| The five-layer TCP/IP model | | 5. Application layer | | DHCP · DNS · FTP · Gopher · HTTP · IMAP4 · IRC · NNTP · XMPP · POP3 · SIP · SMTP · SNMP · SSH · TELNET · RPC · RTCP · RTSP · TLS · SDP · SOAP · GTP · STUN · NTP · (more) The TCP/IP model or Internet reference model, sometimes called the DoD model (DoD, Department of Defense) ARPANET reference model, is a layered abstract description for communications and computer network protocol design. ...
The application layer is the seventh level of the seven-layer OSI model. ...
DHCP redirects here. ...
On the Internet, the Domain Name Server (DNS) associates various sorts of information with so-called domain names; most importantly, it serves as the phone book for the Internet by translating human-readable computer hostnames, e. ...
This article is about the File Transfer Protocol standardised by the IETF. For other file transfer protocols, see File transfer protocol (disambiguation). ...
Gopher is a distributed document search and retrieval network protocol designed for the Internet. ...
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is a communications protocol used to transfer or convey information on intranets and the World Wide Web. ...
The Internet Message Access Protocol (commonly known as IMAP or IMAP4, and previously called Internet Mail Access Protocol, Interactive Mail Access Protocol (RFC 1064), and Interim Mail Access Protocol[1]) is an application layer Internet protocol operating on port 143 that allows a local client to access e-mail on...
IRC redirects here. ...
The Network News Transfer Protocol or NNTP is an Internet application protocol used primarily for reading and posting Usenet articles, as well as transferring news among news servers. ...
Jabber redirects here. ...
In computing, local e-mail clients use the Post Office Protocol version 3 (POP3), an application-layer Internet standard protocol, to retrieve e-mail from a remote server over a TCP/IP connection. ...
The Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) is an application-layer control (signaling) protocol for creating, modifying, and terminating sessions with one or more participants. ...
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) is the de facto standard for e-mail transmissions across the Internet. ...
The Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) forms part of the internet protocol suite as defined by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). ...
Secure Shell or SSH is a network protocol that allows data to be exchanged over a secure channel between two computers. ...
For the packet switched network, see Telenet. ...
Remote procedure call (RPC) is a protocol that allows a computer program running on one computer to cause a subroutine on another computer to be executed without the programmer explicitly coding the details for this interaction. ...
RTP Control Protocol (RTCP) is a sister protocol of the Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP). ...
The Real Time Streaming Protocol (RTSP), developed by the IETF and created in 1998 as RFC 2326, is a protocol for use in streaming media systems which allows a client to remotely control a streaming media server, issuing VCR-like commands such as play and pause, and allowing time-based...
Transport Layer Security (TLS) and its predecessor, Secure Sockets Layer (SSL), are cryptographic protocols that provide secure communications on the Internet for such things as web browsing, e-mail, Internet faxing, instant messaging and other data transfers. ...
Session Description Protocol (SDP), is a format for describing streaming media initialization parameters. ...
A collection of decorative soaps used for human hygiene purposes. ...
GPRS Tunneling Protocol (or GTP) is an IP based protocol used within GSM and UMTS networks. ...
STUN (Simple Traversal of UDP over NATs) is a network protocol which helps many types of software and hardware receive UDP data properly through home broadband routers that use network address translation (NAT). ...
The Network Time Protocol (NTP) is a protocol for synchronizing the clocks of computer systems over packet-switched, variable-latency data networks. ...
