Igor Stravinsky.

Igor Fyodorovich Stravinsky (Russian: Игорь Фёдорович Стравинский, Igor' Fjodorovič Stravinskij) (June 17, 1882 – April 6, 1971) was a Russian composer, considered by many in both the West and his native land to be the most influential composer of 20th century music.^[1] He was a quintessentially cosmopolitan Russian who was named by Time magazine as one of the most influential people of the century.^[2] In addition to the recognition he received for his compositions, he also achieved fame as a pianist and a conductor, often at the premieres of his works. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (4992x6860, 2293 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Igor Stravinsky Wikipedia:Todays featured article/November 2006 Main Page alternative (yesterday) Wikipedia:Todays featured article... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (4992x6860, 2293 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Igor Stravinsky Wikipedia:Todays featured article/November 2006 Main Page alternative (yesterday) Wikipedia:Todays featured article... is the 168th day of the year (169th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1882 (MDCCCLXXXII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Friday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... is the 96th day of the year (97th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1971 (MCMLXXI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the 1971 Gregorian calendar. ... A composer is a person who writes music. ... For alternative meanings for The West in the United States, see the U.S. West and American West. ... Look up cosmopolitan in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Time (whose trademark is capitalized TIME) is a weekly American newsmagazine, similar to Newsweek and U.S. News & World Report. ... A conductor conducting at a ceremony A conductors score and batons Conducting is the act of directing a musical performance by way of visible gestures. ...

Stravinsky's compositional career was notable for its stylistic diversity. He first achieved international fame with three ballets commissioned by the impresario Serge Diaghilev and performed by Diaghilev's Ballets Russes (Russian Ballet): L'Oiseau de feu ("The Firebird") (1910), Petrushka (1911), and Le sacre du printemps ("The Rite of Spring") (1913). The Rite, whose premiere provoked a riot, transformed the way in which subsequent composers thought about rhythmic structure; to this day its vision of pagan rituals enacted in an imaginary ancient Russia continues to dazzle and overwhelm audiences. Sergei Pavlovich Diaghilev (Сергей Павлович Дягилев) (March 19, 1872 – August 19, 1929), often known as Serge, was a Russian ballet impresario and founder of the Ballets Russes from which many famous... Léon Bakst: Firebird, Ballerina, 1910 There was also the Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo from 1932 to 1963 The Ballets Russes was a ballet company established in 1909 by the Russian impresario Serge Diaghilev and resident first in the Théâtre Mogador and Théâtre du Châtelet, Paris... The Firebird (French: LOiseau de feu; Russian: Жар-птица, Žar-ptica) is a 1910 ballet by Igor Stravinsky. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... The Rite of Spring, commonly referred to by its original French title, Le Sacre du printemps (Russian: Весна священная, Vesna svjaščennaja) is a ballet with music by the Russian composer Igor Stravinsky, which was first performed in 1913. ...

After this first Russian phase he turned to neoclassicism in the 1920s. The works from this period tended to make use of traditional musical forms (concerto grosso, fugue, symphony), frequently concealed a vein of intense emotion beneath a surface appearance of detachment or austerity, and often paid tribute to the music of earlier masters, for example J.S. Bach, Verdi and Tchaikovsky. For the subgenre of darkwave, see Neoclassical (Dark Wave). ... The concerto grosso (plural concerti grossi) (Italian for big concert) was a popular form of baroque music using an ensemble and usually having four to six movements in which the musical material is passed between a small group of soloists (the concertino) and full orchestra (the ripieno). ... In music, a fugue (IPA: ) is a type of contrapuntal composition or technique of composition for a fixed number of parts, normally referred to as voices, irrespective of whether the work is vocal or instrumental. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... For other people named Bach and other meanings of the word, see Bach (disambiguation). ... VERDI is an acronym for the Italian unification movement, named after the composer Giuseppe Verdi (ardent supporter of the movement) VERDI stands for Vittorio Emmanuelle, Re D Italia (Victor Emmanuel, King of Italy) Categories: Historical stubs ... Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky (Russian Пётр Ильи́ч Чайко́вский, sometimes transliterated as Piotr, Anglicised as Peter Ilich), (May 7, 1840 – November 6, 1893 (N.S.); April 25, 1840 – October...

In the 1950s he adopted serial procedures, using the new techniques over the final twenty years of his life to write works that were briefer and of greater rhythmic, harmonic, and textural complexity than his earlier music. Their intricacy notwithstanding, these pieces share traits with all of Stravinsky's earlier output; rhythmic energy, the construction of extended melodic ideas out of a few cells comprising only two or three notes, and clarity of form, instrumentation, and of utterance. The references in this article would be clearer with a different and/or consistent style of citation, footnoting or external linking. ...

He also published a number of books throughout his career, almost always with the aid of a collaborator, sometimes uncredited. In his 1936 autobiography, Chronicles of My Life, written with the help of Alexis Roland-Manuel, Stravinsky included his infamous statement that "music is, by its very nature, essentially powerless to express anything at all."^[3] With Roland-Manuel and Pierre Souvtchinsky he wrote his 1939–40 Harvard University Charles Eliot Norton Lectures, which were delivered in French and later collected under the title Poétique musicale in 1942 (translated in 1947 as Poetics of Music).^[4] Several interviews in which the composer spoke to Robert Craft were published as Conversations with Igor Stravinsky^[5] They collaborated on five further volumes over the following decade. Alexis Roland-Manuel (22 March 1891 - 1 November 1966) was a French composer and critic. ... Robert Lawson Craft (October 20th, 1923 - ) is an American conductor and writer on music best known for his intimate working friendship with Igor Stravinsky, a relationship which has resulted in a number of recordings and books. ...

Biography

Russia

Igor Stravinsky

Stravinsky was born in Oranienbaum (renamed Lomonosov in 1948), Russia and brought up in Saint Petersburg. His childhood, he recalled in his autobiography, was troublesome: "I never came across anyone who had any real affection for me."^[6] His father, Fyodor Stravinsky, was a bass singer at the Mariinsky Theater in Saint Petersburg,^[7] and the young Stravinsky began piano lessons and later studied music theory and attempted some composition. In 1890, Stravinsky saw a performance of Tchaikovsky's Sleeping Beauty at the Maryinsky Theater; the performance, his first exposure to an orchestra, mesmerized him.^[8] At fourteen, he had mastered Mendelssohn's Piano Concerto in G minor, and the next year, he finished a piano reduction of one of Alexander Glazunov's string quartets.^[9] Image File history File links Download high resolution version (460x622, 54 KB) Source Esta imagen es una copia, la original se encuentra en http://www. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (460x622, 54 KB) Source Esta imagen es una copia, la original se encuentra en http://www. ... Lomonosov (Ломоно́сов), formerly Oranienbaum (Ораниенба́ум), is a city and in northwestern Russia, on the shore of the Bay of Finland west of St. ... Saint Petersburg (Russian: Санкт-Петербу́рг, English transliteration: Sankt-Peterburg), colloquially known as Питер (transliterated Piter), formerly known as Leningrad (Ленингра́д, 1924–1991) and... Fyodor Stravinsky as the Miller in Dargomyzhskys opera Rusalka Fyodor Ignatievich Stravinsky (Russian: , 20 June [O.S. 8 June] 1843 - 4 December [O.S. 21 November] 1902) was a Russian-Ukrainian bass opera singer and actor. ... A basso (or bass) is a male singer who sings in the lowest vocal range of the human voice. ... The Maryinsky (or Mariinsky) Theatre (or Theater), is the St Petersburg theatre where the Mariinsky Ballet is located. ... “Tchaikovsky” redirects here. ... Mendelssohn (or Mendelsohn) can refer to several subjects. ... Portrait by Ilya Repin, 1887. ...

