NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Structural steel

Structural steel is steel construction material, a profile, formed with a specific shape or cross section and certain standards of chemical composition and strength. Structural steel shape, size, composition, strength, storage, etc, is regulated in most industrialised countries. The steel cable of a colliery winding tower. ... Look up material in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... In standardization, a profile consists of an agreed-upon subset and interpretation of a specification. ... Shape (OE. sceap Eng. ... A 3-D view of a beverage-can stove with a cross section in yellow. ... It has been suggested that the central science be merged into this article or section. ...

A steel I-beam, in this case used to support wooden beams in a house. The I-beam is probably the most recognizable structural steel element: I-beams and related shapes are used widely in all-steel construction and composite construction with concrete, wood, or other structural materials.

Steel is sometimes described as a sea of electrons. Protons are virtually surrounded by electrons. It is easy to see how the addition of heat first causes expansion and then softening, to the point of liquification. That is how steel is manufactured and that is how it acts as a structural element in a building fire. Proper fireproofing mitigates this. Still, care must be taken to ensure that expansion of structural elements does not damage wall and floor assemblies required to have a fire-resistance rating. Of particular concern are any penetrants in a firewalls and ferrous cable trays in organic firestops.

Structural steel in construction: A primed steel beam is holding up the floor above, which consists of a metal deck (Q-Deck), upon which a concrete slab has been poured. The masonry wall to the right stops short of the deck and is joined to the deck with a firestop system, consisting of stuffed rockwool and silicone caulking, in a manner consistent with the bounding requirements of passive fire protection. Once the firestopping is complete, fireproofing of the beam and the deck may follow.

Steel beam through-penetration. The firestop surrounding the beam is incomplete - packing only, sealant is yet to be applied. The beam itself must be treated with fireproofing to prevent it from twisting and damaging the wall during a fire. The beam is the penetrant.

Metal deck and OWSJ (Open Web Steel Joist), receiving first coat of spray fireproofing plaster, made of polystyrene leavened gypsum, all subject to bounding on the basis of Underwriters Laboratories product certification listings. OWSJ require a great deal of spray fireproofing because they are not very massive and also because they are so open, that a lot of the sprayed plaster flies right past its constituent parts during the coating process.

Image File history File linksMetadata No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File linksMetadata No higher resolution available. ... I-beams are beams with an I- or H-shaped cross-section. ... Concrete being poured, raked and vibrated into place in residential construction in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. ... Image File history File links Sea_of_electrons. ... Image File history File links Sea_of_electrons. ... The steel cable of a colliery winding tower. ... e- redirects here. ... In physics, the proton (Greek proton = first) is a subatomic particle with an electric charge of one positive fundamental unit (1. ... For other uses, see Heat (disambiguation) In physics, heat, symbolized by Q, is energy transferred from one body or system to another as a result of a difference in temperature. ... Fireproofing, a passive fire protection measure, subject to bounding, refers to the act of making materials or structures more resistant to fire, or to those materials themselves. ... International time/temperature curves used to run commercial furnaces for testing the Fire-resistance rating of passive fire protection systems, such as firestops, fire doors, wall and floor assemblies, etc. ... A penetrant is the cause for a service penetration firestop. ... This article is about firewalls used in construction. ... Firestopped cable tray penetration. ... Firestop after fire exposure during fire test in Tulsa, Oklahoma. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1574x2362, 319 KB) Structural steel in construction: A primed steel beam is holding up the floor above, which consists of a metal deck (Q-Deck), upon which a concrete slab has been poured. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1574x2362, 319 KB) Structural steel in construction: A primed steel beam is holding up the floor above, which consists of a metal deck (Q-Deck), upon which a concrete slab has been poured. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... The steel cable of a colliery winding tower. ... Concrete being poured, raked and vibrated into place in residential construction in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. ... Masonry in action; a Mason at work. ... Firestop after fire exposure during fire test in Tulsa, Oklahoma. ... Silicones (more accurately called polymerized siloxanes or polysiloxanes) are inorganic-organic polymers with the chemical formula [R2SiO]n, where R = organic groups such as methyl, ethyl, and phenyl. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Fire-resistance rated wall assembly with fire door, cable tray penetration and intumescent [1] cable coating. ... Fireproofing, a passive fire protection measure, subject to bounding, refers to the act of making materials or structures more resistant to fire, or to those materials themselves. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1562x2308, 424 KB) Steel beam through-penetration. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1562x2308, 424 KB) Steel beam through-penetration. ... The steel cable of a colliery winding tower. ... Firestop after fire exposure during fire test in Tulsa, Oklahoma. ... Fireproofing, a passive fire protection measure, subject to bounding, refers to the act of making materials or structures more resistant to fire, or to those materials themselves. ... A statically determinate beam, bending under an evenly distributed load. ... A penetrant is the cause for a service penetration firestop. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (2347x1534, 472 KB) Metal deck and OWSJ (Open Web Steel Joist), receiving first coat of spray fireproofing plaster, made of polystyrene leavened gypsum, all subject to bounding on the basis of Underwriters Laboratories product certification listings. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (2347x1534, 472 KB) Metal deck and OWSJ (Open Web Steel Joist), receiving first coat of spray fireproofing plaster, made of polystyrene leavened gypsum, all subject to bounding on the basis of Underwriters Laboratories product certification listings. ... Hot metal work from a blacksmith In chemistry, a metal (Greek: Metallon) is an element that readily loses electrons to form positive ions (cations) and has metallic bonds between metal atoms. ... Fireproofing, a passive fire protection measure, subject to bounding, refers to the act of making materials or structures more resistant to fire, or to those materials themselves. ... Gypsum based plaster used in spray fireproofing in a low-rise industrial building in Vancouver, British Columbia. ... Polystyrene is a polymer made from the monomer styrene, a liquid hydrocarbon that is commercially manufactured from petroleum by the chemical industry. ... Gypsum is a very soft mineral composed of calcium sulfate dihydrate, with the chemical formula CaSO4Â·2H2O. // Heating gypsum to between 100Â°C and 150Â°C (302Â°F) partially dehydrates the mineral by driving off exactly 75% of the water contained in its chemical structure. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... The UL Mark Underwriters Laboratories Inc. ... Product certification or product qualification is the cornerstone of all bounding and the process of certifying that a certain product has passed performance and/or quality assurance tests or qualification requirements stipulated in regulations such as a building code and nationally accredited test standards, or that it complies with a... Gypsum based plaster used in spray fireproofing in a low-rise industrial building in Vancouver, British Columbia. ...