| | 4. Transport layer | | TCP · UDP · DCCP · SCTP · RTP · RSVP · IGMP · (more) | | 3. Network/Internet layer | | IP (IPv4 · IPv6) · OSPF · IS-IS · BGP · IPsec · ARP · RARP · RIP · ICMP · ICMPv6 · (more) | | 2. Data link layer | | 802.11 · 802.16 · Wi-Fi · WiMAX · ATM · DTM · Token ring · Ethernet · FDDI · Frame Relay · GPRS · EVDO · HSPA · HDLC · PPP · PPTP · L2TP · ISDN · (more) | | 1. Physical layer | | Ethernet physical layer · Modems · PLC · SONET/SDH · G.709 · Optical fiber · Coaxial cable · Twisted pair · (more) | | This box: view • talk • edit | In the field of computer networking, the IETF Signaling Transport (SIGTRAN) working group defined the Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) as a transport layer protocol in 2000. RFC 4960 defines the protocol, with RFC 3286 providing an introductory text. In computing and telecommunications, the transport layer is the second highest layer in the four and five layer TCP/IP reference models, where it responds to service requests from the application layer and issues service requests to the Internet layer. ...
The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is one of the core protocols of the Internet protocol suite. ...
User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is one of the core protocols of the Internet protocol suite. ...
The Datagram Congestion Control Protocol (DCCP) is a message-oriented transport layer protocol that is currently under development in the IETF. Applications that might make use of DCCP include those with timingconstraints on the delivery of data such that reliable in-order delivery, when combined with congestion control, is likely...
The Real-time Transport Protocol (or RTP) defines a standardized packet format for delivering audio and video over the Internet. ...
The Resource ReSerVation Protocol (RSVP), described in RFC 2205, is a Transport layer protocol designed to reserve resources across a network for an integrated services Internet. ...
The Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) is a communications protocol used to manage the membership of Internet Protocol multicast groups. ...
The network layer is third layer out of seven in OSI model and it is the third layer out of five in TCP/IP model. ...
The Internet Protocol (IP) is a data-oriented protocol used for communicating data across a packet-switched internetwork. ...
Internet Protocol version 4 is the fourth iteration of the Internet Protocol (IP) and it is the first version of the protocol to be widely deployed. ...
Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) is a network layer protocol for packet-switched internetworks. ...
The Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) protocol is a hierarchical interior gateway protocol (IGP) for routing in Internet Protocol, using a link-state in the individual areas that make up the hierarchy. ...
Is Is is Yeah Yeah Yeahs third EP, to be released on July 24, 2007. ...
The Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) is the core routing protocol of the Internet. ...
IPsec (IP security) is a suite of protocols for securing Internet Protocol (IP) communications by authenticating and/or encrypting each IP packet in a data stream. ...
In computer networking, the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is the standard method for finding a hosts hardware address when only its network layer address is known. ...
Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP) is a network layer protocol used to obtain an IP address for a given hardware address (such as an Ethernet address). ...
This article is chiefly about the Routing Information Protocol (RIP) for the Internet Protocol, but also discusses some other routing information protocols. ...
The Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) is one of the core protocols of the Internet protocol suite. ...
The ICMP for IPv6 (Internet Control Message Protocol Version 6) is an integral part of the IPv6 architecture and must be completely supported by all IPv6 implementations. ...
This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
IEEE 802. ...
The IEEE 802. ...
Official Wi-Fi logo Wi-Fi (pronounced wye-fye, IPA: ) is a wireless technology brand owned by the Wi-Fi Alliance intended to improve the interoperability of wireless local area network products based on the IEEE 802. ...
Official WiMax logo WiMAX, the Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access, is a telecommunications technology aimed at providing wireless data over long distances in a variety of ways, from point-to-point links to full mobile cellular type access. ...
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) is a cell relay, packet switching network and data link layer protocol which encodes data traffic into small (53 bytes; 48 bytes of data and 5 bytes of header information) fixed-sized cells. ...
Dynamic synchronous Transfer Mode , or DTM for short, is a network protocol. ...
Token-Ring local area network (LAN) technology was developed and promoted by IBM in the early 1980s and standardised as IEEE 802. ...
Ethernet is a large, diverse family of frame-based computer networking technologies that operate at many speeds for local area networks (LANs). ...
In computer networking, fiber-distributed data interface (FDDI) is a standard for data transmission in a local area network that can extend in range up to 200 km (124 miles). ...
In the context of computer networking, frame relay consists of an efficient data transmission technique used to send digital information quickly and cheaply in a relay of frames to one or many destinations from one or many end-points. ...