Despite his enthusiasm for music, his parents expected him to become a lawyer. Stravinsky enrolled to study law at the University of St. Petersburg in 1901, but was ill-suited for it, attending fewer than fifty class sessions in four years.^[10] After the death of his father in 1902, he had already begun spending more time on his musical studies. Stravinsky received his jurisprudence degree in 1907, and was then able to concentrate all his efforts on music. On the advice of Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov, probably the leading Russian composer of the time, he decided not to enter the St. Petersburg Conservatoire; instead, in 1905, he began to take twice-weekly private tutelage from Rimsky-Korsakov, who became a second father to him.^[11] For other uses, see Law (disambiguation). ... Categories: Russia-related stubs | Universities and colleges in Russia | Saint Petersburg ... Nikolai Andreyevich Rimsky-Korsakov Nikolai Andreyevich Rimsky-Korsakov (Russian: , Nikolaj Andreevič Rimskij-Korsakov), also Nikolay, Nicolai, and Rimsky-Korsakoff, (March 6 (N.S. March 18), 1844 – June 8 (N.S. June 21) 1908) was a Russian composer, one of five Russian composers known as The Five, and was later a...

That same year, he became engaged to his cousin - Katerina Nossenko, whom he had known since early childhood. They were married on 23 January 1906, and their first two children, Feodor and Ludmilla, were born in 1907 and 1908 respectively. is the 23rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1906 (MCMVI) was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ...

In 1909, his Feu d'artifice (Fireworks), was performed in St Petersburg, where it was heard by Sergei Diaghilev, the director of the Ballets Russes in Paris. Diaghilev was sufficiently impressed to commission Stravinsky for orchestrations, and then for a full-length ballet score, L'Oiseau de feu (The Firebird). Feu dartifice, op. ... Portrait of Sergei Diaghilev by Valentin Serov (1904) Sergei Pavlovich Diaghilev (Russian: / Sergei Pavlovich Dyagilev), also referred to as Serge, (March 31, 1872 – August 19, 1929) was a Russian art critic, patron, ballet impresario and founder of the Ballets Russes from which many famous dancers and choreographers would later arise. ... This article is about the capital of France. ... The Firebird (French: LOiseau de feu; Russian: Жар-птица, Žar-ptica) is a 1910 ballet by Igor Stravinsky. ...

Switzerland

Stravinsky travelled to Paris in 1910 to attend the premiere of The Firebird. His family joined him shortly after, and they decided to remain in the west for a while. He moved to Switzerland, where he remained until 1920, moving between Clarens and Lausanne. During this time he composed three further works for the Ballets Russes—Petrushka (1911), written in Lausanne, and Le Sacre du printemps (The Rite of Spring) (1913) and Pulcinella, both written in Clarens. Pétrouchka (English: Petrushka; Russian: петрушка) is a ballet with music by the Russian composer Igor Stravinsky. ... The Rite of Spring, commonly referred to by its original French title, Le Sacre du printemps (Russian: Весна священная, Vesna svjaščennaja) is a ballet with music by the Russian composer Igor Stravinsky, which was first performed in 1913. ... Year 1913 (MCMXIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Pulcinella is a ballet by Igor Stravinsky based on an 18th-century play. ...

While the Stravinskys were in Switzerland, their second son, Soulima, and their second daughter, Maria Milena, were born, in 1910 and 1913 respectively. During this last pregnancy, Katerina was found to have tuberculosis, and she was placed in a Swiss sanatorium for her confinement. After a brief return to Russia in July 1914 to collect research materials for Les Noces, Stravinsky left his homeland and returned to Switzerland just before the war closed the borders. He was not to return for nearly fifty years. Les Noces (English: The Wedding; Russian: Свадебка) is a dance cantata, or ballet with singers, with a libretto in Russian composed by Igor Stravinsky and choreographed by Bronislava Nijinska that was premiered on June 13, 1923, by the Ballets Russes. ...

France

He moved to France in 1920. During this period he worked with the French piano manufacturer Pleyel to prepare player piano music rolls of his music. He personally created around 50 such roll recordings in which he intended to give listeners a definitive understanding of the music and its various tempos etc. Whilst many of these works are now standard repertoire it must be remembered that at the time most orchestras found his music beyond their capabilities and unfathomable. Ballet music issued on piano rolls includes Les Noces, Petrushka and Firebird in their entirety. During the 1920s he also recorded live-recording pianola rolls for Aeolian in New York all of which survive today and can be heard.^{[citation needed]} After a short stay near Paris, he then moved with his family to the south of France until 1934, when he returned to Paris to take up residence at the rue Faubourg St.-Honoré. Stravinsky later recalled this as his last and unhappiest European address; his wife's tuberculosis infected his eldest daughter Ludmila, and Stravinsky himself. Ludmila died in 1938, Katerina in the following year. While Stravinsky was in hospital, where he was treated for five months, his mother also died. Stravinsky already had contacts in the United States; he was working on the Symphony in C for the Chicago Symphony Orchestra, and had agreed to lecture in Harvard during the academic year of 1939-40. When war broke out in September, he set out for the United States, at first living in Hollywood but moving to New York in 1969. The player piano is a type of piano that plays music without the need for a human pianist to depress the normal keys or pedals. ... It has been suggested that Music roll be merged into this article or section. ... The player piano is a type of piano that plays music without the need for a human pianist to depress the normal keys or pedals. ... This article is about the capital of France. ... Symphony in C may refer to a number of symphonies written in the key of C Major: Symphonies referred to by their key exclusively Symphony in C (Wagner) - Richard Wagners Symphony in C (composed 1831, premiered 1832) Symphony in C (Bizet) - Georges Bizets Symphony in C (1855) Symphony... Harvard University is a private university in Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA, and a member of the Ivy League. ... This article is about the state. ... Also: 1969 (Stargate SG-1) episode. ...

America

Stravinsky continued to live in the United States from 1939 until his death in 1971; he became a naturalized citizen in 1945. Stravinsky had adapted to life in France, but moving to America at the age of 58 was a very different prospect. For a time, he preserved a ring of emigré Russian friends and contacts, but eventually realized that this would not sustain his intellectual and professional life in the US. He was drawn to the growing cultural life of Los Angeles, especial during World War II, when so many writers, musicians, composers, and conductors settled in the area; he settled in Beverly Hills and sometimes conducted concerts at the famous Hollywood Bowl as well as throughout the U.S. When he planned to write an opera with W. H. Auden, the need to acquire more familiarity with the English-speaking world coincided with his meeting the conductor and musicologist Robert Craft. Craft lived with Stravinsky until the composer's death, acting as interpreter, chronicler, assistant conductor, and factotum for countless musical and social tasks. The United States flag The Seal of the United States The Immigration and Naturalization Act sets forth the legal requirements for acquiring and losing citizenship of the United States. ... Hollywood Bowl in 2005. ... Wystan Hugh Auden (21 February 1907 – 29 September 1973) (IPA: ; first syllable of Auden rhymes with law), who signed his works W. H. Auden, was an Anglo-American poet, regarded by many as one of the greatest writers of the 20th century. ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ... A musicologist is someone who studies musicology. ... Robert Lawson Craft (October 20th, 1923 - ) is an American conductor and writer on music best known for his intimate working friendship with Igor Stravinsky, a relationship which has resulted in a number of recordings and books. ... Factotum is a 1975 novel by Charles Bukowski in which Henry Chinaski, Bukowskis alter ego, gets and loses jobs. ...