Common structural shapes

In most developed countries, the shapes available are set out in published standards, although a number of specialist and proprietary cross sections are also available. World map indicating Human Development Index (as of 2004). ... A 3-D view of a beverage-can stove with a cross section in yellow. ...

While many sections are made by hot or cold rolling, others are made by welding together flat or bent plates (for example, the largest circular hollow sections are made from flat plate bent into a circle and seam-welded). I-beams are beams with an I- or H-shaped cross-section. ... Hollow structural section (HSS) is a type of beam with a hollow rectangular cross-section. ... For other uses, see Square. ... In geometry, a rectangle is defined as a quadrilateral where all four of its angles are right angles. ... A circular may be: the adjective form of circle an advertisement which is circulated a Pastoral letter, Encyclic, or Papal bull that is circulated between churches a circular argument is a term for a type of logical fallacy where the very thing that is trying to be proved is assumed... Pipe is a tube or hollow cylinder for the conveyance of fluid. ... For other uses, see Ellipse (disambiguation). ... It has been suggested that Vignoles rail be merged into this article or section. ... Rail tracks. ... Comparison of flat-bottomed with bullhead rail Vignoles rail is the name popularly used for the flat-bottomed rail used internationally for railway track, after Charles Vignoles the engineer who introduced it to Britain. ... Iron-strapped wooden rails were used on all American railways until 1831. ... Light rail tracks with concrete railroad ties. ... Hot metal work from a blacksmith In chemistry, a metal (Greek: Metallon) is an element that readily loses electrons to form positive ions (cations) and has metallic bonds between metal atoms. ... In geometry, a rectangle is defined as a quadrilateral where all four of its angles are right angles. ... A 3-D view of a beverage-can stove with a cross section in yellow. ... Sheets of stainless steel cover the Chrysler Building Thin sheets of gold leaf Sheet metal is simply metal formed into thin and flat pieces. ... Circle illustration This article is about the shape and mathematical concept of circle. ... For other uses, see Square. ... Hot metal work from a blacksmith In chemistry, a metal (Greek: Metallon) is an element that readily loses electrons to form positive ions (cations) and has metallic bonds between metal atoms. ... Trunks A tree trunk as found at the Veluwe, The Netherlands Wood is a solid material derived from woody plants, notably trees but also shrubs. ... Rebar is common steel reinforcing bar, an important component of reinforced concrete and reinforced masonry structures. ... Sheets of stainless steel cover the Chrysler Building Thin sheets of gold leaf Sheet metal is simply metal formed into thin and flat pieces. ... profile rolling (to manufacture a cone) Rolling is a fabricating process in which the metal, plastic, paper, glass, etc. ... Welding is a joining process that produces coalescence of materials (typically metals or thermoplastics) by heating them to welding temperature, with or without the application of pressure or by the application of pressure alone, and with or without the use of filler material. ...