General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) is a Mobile Data Service available to users of Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) and IS-136 mobile phones. ...
Evolution-Data Optimized or Evolution-Data only, abbreviated as EV-DO or EVDO and often EV, is one telecommunications standard for the wireless transmission of data through radio signals, typically for broadband Internet access. ...
High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA) is a collection of mobile telephony protocols that extend and improve the performance of existing UMTS protocols. ...
High-Level Data Link Control (HDLC) is a bit-oriented synchronous data link layer protocol developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). ...
In computing, the Point-to-Point Protocol, or PPP, is commonly used to establish a direct connection between two nodes. ...
The Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP) is a method for implementing virtual private networks. ...
In computer networking, the Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol (L2TP) is a tunneling protocol used to support virtual private networks (VPNs). ...
ISDN redirects here. ...
This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
IEEE photograph of a diagram with the original terms for describing Ethernet drawn by Robert M. Metcalfe around 1976. ...
For other uses, see Modem (disambiguation). ...
For other uses, see Power band. ...
It has been suggested that this article be split into articles entitled Synchronous optical networking, SONET and Synchronous digital hierarchy. ...
There are very few or no other articles that link to this one. ...
Optical fibers An optical fiber (or fibre) is a glass or plastic fiber designed to guide light along its length. ...
Coaxial Cable For the weapon, see coaxial weapon. ...
25 Pair Color Code Chart 10BASE-T UTP Cable Twisted pair cabling is a common form of wiring in which two conductors are wound around each other for the purposes of cancelling out electromagnetic interference known as crosstalk. ...
This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ...
The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) is charged with developing and promoting Internet standards. ...
SIGTRAN is the name given to an IETF working group that produced specifications for a family of protocols that provide reliable datagram service and user layer adaptations for SS7 and ISDN communications protocols. ...
In computing and telecommunications, the transport layer is the second highest layer in the four and five layer TCP/IP reference models, where it responds to service requests from the application layer and issues service requests to the Internet layer. ...
This article concerns communication between pairs of electronic devices. ...
As a transport protocol, SCTP operates analogously to TCP or UDP. Indeed it provides some similar services as TCP—ensuring reliable, in-sequence transport of messages with congestion control. (In the absence of native SCTP support, it may sometimes be desirable to tunnel SCTP over UDP.) The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is one of the core protocols of the Internet protocol suite. ...
User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is one of the core protocols of the Internet protocol suite. ...
A tunneling protocol is a network protocol which encapsulates one protocol or session inside another. ...
Message-based multi-streaming Whereas TCP transports a byte-stream, SCTP can transport multiple message-streams. All bytes sent in a TCP connection must be delivered in that order, which requires that a byte transmitted first must safely arrive at the destination before a second byte can be processed even if the second byte manages to arrive first. If an arbitrary number of bytes are sent in one step and later some more bytes are sent, these bytes will be received in order, but the receiver can not distinguish which bytes were sent in which step. SCTP in contrast, conserves message boundaries by operating on whole messages instead of single bytes. That means if one message of several related bytes of information is sent in one step, exactly that message is received in one step. A byte stream is an abstraction used in computer science to describe a particular kind of communication channel between two entities. ...
The term "multi-streaming" refers to the capability of SCTP to transmit several independent streams of messages in parallel. For example, transmitting two images in an HTTP application in parallel over the same SCTP association. You might think of multi-streaming as bundling several TCP-connections in one SCTP-association operating with messages instead of bytes.
TCP ensures the correct order of bytes in the stream by conceptually assigning a sequence number to each byte sent and ordering these bytes based on that sequence number when they arrive. SCTP, on the other hand, assigns different sequence numbers to messages sent in a stream. This allows independent ordering of messages in different streams. However, message ordering is optional in SCTP. If the user application so desires, messages will be processed in the order they are received instead of the order they were sent, should these differ.