In 1962, he accepted an invitation to return to St. Petersburg (then known as Leningrad) for a series of concerts. While there he spent more than two hours speaking with Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev, who urged him to return to the Soviet Union. Despite the invitation, Stravinsky remained an émigré firmly based in the West. In the last few years of his life, Stravinsky lived at Essex House in New York City. Leningrad (Russian: Ленинград) may mean: St. ... Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev (Russian: , Nikita Sergeevič Chruščiov; IPA: , in English, , or , occasionally ); surname more accurately romanized as Khrushchyov[1]; April 17 [O.S. April 5] 1894[2]–September 11, 1971) was the chief director of the Soviet Union after the death of Joseph Stalin. ... Émigré is a French term that shows how Martin B. loves stephanie. ...

Grave of Stravinsky in San Michele

He died at the age of 88 in New York City and was buried in Venice on the cemetery island of San Michele. His grave is close to the tomb of his long-time collaborator Diaghilev. Stravinsky's life had encompassed most of the 20th century, including many of its modern classical music styles, and he influenced composers both during and after his lifetime. He has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6340 Hollywood Boulevard and posthumously received the Grammy Award for Lifetime Achievement in 1987. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (726x1214, 247 KB) Summary Grave of Igor Stravinsky in San Michele. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (726x1214, 247 KB) Summary Grave of Igor Stravinsky in San Michele. ... San Michele, nicknamed The Island of the Dead, is the cemetery island of Venice. ... San Michele, nicknamed The Island of the Dead, is the cemetery island of Venice. ... Buskers perform on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... The Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award is awarded by the Recording Academy to performers who, during their lifetimes, have made creative contributions of outstanding artistic significance to the field of recording [1]. This award is distinct from the Grammy Hall of Fame Award, which honors specific recordings rather than individuals, and...

Personality

Stravinsky displayed an inexhaustible desire to learn and explore art, literature, and life. This desire manifested itself in several of his Paris collaborations. Not only was he the principal composer for Sergei Diaghilev's Ballets Russes, but he also collaborated with Pablo Picasso (Pulcinella, 1920), Jean Cocteau (Oedipus Rex, 1927) and George Balanchine (Apollon musagète, 1928). Portrait of Sergei Diaghilev by Valentin Serov (1904) Sergei Pavlovich Diaghilev (Russian: / Sergei Pavlovich Dyagilev), also referred to as Serge, (March 31, 1872 – August 19, 1929) was a Russian art critic, patron, ballet impresario and founder of the Ballets Russes from which many famous dancers and choreographers would later arise. ... “Picasso” redirects here. ... Pulcinella is a ballet by Igor Stravinsky based on an 18th-century play. ... Jean Cocteau Jean Maurice Eugène Clément Cocteau (5 July 1889 – 11 October 1963) was a French poet, novelist, dramatist, designer, boxing manager and filmmaker. ... George Balanchine (January 9 (O.S.) = January 22 (N.S.), 1904–April 30, 1983) was one of the 20th centurys foremost choreographers, and one of the founders of American ballet. ... Apollon musagète is a ballet in two tableaux composed between 1927 and 1928 by Igor Stravinsky. ...

Stravinsky and Pablo Picasso collaborated on Pulcinella in 1920. Picasso took the opportunity to make several sketches of the composer.

Relatively short of stature and not conventionally handsome, Stravinsky was nevertheless photogenic, as many pictures show. Although his marriage to Katerina endured for 33 years, the true love of his life, and later his partner until his death, was his second wife Vera de Bosset (1888-1982). Although a notorious philanderer (even rumoured to have affairs with high-class partners such as Coco Chanel), Stravinsky was also a family man who devoted considerable amounts of his time and expenditure to his sons and daughters. One of his sons, Soulima Stravinsky, was also a composer, but is little known compared to his father. From http://www. ... “Picasso” redirects here. ... Pulcinella is a ballet by Igor Stravinsky based on an 18th-century play. ... Vera de Bosset Soudeikine (1888 – 1982) was a long-term mistress and ultimately second wife of the Russian composer Igor Stravinsky, who married her in 1940 after the death of his first wife Katerina Nossenko. ... Gabrielle Bonheur Coco Chanel (August 19, 1883 – January 10, 1971)[1] was a pioneering French fashion designer whose modernist philosophy, menswear-inspired fashions, and pursuit of expensive simplicity made her arguably the most important figure in the history of 20th-century fashion. ... Soulima Igorevich Stravinsky (23 September 1910 [os. ...

When Stravinsky met Vera in the early 1920s, she was married to the painter and stage designer Serge Sudeikin, but they soon began an affair which led to her leaving her husband. From then until Katerina's death from cancer in 1939, Stravinsky led a double life, spending some of his time with his first family and the rest with Vera. Katerina soon learned of the relationship and accepted it as inevitable and permanent. After Katerina's death, Stravinsky and Vera were married in Bedford, MA, USA, on 9 March 1940. Around this time both left France for the USA, to escape World War II (Stravinsky in 1939, Vera in 1940). Sudeikins poster for the Chauve-Souris Theatre 1922. ... Bedford is a town located in USA. As of the 2000 census, the town had a total population of 12,595. ... is the 68th day of the year (69th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1940 (MCMXL) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000...

Patronage too was never far away. In the early 1920s, Leopold Stokowski was able to give Stravinsky regular support through a pseudonymous "benefactor".^{[citation needed]} The composer was also able to attract commissions: most of his work from The Firebird onwards was written for specific occasions and paid for generously. Leopold Stokowski (born Antoni Stanisław Bolesławowicz April 18, 1882 in London, England, died September 13, 1977 in Nether Wallop, England) was the conductor of the Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra, the Philadelphia Orchestra, the NBC Symphony Orchestra, Hollywood Bowl Orchestra and the Symphony of the Air. ...

Stravinsky proved adept at playing the part of "man of the world", acquiring a keen instinct for business matters and appearing relaxed and comfortable in many of the world's major cities. Paris, Venice, Berlin, London and New York City all hosted successful appearances as pianist and conductor. Most people who knew him through dealings connected with performances spoke of him as polite, courteous and helpful. For example, Otto Klemperer, who knew Arnold Schoenberg well, said that he always found Stravinsky much more co-operative and easy to deal with.^{[citation needed]} At the same time, he had a marked disregard for those he perceived to be his social inferiors: Robert Craft was embarrassed by his habit of tapping a glass with a fork and loudly demanding attention in restaurants.^{[citation needed]} This article is about the capital of France. ... For other uses, see Venice (disambiguation). ... This article is about the capital of Germany. ... This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ... New York, New York and NYC redirect here. ... Otto Klemperer (May 14, 1885 – July 6, 1973) was a German-born conductor and composer. ... Arnold Schoenberg, Los Angeles, 1948 Arnold Schoenberg (the anglicized form of Schönberg — Schoenberg changed the spelling officially when he left Germany and re-converted to Judaism in 1933), (September 13, 1874 – July 13, 1951) was an Austrian and later American composer. ... Robert Lawson Craft (October 20th, 1923 - ) is an American conductor and writer on music best known for his intimate working friendship with Igor Stravinsky, a relationship which has resulted in a number of recordings and books. ...