Structural steels

Most industrialised countries prescribe a range of standard steel grades with different strengths, corrosion resistance and other properties.

Standard structural steels (Europe)

Most steels used throughout Europe are specified to comply with the European standard EN 10025. However, many national standards also remain in force. CEN, the European Committee for Standardization, was founded in 1961 by the national standard bodies in the European Economic Community and EFTA countries. ...

Typical grades are described as 'S275J2' or 'S355K2W'. In these examples, 'S' denotes structural rather than engineering steel; 275 or 355 denotes the yield strength in newtons per square millimetre or the equivalent megapascals; J2 or K2 denotes the materials toughness by reference to Charpy impact test values; and the 'W' denotes weathering steel. Further letters can be used to designate normalised steel ('N' or 'NL'); quenched and tempered steel ('Q' or 'QL'); and thermomechanically rolled steel ('M' or 'ML'). Yield strength, or the yield point, is defined in engineering as the amount of strain that a material can undergo before moving from elastic deformation into plastic deformation. ... The megapascal, symbol MPa is an SI unit of pressure. ... In materials science and metallurgy, toughness is the resistance to fracture of a material when stressed. ... The Charpy impact test is a standardized high strain-rate test which determines the amount of energy absorbed by a material during fracture. ... Cor-ten steel - Fulcrum (1987) by Richard Serra Cor-ten, generically known as A242, A588, and A606, are steel alloys which were developed to obviate the need for painting, and form a stable rust-like appearance if exposed to the weather for several years. ... In metallurgy normalization is allowing a metal to cool to room temperature after heating without quenching or annealing. ... A quench refers to a rapid cooling. ...

The normal yield strength grades available are 195, 235, 275, 355, 420, and 460, although some grades are more commonly used than others e.g. in the UK, almost all structural steel is grades S275 and S355. Higher grades are available in quenched and tempered material (500, 550, 620, 690, 890 and 960 - although grades above 690 receive little if any use in construction at present).

Standard structural steels (USA)

Steels used for building construction in the US use standard alloys identified and specified by ASTM International. These steels have an alloy identification beginning with A and then two, three, or four numbers. The four-number AISI steel grades commonly used for mechanical engineering, machines, and vehicles are a completely different specification series. ASTM International is an international standards developing organization that develops and publishes voluntary technical standards for a wide range of materials, products, systems, and services. ... The American Iron and Steel Institute standardizes numbered AISI steel grades, including the following: // Carbon Steel and Low Alloy Steel Carbon steels and low alloy steels are designated by a four digit number, where the first two digits indicate the alloying elements and the last two digits indicate the amount...

Carbon steels

A36 steel is a standard steel alloy which is the most common structural steel used in the United States. ... A53 is a carbon steel alloy, used for structural steel round tubing and pipes. ... A500 and A501 are two related families of carbon steel alloys which are structural steel round tubing and pipes, and rectangular and square structural tubing. ... A500 and A501 are two related families of carbon steel alloys which are structural steel round tubing and pipes, and rectangular and square structural tubing. ...

High strength low alloy steels

Corrosion resistant high strength low alloy steels

Cor-ten steel - Fulcrum (1987) by Richard Serra Cor-ten, generically known as A242, A588, and A606, are steel alloys which were developed to obviate the need for painting, and form a stable rust-like appearance if exposed to the weather for several years. ... Cor-ten steel - Fulcrum (1987) by Richard Serra Cor-ten, generically known as A242, A588, and A606, are steel alloys which were developed to obviate the need for painting, and form a stable rust-like appearance if exposed to the weather for several years. ...

Quenched and tempered alloy steels

A514 is a particular type of high strength steel, which is quenched and tempered alloy steel, with basic strength of 100,000 psi (100 ksi, where 1 ksi = 1,000 psi) (700 MPa). ... A514 is a particular type of high strength steel, which is quenched and tempered alloy steel, with basic strength of 100,000 psi (100 ksi, where 1 ksi = 1,000 psi) (700 MPa). ...

