eye", "cockeye", "wandering eye", "weak eye", and "wall eye". Amblyopia, or lazy eye, is a disorder of the eye. ... Strabismus (from Greek: ÏƒÏ„ÏÎ±Î²Î¹ÏƒÎ¼ÏŒÏ‚ strabismos, from ÏƒÏ„ÏÎ±Î²Î¯Î¶ÎµÎ¹Î½ strabizein to squint, from ÏƒÏ„ÏÎ±Î²ÏŒÏ‚ strabos squinting, squint-eyed[1]) is a condition in which the eyes are not properly aligned with each other. ... An individual with an small extropic strabismus Strabismus (sometimes called crossed or wandering eye) is a disorder of the eyes involving a lack of coordination between the muscles of the eyes. ...

In Japanese it is referred to as Ron-Pari, which is an amalgamation of the city names of "London" (ロンドン) and "Paris" (パリー). The idea is that one eye is looking towards London while the other is looking towards Paris.

References

See also

An individual diagnosed with Duane syndrome in the left eye. ... Mobius syndrome (also spelled Moebius) is an extremely rare neurological disorder. ... Orthoptics (from the Greek words ortho meaning straight, and optikas meaning vision [1]) is the discipline dealing with the diagnosis and treatment of defective eye coordination, binocular vision, and functional amblyopia by non-pharmaceutical and non-surgical methods, e. ... Pediatric ophthalmology is a sub-speciality of ophthalmology concerned with eye diseases and vision care in children. ... Sixth (abducent) nerve palsy is a disorder associated with dysfunction of cranial nerve VI (the abducens nerve), which is responsible for moving the eye to the side. ... Isolating the inferior rectus muscle Disinserting the medial rectus muscle Strabismus surgery is surgery on the extraocular muscles to correct the misalignment of the eyes. ... There are very few or no other articles that link to this one. ... Alice, a fictional character based on a real character from the work of Lewis Carroll. ... Vincent Margera, more commonly known as Don Vito, (born July 3, 1956 in Concordville, Pennsylvania) is the uncle of Bam Margera. ... Viva La Bam was a reality television series which starred Bam Margera and his crew. ...

External links

Category: Ophthalmology Refraction error, also known as refractive error, is an error in the focusing of light by the eye and a frequent reason for reduced visual acuity. ... Hyperopia, also known as hypermetropia or colloquially as farsightedness or longsightedness, is a defect of vision caused by an imperfection in the eye (often when the eyeball is too short or when the lens cannot become round enough), causing inability to focus on near objects, and in extreme cases causing... Normal vision. ... Astigmatism is an affliction of the eye, where vision is blurred by an irregularly shaped cornea. ... Anisometropia is a condition in which the lenses of the two eyes have different focal lengths; that is, are in different states of myopia (nearsightedness) and hyperopia (farsightedness). ... Aniseikonia is an ophthalmological condition caused by unequal retinal image sizes. ... Presbyopia (Greek word presbyteros (Ï€ÏÎµÏƒÎ²ÏÏ„ÎµÏÎ¿Ï‚), meaning elder) is the eyes diminished ability to focus that occurs with aging. ... Blindness is the condition of lacking visual perception due to physiological or psychological factors. ... Amblyopia, or lazy eye, is a disorder of the eye. ... Lebers congenital amaurosis is a rare inherited eye disease that appears at birth or in the first few months of life, typically characterized by nystagmus, sluggish or no pupillary responses, and severe vision loss or blindness. ... Asthenopia is an ophthalmological condition that manifests itself through nonspecific symptoms such as fatigue, red eyes, eye strain, pain in or around the eyes, blurred vision, headache and occasional double vision. ... Hemeralopia is the exact opposite of Nyctalopia (Night Blindness). ... Photophobia (also light sensitivity) or fear of light, is a symptom of excessive sensitivity to light and the aversion to sunlight or well-lit places. ... Scintillating scotoma is the most common visual aura preceding migraine and was first described by 19th century physician Hubert Airy (1838â€“1903). ... Diplopia, commonly known as double vision, is the perception of two images from a single object. ... The word scotoma is derived from the Greek word for darkness. ... An anopsia (or anopia) is a defect in the visual field. ... Binasal hemianopsia is the medical description of a type of partial blindness that is associated with certain lesions of the eye, and of the central nervous system, such as congenital hydrocephlus. ... Paris as seen with full visual fields Paris as seen with bitemporal hemianopsia Bitemporal hemianopsia is the medical description of a type of partial blindness that is associated with lesions of the optic chiasm, the area where the optic nerves from the right and left eyes cross near the pituitary... Homonymous hemianopsia is a medical term for a type of partial blindness resulting in a loss of vision in the same visual field of both eyes. ... Quadrantanopia (or quadrant anopia, as two words) refers to an anopia affecting a quarter of the field of vision. ... Color blindness in humans is the inability to perceive differences between some or all colors that other people can distinguish. ... Achromatopsia is the inability to see color. ... Nyctalopia (Greek for night blindness) is a condition making it difficult or impossible to see in relatively low light. ... Blindness is the condition of lacking visual perception due to physiological or psychological factors. ... Low vision is alternatively a general term used to describe lowered visual acuity, and a specific legal term in Canada and the United States used to designate someone with vision of 20/70 or less in the better eye with correction. ... The human eye The pupil is the central transparent area (showing as black). ... Anisocoria is a condition characterized by an unequal size of the pupils. ... Argyll Robertson pupils (â€œAR pupilsâ€) are bilateral small pupils that constrict when the patient focuses on a near object (they â€œaccommodateâ€ with near vision), but do not constrict when exposed to bright light (they do not â€œreactâ€ to light). ... The pupil dilates instead of constricting when the light moves from the good eye to the bad eye. ... Marcus Gunn Phenomenon (a. ... Adie syndrome, also Adies syndrome, is caused by damage to the postganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic innervation of the eye and characterized by a tonically dilated pupil. ... Infection is also the title of an episode of the television series Babylon 5; see Infection (Babylon 5). ... Binomial name Onchocerca volvulus Bickel 1982 Onchocerciasis (pronounced ) or river blindness is the worlds second leading infectious cause of blindness. ... Nystagmus is involuntary eye movement that can be part of the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR), with the eyes moving first in the direction of the lesioned side (slow phase) followed by a quick correction (fast phase) to the opposite side or away from the lesioned side. ... Miosis should not be confused with meiosis, the cellular division process involved in sexual reproduction. ... // Mydriasis is an excessive dilation of the pupil due to disease or drugs. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Leberâ€™s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) or Leber optic atrophy is a mitochondrially inherited (mother to all offspring) form of acute or subacute loss of central vision that may lead to degeneration of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and their axons; this affects predominantly young adult males. ... Many primary care physicians often deal with patients with red eyes In medicine, red eye is a non-specific term to describe an eye that appears red due to illness, injury, or some other condition. ... A fungal keratitis is an inflammation of the eyes cornea (called keratitis) that results from infection by a fungal organism. ... Xerophthalmia (Greek for dry eyes) is a medical condition in which the eye doesnt produce tears. ... Aniridia is a rare congenital condition characterized by the underdevelopment of the eyes iris. ...

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