Stravinsky's taste in literature was wide, and reflected his constant desire for new discoveries. The texts and literary sources for his work began with a period of interest in Russian folklore, progressed to classical authors and the Latin liturgy, and moved on to contemporary France (André Gide, in Persephone) and eventually English literature, including Auden, T. S. Eliot and medieval English verse. At the end of his life, he was even setting Hebrew scripture in Abraham and Isaac. This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Latin Rite, in the singular and accompanied, in English, by the definite article, refers to the sui juris particular Church of the Roman Catholic Church that developed in the area of western Europe and northern Africa where Latin was for many centuries the language of education and culture. ... André Gide in 1893 Gide redirects here, for other people named Gide, see Gide (disambiguation) André Paul Guillaume Gide (November 22, 1869 – February 19, 1951) was a French author and winner of the Nobel Prize in literature in 1947. ... Thomas Stearns Eliot, OM (September 26, 1888 – January 4, 1965), was a poet, dramatist and literary critic. ... The Middle Ages formed the middle period in a traditional schematic division of European history into three ages: the classical civilization of Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and modern times. ... “Hebrew” redirects here. ... 11th century manuscript of the Hebrew Bible with Targum Hebrew Bible is a term that refers to the common portions of the Jewish canon and the Christian canons. ...

Stylistic periods

Stravinsky's career may be roughly divided into three stylistic periods.

Russian

The first of Stravinsky's major stylistic periods (excluding some early minor works) was inaugurated by the three ballets he composed for Diaghilev. The ballets have several shared characteristics: They are scored for extremely large orchestras; they use Russian folk themes and motifs; and they bear the mark of Rimsky-Korsakov's imaginative scoring and instrumentation. Despite this, they show considerable stylistic development: from the L'oiseau de feu, whose style draws largely on Rimsky-Korsakov, to Petrushka's emphasis on bitonality, and finally to the savage polyphonic dissonance of Le Sacre du printemps. Ballet as musical form is a musical composition intended for ballet performance. ... Folk music can have a number of different meanings, including: Traditional music: The original meaning of the term folk music was synonymous with the term Traditional music, also often including World Music and Roots music; the term Traditional music was given its more specific meaning to distinguish it from the... The musical use of more than one key simultaneously is polytonality. ... Polyphony is a musical texture consisting of two or more independent melodic voices, as opposed to music with just one voice (monophony) or music with one dominant melodic voice accompanied by chords (homophony). ...

The first of the ballets, L'Oiseau de feu, is notable for its unusual introduction (12/8 meter in the low basses) and sweeping orchestration. Petrushka, too, is distinctively scored and the first of Stravinsky's ballets to draw on folk mythology. But it is the third ballet, The Rite of Spring, that is generally considered the apotheosis of Stravinsky's "Russian Period". Here, the composer draws on the brutalism of pagan Russia, reflecting these sentiments in roughly-drawn, stinging motifs that appear throughout the work. There are several famous passages in the work, but two are of particular note: the opening theme played on a bassoon with notes at the very top of its register, almost out of range; and the thumping, off-kilter eighth-note motif played by strings and accented by horn on off-rhythms (See Le sacre du printemps (The Rite of Spring) for a more detailed account of this work). Orchestration is the study or practice of writing music for orchestra (or, more loosely, for any musical ensemble) or of adapting for orchestra music composed for another medium. ... The word mythology (from the Greek μυολογία mythología, from mythologein to relate myths, from mythos, meaning a narrative, and logos, meaning speech or argument) literally means the (oral) retelling of myths – stories that a particular culture believes to be true and that use the supernatural to interpret natural events and... For other uses, see Horn. ... The Rite of Spring, commonly referred to by its original French title, Le Sacre du printemps (Russian: Весна священная, Vesna svjaščennaja) is a ballet with music by the Russian composer Igor Stravinsky, which was first performed in 1913. ...

As Stravinsky noted about the premières, his intention was "to send them all to hell".^[12] (He succeeded: The 1913 première of Le sacre du printemps is often considered the most famous riot in music history, with reports of fistfights amongst audience members and a need for police supervision of the second act. The extent of the tumult, however, is open to debate, and may be more apocryphal than factual. ^[13] A classical music riot is a riot that occurs upon (usually) the premiere of a controversial piece of classical music. ...

Stravinsky's own written recollections of the premiere of The Rite included these comments: "As for the actual performance, I am not in a position to judge, as I left the auditorium at the first bars of the prelude, which had at once evoked derisive laughter. I was disgusted. These demonstrations, at first isolated, soon became general, provoking counter-demonstrations and very quickly developing into a terrific uproar. During the whole performance I was at Nijinsky's side in the wings. He was standing on a chair, screaming 'Sixteen, seventeen, eighteen'--they had their own method of counting to keep time. Naturally the poor dancers could hear nothing by reason of the row in the auditorium and the sound of their own dance-steps. I had to hold Nijinsky by his clothes, for he was furious, and ready to dash on to the stage at any moment and create a scandal. Diaghilev kept ordering the electricians to turn the lights on or off, hoping in that way to put a stop to the noise. That is all I can remember about that first performance."^[14] Nijinsky can refer to: Vaslav Nijinsky Nijinsky II This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Sergei Pavlovich Diaghilev (Сергей Павлович Дягилев) (March 19, 1872 – August 19, 1929), often known as Serge, was a Russian ballet impresario and founder of the Ballets Russes from which many famous...

Other pieces from this period include: Le Rossignol (The Nightingale), Renard (1916), Histoire du soldat (A Soldier's Tale) (1918), and Les Noces (The Wedding) (1923). The Nightingale (Solovyei) is a Russian conte lyrique in three acts by Igor Stravinsky. ... Histoire du soldat (sometimes written Lhistoire du soldat; translated as The Soldiers Tale or A Soldiers Tale) is a 1918 theatrical work to be read, played, and danced (lue, jouée et dansée) set to music by Igor Stravinsky. ... Les Noces (English: The Wedding; Russian: Свадебка) is a dance cantata, or ballet with singers, with a libretto in Russian composed by Igor Stravinsky and choreographed by Bronislava Nijinska that was premiered on June 13, 1923, by the Ballets Russes. ...

Neoclassical

The next phase of Stravinsky's compositional style, slightly overlapping the first, is heralded by two works: Pulcinella 1920 and the Octet (1923) for wind instruments. Both of these works feature what was to become a hallmark of this period; that is, Stravinsky's return, or "looking back", to the classical music of Mozart and Bach and their contemporaries. This "neo-classical" style involved the abandonment of the large orchestras demanded by the ballets. In these new works, written roughly between 1920 and 1950, Stravinsky turns largely to wind instruments, the piano, and choral and chamber works. The Symphonies of Wind Instruments and Symphony of Psalms are among the finest works ever composed completely or largely for winds.^{[citation needed]} Pulcinella is a ballet by Igor Stravinsky based on an 18th-century play. ... 1920 (MCMXX) was a leap year starting on Thursday. ... “Mozart” redirects here. ... “Bach” redirects here. ... For the subgenre of darkwave, see Neoclassical (Dark Wave). ... The Symphonies of Wind Instruments is a concert work written by Igor Stravinsky in 1920, for an ensemble of woodwind and brass instruments. ... The Symphony of Psalms by Igor Stravinsky was written in 1930 and was commissioned by Serge Koussevitzky to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the Boston Symphony Orchestra. ...