Steel vs. concrete

As raw material prices fluctuate, often so does building design. During times of lower steel prices, more steel and less concrete is used, and vice versa. Each set of vendors and users typically maintain national industry associations that advocate the use of its materials versus the other. However, both materials are really needed together. Concrete without steel re-enforcement (usually ribbed round bars called Rebar) is not structurally sound. Steel on its own, without solid concrete floors, is likewise not a preferred building method. Concrete being poured, raked and vibrated into place in residential construction in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. ... Rebar is common steel reinforcing bar, an important component of reinforced concrete and reinforced masonry structures. ...

While rebar is almost always steel, it is not considered a structural steel and is described separately in the Rebar and Reinforced concrete articles. Rebar is common steel reinforcing bar, an important component of reinforced concrete and reinforced masonry structures. ... Reinforced concrete at Sainte Jeanne dArc Church (Nice, France): architect Jacques Dror, 1926â€“1933 Reinforced concrete, also called ferroconcrete in some countries, is concrete in which reinforcement bars (rebars) or fibers have been incorporated to strengthen a material that would otherwise be brittle. ...

Critical, and melting temperatures of Structural Steel

Most people do not realize that most all of the properties of Steel vary widely, based on what other elements are dissolved in it (what alloy of Steel it is, or what alloying elements are in it), and for Steel with Carbon as it's only alloying element, how much Carbon is present.

The Critical Temperature for Steel starts at 900°C for pure Iron, then as more Carbon is added the temperature falls to a minimum 724°C (1335°F), for Eutectic Steel (Steel with only .83% by weight of Carbon in it) As 2.1 % Carbon (by weight) is approached the Critical Temperature Climbs back up, to 1130°C (2066°F). This is not to be confused with the Critical Temperature for a gas, or liquid. The term Critical Temperature when used in regard to Steel means the Temperature that All of the Carbon in a Steel is transformed into a Austenitic crystal Structure, this is very important for heat treating Steels. A eutectic or eutectic mixture is a mixture of two or more elements which has a lower melting point than any of its constituents. ...

Melting Point of Carbon only Steels

The bare minimum temperature that any alloy of Steel begins to melt is 1130°C. Steel never turns into a liquid below this temperature. Pure Iron ('Steel' with 0% Carbon) starts to melt at 1492°C (2720°F), and is completely liquid upon reaching 1539°C (2802°F). Steel with 2.1% Carbon by weight begins melting at 1130°C (2066°F), and is completely molten upon reaching 1315°C (2400°F) 'Steel' with more than 2.1% Carbon is no longer Steel, but is known as Cast iron. Cast iron usually refers to grey cast iron, but can mean any of a group of iron-based alloys containing more than 2% carbon (alloys with less carbon are carbon steel by definition). ...

Fire protection with steel vs. competition

Structural steel requires external insulation in order to prevent the steel from absorbing enough energy to reach this temperature. First, steel expands, when heated, and once enough energy has been absorbed, it softens and loses its structural integrity. This is easily prevented through the use of fireproofing. Likewise, although concrete structures on their own are able to achieve fire-resistance ratings, concrete is also subject to severe spalling, especially with elevated moisture inside the concrete at the time it becomes exposed to fire. There is also fireproofing available for concrete but this is typically not used in buildings. Instead, it is used in traffic tunnels and locations where a hydrocarbon fire is likely to break out. Thus, steel and concrete compete against one another not only on the basis of the price per unit of mass but also on the basis of the pricing for the fireproofing that must be added in order to satisfy the passive fire protection requirements that are mandated through building codes. Common fireproofing methods for structural steel include intumescent, endothermic and plaster coatings. Fireproofing, a passive fire protection measure, subject to bounding, refers to the act of making materials or structures more resistant to fire, or to those materials themselves. ... Oil refineries are key to obtaining hydrocarbons; crude oil is processed through several stages to form desirable hydrocarbons, used in fuel and other commercial products. ... Fire-resistance rated wall assembly with fire door, cable tray penetration and intumescent [1] cable coating. ... A building code, or building control, is a set of rules that specify the minimum acceptable level of safety for constructed objects such as buildings and nonbuilding structures. ... Please wikify (format) this article as suggested in the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style. ... In thermodynamics, the word endothermic describes a process or reaction that absorbs energy in the form of heat. ... Gypsum based plaster used in spray fireproofing in a low-rise industrial building in Vancouver, British Columbia. ...

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