Signaling in Public Switched Telephone Networks requires message-based delivery. Multi-Streaming also provides an advantage when used to transport PSTN services. If an SCTP connection is set up to carry, say, ten phone calls with one call per stream, then if a single message is lost in only one phone call, the other nine calls will not be affected. To handle ten phone calls in TCP, some form of multiplexing would be required to put all ten phone calls into a single byte-stream. If a single packet for phone call #3 is lost then all packets after that could not be processed until the missing bytes are retransmitted, thus causing unnecessary delays in the other calls. The public switched telephone network (PSTN) is the concatenation of the worlds public circuit-switched telephone networks, in much the same way that the Internet is the concatenation of the worlds public IP-based packet-switched networks. ...
Benefits Benefits of SCTP include: - Multihoming support, where one (or both) endpoints of a connection can consist of more than one IP address, enabling transparent fail-over between redundant network paths.
- Delivery of data in chunks within independent streams - this eliminates unnecessary head-of-line blocking, as opposed to TCP byte-stream delivery.
- Path Selection and Monitoring - Selects a "primary" data transmission path and tests the connectivity of the transmission path.
- Validation and Acknowledgment mechanisms - Protects against flooding attacks and provides notification of duplicated or missing data chunks.
- Improved error detection suitable for jumbo Ethernet frames.
The designers of SCTP originally intended it for the transport of telephony (SS7) protocols over IP, with the goal of duplicating some of the reliability attributes of the SS7 signaling network in IP. This IETF effort is known as SIGTRAN. In the meantime, other uses have been proposed, for example the Diameter protocol and Reliable server pooling ("RSerPool"). Multihoming is a technique to increase the reliability of the Internet connection for an IP network. ...
Head-of-line blocking (HOL) is a phenomenon that appears in buffered telecommunication network switches. ...
Signalling System #7 is a set of protocols defined by ITU-T, specifically in the Q.7* set of documents, used to set up telephone calls. ...
The Internet Protocol (IP) is a data-oriented protocol used for communicating data across a packet-switched internetwork. ...
SIGTRAN is the name given to an IETF working group that produced specifications for a family of protocols that provide reliable datagram service and user layer adaptations for SS7 and ISDN communications protocols. ...
Diameter is a computer networking protocol for AAA (Authentication, Authorization and Accounting). ...
Reliable Server Pooling (RSerPool) is a computer protocol framework for server pool management and access, currently under standardization by the IETF RSerPool working group. ...
Motivations Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) has provided the primary means to transfer data across the Internet in a reliable way. However, TCP has imposed limitations on several applications. From RFC 4960: The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is one of the core protocols of the Internet protocol suite. ...
- TCP provides both reliable data transfer and strict order-of- transmission delivery of data. Some applications need reliable transfer without sequence maintenance, while others would be satisfied with partial ordering of the data. In both of these cases, the head-of-line blocking offered by TCP causes unnecessary delay.
- The stream-oriented nature of TCP is often an inconvenience. Applications must add their own record marking to delineate their messages, and must make explicit use of the push facility to ensure that a complete message is transferred in a reasonable time.
- The limited scope of TCP sockets complicates the task of providing highly-available data transfer capability using multi-homed hosts.
- TCP is relatively vulnerable to denial-of-service attacks, such as SYN attacks.
All these limitations affect the performance of IP over public switched telephone networks. A SYN flood is a form of denial-of-service attack in which an attacker sends a succession of SYN requests to a targets system. ...
The public switched telephone network (PSTN) is the network of the worlds public circuit-switched telephone networks, in much the same way that the Internet is the network of the worlds public IP-based packet-switched networks. ...
Comparison between transport layers | Feature Name | TCP | UDP | SCTP | | Connection Oriented | Yes | No | Yes | | Reliable Transport | Yes | No | Yes | | Preserve Message boundary | No | Yes | Yes | | Ordered Delivery | Yes | No | Yes | | Unordered Delivery | No | Yes | Yes | | Data Checksum | Yes | Yes | Yes | | Path MTU | Yes | No | Yes | | Congestion Control | Yes | No | Yes | | Multiple streams | No | No | Yes | | Multi-homing support | No | No | Yes | | Bundling | No | No | Yes |
Implementations The following operating systems implement SCTP: An operating system (OS) is the software that manages the sharing of the resources of a computer and provides programmers with an interface used to access those resources. ...