Other works such as Oedipus Rex (1927), Apollon musagète (1928, for the Russian Ballet) and the Dumbarton Oaks concerto continue this trend toward a re-thinking of eighteenth-century musical styles. Oedipus the King (also known as Oedipus Rex and Oedipus Tyrannos) is a Greek tragedy, written by Sophocles around 427 BC. The play was the second of Sophocles three Theban plays to be produced, but its events occur before those of Oedipus at Colonus or Antigone. ... Apollon musagète is a ballet in two tableaux composed between 1927 and 1928 by Igor Stravinsky. ... Concerto in E-flat (Dumbarton Oaks) (1937-38) is a chamber concerto by Igor Stravinsky, named for the Dumbarton Oaks estate of Robert Woods Bliss in Washington, DC, who commissioned it for his thirtieth wedding anniversary. ...

Some larger works from this period are the three symphonies: the Symphonie des Psaumes (Symphony of Psalms) (1930), Symphony in C (1940) and Symphony in Three Movements (1945). Apollon, Persephone (1933) and Orpheus (1947) also mark Stravinsky's concern, during this period, of not only returning to Classic music but also returning to Classic themes: in these instances, the mythology of the ancient Greeks. The bust of Zeus found at Otricoli (Sala Rotonda, Museo Pio-Clementino, Vatican) Greek mythology is the body of stories belonging to the Ancient Greeks concerning their gods and heroes, the nature of the world and the origins and significance of their own cult and ritual practices. ...

The pinnacle of this period is the opera The Rake's Progress. It was completed in 1951 and, after stagings by the Metropolitan Opera in 1953, was almost ignored. It was presented by the Santa Fe Opera in its first season in 1957 with Stravinsky in attendance, the beginning of his long association with the company. This opera, written to a libretto by Auden and based on the etchings of Hogarth, encapsulates everything that Stravinsky had perfected in the previous 20 years of his neo-classic period. The music is direct but quirky; it borrows from classic tonal harmony but also interjects surprising dissonances; it features Stravinsky's trademark off-rhythms; and it hearkens back to the operas and themes of Monteverdi, Gluck and Mozart. The opera was revived during the 1997-98 season by the Metropolitan Opera and was even included on a Saturday international radio broadcast. The Rakes Progress is an English opera in three acts and an epilogue by Igor Stravinsky. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, the lead section of this article may need to be expanded. ... The Santa Fe Opera is an opera company located 7 miles north of Santa Fe in the U.S. state of New Mexico on a former guest ranch of 199 acres where, in addition to the theatre, the site offered a variety of facilities such as office space, rehearsal space... Year 1957 (MCMLVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1957 Gregorian calendar). ... Wystan Hugh Auden (21 February 1907 – 29 September 1973) (IPA: ; first syllable of Auden rhymes with law), who signed his works W. H. Auden, was an Anglo-American poet, regarded by many as one of the greatest writers of the 20th century. ... William Hogarth (November 10, 1697 – October 26, 1764) was a major English painter, printmaker, pictorial satirist, and editorial cartoonist who has been credited as a pioneer in western sequential art. ... This article or section needs copy editing for grammar, style, cohesion, tone and/or spelling. ... “Gluck” redirects here. ... “Mozart” redirects here. ...

After the opera's completion, Stravinsky never wrote another neo-classic work but instead began writing the music that came to define his final stylistic change.

Serial

Only after the death of Arnold Schoenberg in 1951 did Stravinsky begin using dodecaphony, the twelve-tone technique which Schoenberg had devised, in his works. Stravinsky was aided in his understanding of, or even conversion to, the twelve-tone method by his confidant and colleague, Robert Craft, who had long been advocating the change.^{[citation needed]} The next fifteen years were spent writing the works in this style. Arnold Schoenberg, Los Angeles, 1948 Arnold Schoenberg (the anglicized form of Schönberg — Schoenberg changed the spelling officially when he left Germany and re-converted to Judaism in 1933), (September 13, 1874 – July 13, 1951) was an Austrian and later American composer. ... Twelve-tone technique is a system of musical composition devised by Arnold Schoenberg. ... Robert Lawson Craft (October 20th, 1923 - ) is an American conductor and writer on music best known for his intimate working friendship with Igor Stravinsky, a relationship which has resulted in a number of recordings and books. ...

Stravinsky first began to experiment with non-twelve-tone serial technique in smaller vocal works such as the Cantata (1952), Septet (1953), and Three Songs from Shakespeare (1953), while his first fully serial (though not yet twelve-tone) work is In Memoriam Dylan Thomas (1954). Agon (1954–57) is his first work to include a twelve-tone series, but Canticum Sacrum (1955) is his first piece to contain a movement entirely based on a tone row ("Surge, aquilo").^[15] He later began expanding his use of dodecaphony in works often based on biblical texts, such as Threni (1958), A Sermon, a Narrative, and a Prayer (1961), and The Flood (1962). Agon (1957), a twelve-tone technique composition for a 12-dancer ballet, was a collaborative effort between composer Igor Stravinsky and choreographer George Balanchine. ... Saint Marks Basilica in the evening Canticum Sacrum ad Honorem Sancti Marci Nominis is a 17-minute choral-orchestral piece composed in 1955 by Igor Stravinsky (1882-1971) in tribute To the City of Venice, in praise of its Patron Saint, the Blessed Mark, Apostle. ... In music, a tone row or note row is a permutation, an arrangement or ordering, of the twelve notes of the chromatic scale. ... The Flood: A musical play (1962) is a short biblical drama by Igor Stravinsky on the allegory of Noah, originally written as a television opera in response to a commission by CBS Television. ...

An important transitional composition of this period of Stravinsky's work was a return to the ballet: Agon, a work for twelve dancers written from 1954 to 1957. Some numbers of Agon recollect the "white-note" tonality of the neo-classic period, while others (e.g., the Bransle Gay) display his unique re-interpretation of serial method. The ballet is thus like a miniature encyclopedia of Stravinsky, containing many of the signatures to be found throughout his compositions, whether primitivist, neo-classic, or serial: rhythmic quirkiness and experimentation, harmonic ingenuity, and a deft ear for masterly orchestration. These characteristics are what make Stravinsky's work unique when compared with the work of contemporaneous serial composers.^{[citation needed]}

Innovation

Stravinsky's work embraced multiple compositional styles, revolutionized orchestration, spanned several genres, practically reinvented ballet form and incorporated multiple cultures, languages and literatures. As a consequence, his influence on composers both during his lifetime and after his death was, and remains, considerable.

Composition

Stravinsky began re-thinking his use of the motif and ostinato as early as The Firebird ballet, but his use of these elements reached its full flowering in The Rite of Spring. In music, a motif is a perceivable or salient reoccurring fragment or succession of notes that may used to construct the entirety or parts of complete melodies, themes. ... In music, an ostinato (derived from Italian: stubborn, compare English: obstinate) is a motif or phrase which is persistently repeated at the same pitch. ... The Firebird (French: LOiseau de feu; Russian: Жар-птица, Žar-ptica) is a 1910 ballet by Igor Stravinsky. ... The Rite of Spring, commonly referred to by its original French title, Le Sacre du printemps (Russian: Весна священная, Vesna svjaščennaja) is a ballet with music by the Russian composer Igor Stravinsky, which was first performed in 1913. ...

Motivic development, that is using a distinct musical figure that is subsequently altered, repeated, or sequenced throughout a piece or section of a piece of music, has its roots in the sonata form of Mozart's age. The first great innovator in this method was Beethoven; the famous "fate motif" which opens Fifth Symphony and reappears throughout the work in surprising and refreshing permutations is a classic example. However, Stravinsky's use of motivic development was unique in the way he permutated his motifs. In the "Rite of Spring" he introduces additive permutations, that is, subtracting or adding a note to a motif without regard to changes in meter.^{[citation needed]} This article includes a list of works cited or a list of external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks in-text citations. ... “Mozart” redirects here. ... “Beethoven” redirects here. ... Ludwig van Beethovens Symphony No. ...

The same ballet is also notable for its relentless use of ostinati. The most famous passage, as noted above, is the eighth note ostinato of the strings accented by eight horns that occurs in the section Auguries of Spring (Dances of the Young Girls). This is perhaps the first instance in music of extended ostinato which is neither used for variation nor for accompaniment of melody.^{[citation needed]} At various other times in the work Stravinsky also pits several ostinati against one another without regard to harmony or tempo, creating a pastiche, a sort of musical equivalent of a Cubist painting. These passages are notable not only for this pastiche-quality but also for their length: Stravinsky treats them as whole and complete musical sections.^{[citation needed]} In music, an ostinato (derived from Italian: stubborn, compare English: obstinate) is a motif or phrase which is persistently repeated at the same pitch. ... For other uses, see Horn. ... Harmony is the use and study of pitch simultaneity, and therefore chords, actual or implied, in music. ... The first two measures of Mozarts Sonata XI, which indicates the tempo as Andante grazioso and a modern editors metronome marking: = 120. “Andante” redirects here. ... The word pastiche describes a literary or other artistic genre. ... Woman with a guitar by Georges Braque, 1913 Cubism was an avant-garde art movement that revolutionised European painting and sculpture in the early 20th century. ...

Such techniques foreshadowed by several decades the minimalist works of composers such as Terry Riley and Steve Reich. Minimalism describes movements in various forms of art and design, especially visual art and music, where the work is stripped down to its most fundamental features. ... Terry Riley – (Portrait by Betty Freeman) Terry Riley (born 24 June 1935) is an American composer associated with the minimalist school. ... Stephen Michael Reich (born October 3, 1936) is an American composer. ...

Twentieth century rock musician Frank Zappa openly credits Stravinsky as a major influence.^[16] While Zappa composed mainly avant-garde Rock, Jazz and Blues, he did compose some Orchestral pieces and Stravinsky's name is mentioned on several of his albums, including a song called Igor's Boogie written when Stravinsky died and included in the album Burnt Weeny Sandwich. Frank Vincent Zappa[1] (December 21, 1940 – December 4, 1993) was an American composer, musician, and film director. ... Burnt Weeny Sandwich is an album by Frank Zappa and the Mothers of Invention, released in 1970 (see 1970 in music). ...

Neoclassicism

Stravinsky was not the first practitioner of the Neoclassical style. The German composer Richard Strauss is an earlier example (he composed the Mozartian Der Rosenkavalier in 1910, as Stravinsky was just beginning the works of his Russian period (recent Strauss scholars have dismissed the notion that Rosenkavalier is a "neo-classical" work)^{[citation needed]}) while others, such as Max Reger, were composing in the manner of Bach long before Stravinsky turned to this style. The Neoclassical style would be later adopted by composers as diverse as Darius Milhaud and Aaron Copland. Sergei Prokofiev once chided Stravinsky for his Neoclassical mannerisms, though sympathetically, as Prokofiev had broken similar musical ground in his Symphony No. 1, "Classical" of 1916-17. This article is about the German composer of tone-poems and operas. ... Der Rosenkavalier (The Cavalier of the Rose) is a comic opera in three acts by Richard Strauss to an original German libretto by Hugo von Hofmannsthal. ... Johann Baptist Joseph Maximilian Reger (March 19, 1873 – May 11, 1916) was a German composer, organist, pianist and teacher. ... Darius Milhaud Darius Milhaud (IPA: ) (September 4, 1892 – June 22, 1974) was a French composer and teacher. ... Aaron Copland Aaron Copland (November 14, 1900 – December 2, 1990) was an American composer of concert and film music, as well as an accomplished pianist. ... Sergei Sergeyevich Prokofiev (Russian: , Sergej Sergejevič Prokofijev; April 27 (April 151 O.S.), 1891–March 5, 1953) was a Russian and Soviet composer who mastered numerous musical genres and came to be admired as one of the greatest composers of the 20th century. ... Sergei Prokofiev wrote his Symphony No. ...

Stravinsky announced his new style in 1923 with the stripped-down and delicately scored Octet for winds. The clear harmonies hark back to the classical style of Mozart and Bach and simpler combinations of rhythm and melody were a direct response to the deliberate complexities of the Second Viennese School.^{[citation needed]} Stravinsky may have been preceded in these devices by earlier composers such as Erik Satie, but Stravinsky was much more influential. Aaron Copland greatly admired Stravinsky, who was in many ways his model^[17] and composed his Appalachian Spring ballet after Stravinsky's ballets.^{[citation needed]} The Classical period in Western music occurred from about 1730 through 1820, despite considerable overlap at both ends with preceding and following periods, as is true for all musical eras. ... “Mozart” redirects here. ... “Bach” redirects here. ... The Second Viennese School was a group of composers made up of Arnold Schoenberg and those who studied under him in early 20th century Vienna. ... Selfportrait of Erik Satie. ... Appalachian Spring is a ballet score by Aaron Copland that premiered in October 1944, and achieved widespread popularity as an orchestral suite. ...

By the late 1920s and 1930s, Neoclassicism had become a widespread and accepted modern genre. Ironically, Stravinsky himself contributed to the demise of neoclassicism's popularity with his opera The Rake's Progress, completed in 1951. Written in a fully classical style, the musical language of the opera was widely criticised as too dated even by those who had lauded the new style only three decades earlier.^{[citation needed]}

Quotation

While the use of musical quotation was by no means new, Stravinsky composed pieces which elaborate on individual works by earlier composers. An early example of this is his Pulcinella of 1920, in which he used music which at the time was attributed to Giovanni Pergolesi as source material, at times quoting it directly and at other times reinventing it. He developed the technique further in the ballet The Fairy's Kiss of 1928, based on the music—mostly piano pieces—of Tchaikovsky. Later examples of musical arrangement include Stravinsky's use of Schubert in Circus Polka (1942) and Happy Birthday to You in Greeting Prelude (1955). Pulcinella is a ballet by Igor Stravinsky based on an 18th-century play. ... Giovanni Battista Pergolesi. ... “Tchaikovsky” redirects here. ... Happy Birthday to You is often sung when a birthday cake is brought to a party table before the birthday boy or girl blows the candles out on the cake. ...