Various third-party implementations implement SCTP for other operating systems. AIX (Advanced Interactive eXecutive) is a proprietary operating system developed by IBM based on UNIX System V. Before the product was ever marketed, the acronym AIX originally stood for Advanced IBM UNIX. AIX has pioneered numerous network operating system enhancements, introducing new innovations later adopted by Unix-like operating systems...
BSD redirects here; for other uses see BSD (disambiguation). ...
The KAME project is a joint effort of six companies in Japan to provide a free IPv6 and IPsec (for both IPv4 and IPv6) stack for BSD variants to the world. ...
Cisco IOS (originally Internetwork Operating System) is the software used on the vast majority of Cisco Systems routers and all current Cisco network switches. ...
DragonFly BSD is a free Unix-like operating system created as a fork of FreeBSD 4. ...
FreeBSD is a Unix-like free operating system descended from AT&T UNIX via the Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) branch through the 386BSD and 4. ...
This article is about operating systems that use the Linux kernel. ...
QNX (pronounced either Q-N-X or Q-nix) is a commercial POSIX-compliant Unix-like real-time operating system, aimed primarily at the embedded systems market. ...
Solaris is a computer operating system developed by Sun Microsystems. ...
Userspace library:
Packet structure | Bits | Bits 0 - 7 | 8 - 15 | 16 - 23 | 24 - 31 | | +0 | Source port | Destination port | | 32 | Verification tag | | 64 | Checksum | | 96 | Chunk 1 type | Chunk 1 flags | Chunk 1 length | | 128 | Chunk 1 data | | … | … | | … | Chunk N type | Chunk N flags | Chunk N length | | … | Chunk N data | | -
SCTP packets have a simpler basic structure than TCP or UDP packets. Each consists of two basic sections: The Stream Control Transmission Protocol packet structure has a simpler basic structure than TCP or UDP packets. ...
- The common header, which occupies the first 12 bytes and is highlighted in blue, and
- The data chunks, which occupy the remaining portion of the packet. The first chunk is highlighted in green, and the last of N chunks (Chunk N) is highlighted in red.
Each chunk has a type identifier that is one byte long yielding, at most, 255 different chunk types. RFC 2960 defines a list of chunk types and there are currently 15 types defined. The remainder of the chunk is a two byte length (maximum size of 65,535 bytes) and the data. If the chunk does not form a multiple of 4 bytes (i.e., the length is not a multiple of 4) then it is implicitly padded with zeros which are not included in the chunk length.
See also In computing and telecommunications, the transport layer is the second highest layer in the four and five layer TCP/IP reference models, where it responds to service requests from the application layer and issues service requests to the Internet layer. ...
External links “PDF†redirects here. ...
RFCs - RFC 5062 Security Attacks Found Against the Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) and Current Countermeasures
- RFC 5061 Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) Dynamic Address Reconfiguration
- RFC 4960 Stream Control Transmission Protocol
- RFC 4895 Authenticated Chunks for the Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP)
- RFC 4820 Padding Chunk and Parameter for the Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP)
- RFC 4460 Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) Specification Errata and Issues
- RFC 3873 Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) Management Information Base (MIB)
- RFC 3758 Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) Partial Reliability Extension
- RFC 3554 On the Use of Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) with IPsec
- RFC 3436 Transport Layer Security over Stream Control Transmission Protocol
- RFC 3309 Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) Checksum Change (Obsoleted by RFC 4960)
- RFC 3286 An Introduction to the Stream Control Transmission Protocol
- RFC 3257 Stream Control Transmission Protocol Applicability Statement
- RFC 2960 Stream Control Transmission Protocol (Updated by RFC 3309 and obsoleted by RFC 4960)
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