Folk material

There were other composers in the early 20th century who collected and augmented their native folk music and used these themes in their work. Two notable examples are Béla Bartók and Zoltán Kodály. Yet in Le Sacre du Printemps we see Stravinsky again innovating in his use of folk themes. He strips these themes to their most basic outline, melody alone, and often contorts them beyond recognition with additive notes, inversions, diminutions, and other techniques. He did this so well, in fact, that only in recent scholarship, such as in Richard Taruskin's Stravinsky and the Russian Traditions,^{[citation needed]} have analysts uncovered the original source material for some of the music in The Rite. Folk music can have a number of different meanings, including: Traditional music: The original meaning of the term folk music was synonymous with the term Traditional music, also often including World Music and Roots music; the term Traditional music was given its more specific meaning to distinguish it from the... Béla Bartók in 1927 Béla Viktor János Bartók (March 25, 1881 – September 26, 1945) was a Hungarian composer, pianist and collector of Eastern European and Middle Eastern folk music. ... Zoltán Kodály (IPA: ) (December 16, 1882 – March 6, 1967) was a Hungarian composer, ethnomusicologist, educator, linguist and philosopher. ... InVersion are a heavy metal band from Essex who came together with the aim to blend the melody of old school metal with the aggression and rhythm of more modern bands. ... Diminution, from Italian diminuimento, is a musical term used to mean different things in the context of melodies and intervals or chords. ...

Orchestra

The late 19th century and early 20th century was a time ripe with orchestral innovation. Composers such as Anton Bruckner and Gustav Mahler were well regarded for their skill at writing for the medium. They, in turn, were influenced by the expansion of the traditional classical orchestra by Richard Wagner through his use of large forces and unusual instruments. “Bruckner” redirects here. ... “Mahler” redirects here. ... Richard Wagner Wilhelm Richard Wagner (22 May 1813 – 13 February 1883) was a German composer, conductor, music theorist, and essayist, primarily known for his operas (or music dramas as they were later called). ...

Stravinsky continued this Romantic trend of writing for huge orchestral forces, especially in the early ballets. But it was when he started to turn away from this tendency that he began to innovate by introducing unique combinations of instruments. For example, in Histoire du Soldat (A Soldier's Tale) the forces used are clarinet, bassoon, cornet, trombone, violin, double bass and percussion, a very striking combination for its time (1918). This combining of distinct timbres would become almost a cliché in post-World War II classical music.^{[citation needed]} Stravinsky may have been the first composer to score for two contrabassoons (Firebird and the Rite of Spring)^{[citation needed]} amongst these two works' vast orchestral palettes. The era of Romantic music is defined as the period of European classical music that runs roughly from the early 1800s to the first decade of the 20th century, as well as music written according to the norms and styles of that period. ... Two soprano clarinets: a Bâ™­ clarinet (left, with capped mouthpiece) and an A clarinet (right, with no mouthpiece). ... The bassoon is a woodwind instrument in the double reed family that typically plays music written in the bass and tenor registers and occasionally even higher. ... Bâ™­ cornet The cornet is a brass instrument that closely resembles the trumpet. ... The trombone is a musical instrument in the brass family. ... The violin is a bowed string instrument with four strings tuned in perfect fifths. ... Side and front views of a modern double bass with a French bow. ... “Percussion” redirects here. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000...

Another notable innovation of orchestral technique that can be partially attributed to Stravinsky is the exploitation of the extreme ranges of instruments.^{[citation needed]} The most famous passage is the opening of the Rite of Spring where Stravinsky uses the extreme reaches of the bassoon to simulate the symbolic "awakening" of a spring morning.

It must also be noted that composers such as Anton Webern, Alban Berg and Arnold Schoenberg were also exploring some of these orchestral and instrumental techniques in the early 20th century. Yet their influence on succeeding generations of composers was equaled if not exceeded by that of Stravinsky.^{[citation needed]} Anton Webern (December 3, 1883 – September 15, 1945) was an Austrian composer and conductor. ... Portrait of Alban Berg by Arnold Schoenberg, c. ... Arnold Schoenberg, Los Angeles, 1948 Arnold Schoenberg (the anglicized form of Schönberg — Schoenberg changed the spelling officially when he left Germany and re-converted to Judaism in 1933), (September 13, 1874 – July 13, 1951) was an Austrian and later American composer. ...

Criticism

Erik Satie wrote an article about Igor Stravinsky that was published in Vanity Fair (1922). Satie had met Stravinsky for the first time in 1910. Satie's attitude towards the Russian composer is marked by deference, as can be seen from the letters he wrote him in 1922, preparing for the Vanity Fair article. With a touch of irony, he concluded one of these letters "I admire you: are you not the Great Stravinsky? I am but little Erik Satie." In the published article, Satie argued that measuring the "greatness" of an artist by comparing him to other artists, as if speaking about some "truth", is illusory: every piece of music should be judged on its own merits, not by comparing it to the standards of other composers. That was exactly what Jean Cocteau had done, when commenting deprecatingly on Stravinsky in his 1918 book Le Coq et l'Arlequin.^[18] Selfportrait of Erik Satie. ... American actress Demi Moore, on a typical Vanity Fair cover (August, 1991) Vanity Fair is a glossy American glamour magazine monthly that offers a mixture of articles based on sensational exaggerations, jet-set and entertainment-business personalities, politics, and lies. ... Jean Cocteau Jean Maurice Eugène Clément Cocteau (5 July 1889 – 11 October 1963) was a French poet, novelist, dramatist, designer, boxing manager and filmmaker. ...

All the signs indicate a strong reaction against the nightmare of noise and eccentricity that was one of the legacies of the war.... What has become of the works that made up the program of the Stravinsky concert which created such a stir a few years ago? Practically the whole lot are already on the shelf, and they will remain there until a few jaded neurotics once more feel a desire to eat ashes and fill their belly with the east wind.^[19]

Composer Constant Lambert described pieces such as Histoire du Soldat (A Soldier's Tale) as containing "essentially cold-blooded abstraction".^[20] He continues, saying that the "melodic fragments in Histoire du Soldat are completely meaningless themselves. They are merely successions of notes that can conveniently be divided into groups of three, five, and seven and set against other mathematical groups", and the cadenza for solo drums is "musical purity...achieved by a species of musical castration". He compares Stravinsky's choice of "the drabbest and least significant phrases" to Gertrude Stein's: "Everyday they were gay there, they were regularly gay there everyday" ("Helen Furr and Georgine Skeene", 1922), "whose effect would be equally appreciated by someone with no knowledge of English whatsoever".^[21] Leonard Constant Lambert (August 23, 1905 – August 21, 1951) was a British composer and conductor. ... Gertrude Stein (February 3, 1874 – July 27, 1946) was an American writer who was a catalyst in the development of modern art and literature. ...

In his book Philosophy of Modern Music (1949), Theodor Adorno calls Stravinsky an acrobat, a civil servant, a tailor's dummy, hebephrenic, psychotic, infantile, fascist, and devoted to making money.^{[cite this quote]} Part of the composer's error, in Adorno's view, was his neo-classicism,^[22] but more important was his music's "pseudomorphism of painting," playing off of le temps espace (space) rather than le temps durée (duration) of Henri Bergson.^[23] "One trick characterizes all of Stravinsky's formal endeavors: the effort of his music to portray time as in a circus tableau and to present time complexes as though they were spatial. This trick, however, soon exhausts itself."^[24] His "rhythmic procedures closely resemble the schema of catatonic conditions. In certain schizophrenics, the process by which the motor apparatus becomes independent leads to infinite repetition of gestures or words, following the decay of the ego."^[25] Max Horkheimer (front left), Theodor Adorno (front right), and Jürgen Habermas in the background, right, in 1965 at Heidelberg. ... Henri-Louis Bergson (October 18, 1859–January 4, 1941) was a major French philosopher, influential in the first half of the 20th century. ...

Awards

• Sonning Award (1959; Denmark)

The Léonie Sonning Music Prize, or Sonning Award, which is recognized as Denmarks highest musical honor, is given annually to an international musician. ...

Recordings

Igor Stravinsky found recordings to be a practical and useful tool in preserving his own thoughts on the interpretation of his music. As a conductor of his own music, he recorded primarily for Columbia Records, beginning in 1928 with a performance of the original suite from The Firebird and concluding in 1967 with the 1945 suite from the same ballet. In the late 1940s, he made several recordings for RCA Victor at the Republic Studios in Los Angeles. Columbia Records is the oldest brand name in recorded sound, dating back to 1888, and was the first record company to produce pre-recorded records as opposed to blank cylinders. ... Sony BMG Music Entertainment is the result of a 50/50 joint venture between Sony Music Entertainment (part of Sony) and BMG Entertainment (part of Bertelsmann AG) completed in August 2004. ...

Media

Image File history File links Igor_Stravinsky_-_3_Pieces_for_Clarinet_Alone. ...

List of works

See also: Category:Compositions by Igor Stravinsky

See also: List of compositions by Igor Stravinsky

Although Stravinsky is best known for his stage works, in particular his ballets, his compositions cover a diverse range of musical forms. List of compositions by Igor Stravinsky. ...

See also

• List of coupled cousins

// This is a list of prominent individuals who have been romantically or maritally coupled with a cousin, niece, nephew, aunt or uncle. ...

Notes

Portrait by Ilya Repin, 1887. ... American composer, educator and author, Elie Siegmeister (1909-1991) had a varied musical output that was most often concerned with the development of an authentic American musical vocabulary. ...

References

• Adorno, Theodor (1973). Philosophy of Modern Music. Translated by Anne G. Mitchell and Wesley V. Blomster. New York: Continuum. ISBN 0-8264-0138-4 Original German edition, as Philosophie der neuen Musik. Tübingen: J. C. B. Mohr, 1949.
• Anonymous. 1940. "Musical Count". Time Magazine (Monday, March 11).
• Cohen, Allen. 2004. Howard Hanson in Theory and Practice. Westport, Conn.: Praeger Publishers. ISBN 0-313-32135-3
• Craft, Robert (1993). Stravinsky: Glimpses of a Life, St Martins Press.
• Craft, Robert (1997). Stravinsky: Chronicle of a Friendship. Vanderbilt University Press.
• Lambert, Constant (1936). Music Ho! A Study of Music in Decline. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
• Dubal, David (2001). The Essential Canon of Classical Music. New York: North Point Press.
• Eksteins, Modris. 1989. Rites of Spring: The Great War and the Modern Era. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. ISBN 0-395-49856-2 (Reprinted 1990, New York: Anchor Books ISBN 0-385-41202-9; reprinted 2000, Boston: Mariner Books ISBN 0-395-93758-2)
• Greene, David Mason (1985). Biographical Encyclopaedia of Composers. New York: Doubleday.
• Page, Tim. 2006. "Classical Music: Great Composers, a Less-Than-Great Poser and an Operatic Impresario". Washington Post (Sunday, 30 July): BW13.
• Robinson, Lisa. 2004. "Opera Double Bill Offers Insight Into Stravinsky's Evolution". Juilliard Journal Online 19, no. 7 (April).
• Slonimsky, Nicolas. 1953. Lexicon of Musical Invective: Critical Assaults on Composers Since Beethoven's Time. New York: Coleman-Ross. Second edition, New York: Coleman-Ross, 1965, reprinted Washington Paperbacks WP-52, Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1969, reprinted again Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1974 ISBN 0-295-78579-9, and New York: Norton, 2000 ISBN 039332009X (pbk).
• Straus, Joseph N. 2001. Stravinsky's Late Music. Cambridge Studies in Music Theory and Analysis 16. Cambridge, New York, Port Melbourne, Madrid, and Cape Town: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-80220-2 (cloth) ISBN 0-521-60288-2 (pbk)
• Stravinsky, Igor. 1936. Chronicle of My Life. London: Gollancz. Reprinted as An Autobiography (1903-1934). London: Marion Boyars, 1990. ISBN 0-714-51082-3. Reprinted, New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1998. ISBN 0-393-31856-7.
• Stravinsky, Igor and Robert Craft (1962). Expositions and Developments. London: Faber & Faber.
• Strawinsky, Théodore, and Denise Strawinsky. 2004. Catherine and Igor Stravinsky: A Family Chronicle 1906–1940. New York: Schirmer Trade Books; London: Schirmer Books. ISBN 0825672902
• Taruskin, Richard. 1996. Stravinsky and the Russian Traditions: A Biography of the Works Through Mavra. Two vols. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-07099-2
• Volta, Ornella (1989). Satie Seen through His Letters. London: Boyars. ISBN 0-7145-2980-X.
• Walsh, Stephen (2000). Stravinsky. A Creative Spring: Russia and France 1882-1934. London: Jonathan Cape.
• Walsh, Stephen. "Stravinsky," (s.v.) New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, 2nd edition (London: MacMillian, 2001)
• Wenborn, Neil. 1985. Stravinsky. London: Omnibus Press. ISBN 0711976511.
• Zappa, Frank, and Peter Occhiogrosso. 1989. The Real Frank Zappa Book. New York: Poseidon Press. ISBN 067163870X (reprinted twice in 1990, New York: Fireside Books, ISBN 0671705725 and New York: Picador Books ISBN 0330316257)

Nicolas Slonimsky (April 27, 1894 - December 25, 1995) was a Russian-American composer, conductor, music critic, musician, and author. ...

Further reading

• Cross, Jonathan (1999). The Stravinsky Legacy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521563659. 
• Joseph, Charles M. (2001). Stravinsky Inside Out. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 0300075375. 
• Joseph, Charles M. (2002). Stravinsky and Balanchine, A Journey of Invention. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-08712-8. 
• Kundera, Milan; Asher, Linda (translator) (1995). Testaments Betrayed: An Essay in Nine Parts. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 0060171456. 
• Kuster, Andrew T. (2005). Stravinsky's Topology, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder D.M.A. Dissertation, Morrisville, NC: Lulu.com. ISBN 1411664582. 
• Stravinsky, Igor (1947). Poetics of Music in the Form of Six Lessons. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. OCLC 155726113. 
• Stravinsky, Igor; Craft, Robert (1959). Conversations with Igor Stravinsky. Garden City, NY: Doubleday. ISBN 0520040406. 
• White, Eric Walter (1979). Stravinsky: The Composer and His Works, Second edition, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. ISBN 0520039831. 

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External links

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to:

Igor Stravinsky

• Stravinsky free scores in the International Music Score Library Project
• Stravinsky Time Magazine profile, by Philip Glass
• Stravinsky and the Pianola
• Multimedia Web Site Keeping Score: Revolutions in Music: Stravinsky's Rite of Spring
• Stravinsky A to Z
• Stravinsky and the Rite of Spring by van den Toorn, Pieter C.

Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Wikiquote is a sister project of Wikipedia, using the same MediaWiki software. ... The International Music Score Library Project (IMSLP) is a project for the creation of a virtual library of public domain music scores, based on the wiki principle. ... This article needs additional references or sources to facilitate its verification. ...

Recordings

• Piano works performed by Alberto Cobo:
  • Three Movements from Petrushka
  • Sonata in F-sharp minor
  • Sonata (1924)
  • Tango

• Piano works performed by Felipe Martins:
  • Le Sacre Du Printemps Arr. for Piano Solo by Sam Raphling

• Three Pieces for Solo Clarinet, performed by Ted Gurch, clarinet:
• No. 1
• No. 2
• No. 3

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